Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- 1 The developmental origins of health and disease: an overview
- 2 The ‘developmental origins’ hypothesis: epidemiology
- 3 The conceptual basis for the developmental origins of health and disease
- 4 The periconceptional and embryonic period
- 5 Epigenetic mechanisms
- 6 A mitochondrial component of developmental programming
- 7 Role of exposure to environmental chemicals in developmental origins of health and disease
- 8 Maternal nutrition and fetal growth and development
- 9 Placental mechanisms and developmental origins of health and disease
- 10 Control of fetal metabolism: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease
- 11 Lipid metabolism: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease
- 12 Prenatal hypoxia: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease
- 13 The fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease
- 14 Perinatal influences on the endocrine and metabolic axes during childhood
- 15 Patterns of growth: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease
- 16 The developmental environment and the endocrine pancreas
- 17 The developmental environment and insulin resistance
- 18 The developmental environment and the development of obesity
- 19 The developmental environment and its role in the metabolic syndrome
- 20 Programming the cardiovascular system
- 21 The role of vascular dysfunction in developmental origins of health and disease: evidence from human and animal studies
- 22 The developmental environment and atherogenesis
- 23 The developmental environment, renal function and disease
- 24 The developmental environment: effect on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
- 25 The developmental environment: effects on lung structure and function
- 26 Developmental origins of asthma and related allergic disorders
- 27 The developmental environment: influences on subsequent cognitive function and behaviour
- 28 The developmental environment and the origins of neurological disorders
- 29 The developmental environment: clinical perspectives on effects on the musculoskeletal system
- 30 The developmental environment: experimental perspectives on skeletal development
- 31 The developmental environment and the early origins of cancer
- 32 The developmental environment: implications for ageing and life span
- 33 Developmental origins of health and disease: implications for primary intervention for cardiovascular and metabolic disease
- 34 Developmental origins of health and disease: public-health perspectives
- 35 Developmental origins of health and disease: implications for developing countries
- 36 Developmental origins of health and disease: ethical and social considerations
- 37 Past obstacles and future promise
- Index
- References
20 - Programming the cardiovascular system
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 August 2009
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- 1 The developmental origins of health and disease: an overview
- 2 The ‘developmental origins’ hypothesis: epidemiology
- 3 The conceptual basis for the developmental origins of health and disease
- 4 The periconceptional and embryonic period
- 5 Epigenetic mechanisms
- 6 A mitochondrial component of developmental programming
- 7 Role of exposure to environmental chemicals in developmental origins of health and disease
- 8 Maternal nutrition and fetal growth and development
- 9 Placental mechanisms and developmental origins of health and disease
- 10 Control of fetal metabolism: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease
- 11 Lipid metabolism: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease
- 12 Prenatal hypoxia: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease
- 13 The fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease
- 14 Perinatal influences on the endocrine and metabolic axes during childhood
- 15 Patterns of growth: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease
- 16 The developmental environment and the endocrine pancreas
- 17 The developmental environment and insulin resistance
- 18 The developmental environment and the development of obesity
- 19 The developmental environment and its role in the metabolic syndrome
- 20 Programming the cardiovascular system
- 21 The role of vascular dysfunction in developmental origins of health and disease: evidence from human and animal studies
- 22 The developmental environment and atherogenesis
- 23 The developmental environment, renal function and disease
- 24 The developmental environment: effect on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
- 25 The developmental environment: effects on lung structure and function
- 26 Developmental origins of asthma and related allergic disorders
- 27 The developmental environment: influences on subsequent cognitive function and behaviour
- 28 The developmental environment and the origins of neurological disorders
- 29 The developmental environment: clinical perspectives on effects on the musculoskeletal system
- 30 The developmental environment: experimental perspectives on skeletal development
- 31 The developmental environment and the early origins of cancer
- 32 The developmental environment: implications for ageing and life span
- 33 Developmental origins of health and disease: implications for primary intervention for cardiovascular and metabolic disease
- 34 Developmental origins of health and disease: public-health perspectives
- 35 Developmental origins of health and disease: implications for developing countries
- 36 Developmental origins of health and disease: ethical and social considerations
- 37 Past obstacles and future promise
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
David Barker and colleagues first trained the spotlight on the idea that the prenatal environment shapes the lifelong health of the heart. They reported that the standardised mortality for ischaemic heart disease within a large population of English men and women was much higher in babies born at the 5- pound (2.3 kg) end of the birthweight scale compared to babies at the 9-pound (4.0 kg) end (Barker et al., 1989). Birthweight affected the death rate in men and women similarly across the weight range, with a significant sudden upturn in the heaviest babies studied. The latter group of heavier newborn babies may have included babies that were macrosomic and born to diabetic mothers. In a separate study, Rich-Edwards and coworkers (1997) found a similar relationship among >100,000 participants in the American Nurses study. In that study, the numbers of individuals who had symptoms for coronary disease and stroke increased with decreasing recalled birthweight.
The implications of the epidemiological findings of Barker's group are enormous. Cardiovascular disease is the most devastating disease on earth and, as a category, kills more men and women than any other disease. In the USA alone, the costs to society for cardiovascular disease currently exceed $350 billion annually. Furthermore, the rates of death due to cardiovascular events around the world are on the increase (American Heart Association 2004, World Health Organization, 2003, 2004a). Over half of all cardiovascular deaths worldwide are of women (World Health Organization 2004b, 2004c).
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , pp. 275 - 285Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2006
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