Index

doi:10.1017/9781108919210.027

Index

AAT. See animal assisted therapy

Abilene, 266, 268

abolition

animal, 405–407

forms of, 403–407

abolition (prison), 236–237, 316, 321–322

care ethics of, 412–416

critiques of, 324–325

penal, 167–168

reactions to, 407–412

solitary confinement, 189

utopianism and, 410–412

victim support in, 408–410

abolition (slavery), 18–23, 95, 98, 347, 403–404

animal advocacy and, 19

abolition-democracy, 404

Abu-Jamal, Mumia, 312–313

accelerated rehabilitation, 210–211

ACE. See Animal Cruelty Enforcement Act

ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union

Adam and Eve, 45–46

AFDC, 175

Afleje, Gerilynn, 222

Africa, John, 394

Africa, Ramona, 302–303, 313

African Americans

animal advocates, 18–19, 22

animal liberation linked to liberation of, 406–407

criminal law impacting, 12–13, 26

disenfranchisement of, 336

after emancipation, 28

humanity of, 33–34

incarceration rates of, 137

mass incarceration of, 130–131

police violence against, 164–165

prison agribusiness and, 284–286

Reed on, 32–33

WHS on, 28

Age of Revolutions, 20–21

Ag-Gag laws, 329–330

AHA. See American Humane Association

Ahmed, Sarah, 415

Albence, Matthew, 122–126

ALDF. See Animal Legal Defense Fund

Alexander, Michelle, 136

Alloway, Richard, 161–162

Alouette Correctional Centre for Women, 253–254

Amar, Vik, 315

Amazon Global Security Operations Center, 397

American Bar Association, 222, 326

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 137, 175–176, 217–218, 331–332

Gazzola on, 388–389

National Prison Project, 321–322

American exceptionalism, whiteness and, 28–29

American Humane Association (AHA), 18–19, 30–31

conferences of, 19–25

American imperialism, 28–29

American Indian Movement, 299, 302

American Kennel Club, 182–183

American Law Institute, 368

American Social Science Association, 30

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), 18–19, 140–141

American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), 82

America’s Most Wanted, 173–174, 177

amicus briefs, 75–76

Anderson, Virginia, 264, 270–271

Andrews, Thomas, 22

Angel Moms, 171

Angell, George, 30

animal abuse

accountability for, 55

by police, 153

criminal justice reform for, 39–41

defining, 162

DV and, 153

institutionalized, 77–78

intentional, 8–10

prevalence of, 76–78

Animal Abuse & Family Violence Prevention Project, 81

animal advocacy, 324

abolitionism and, 19

African American involvement with, 18–19, 22

after Civil War, 21–22

slavery and, 23

white supremacy and, 21–22

animal assisted therapy (AAT), 292–293

animal cruelty, 1–2, 179. See also anticruelty laws

accountability for, 55

APA on, 76

arrests for, 26–27

attitudes toward, 58

carceral logics replicated in context of, 4

criminal law and, 2

defining, 56

DV and, 180–181

enforcement gap, 212

incarceration for, 66–67

investigations, 58–59, 61

Marceau on, 180

mens rea in, 56, 65–66

social theories of, 27–28

victims of, 53

Animal Cruelty Enforcement Act (ACE), 82–83

Animal Cruelty Prosecution Unit, 212–213

Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act, 389

animal fighting, 162

animal husbandry, 8–9

animal impounding, in Colorado animal cruelty laws, 56–57

animal incarceration, 230, 237, 257. See also captivity

harms from, 233

animal law, 1–3, 6–8, 101, 364–365. See also anticruelty laws; carceral animal law

carceral logics in, 3

evaluation criteria, 208–209

evolution of, 72–76

incarceration in, 204–205

messaging in, 343

police bias and, 11–12

racism and, 11–12

rhetoric of, 102–103

state rankings, 208–209

tough on crime turn, 210

War on Drugs and, 102

whiteness and, 15–16

Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF), 2, 72, 81, 140–141, 329–330, 341

APA and, 76

on Desmond’s Law, 212–213

on factory farms, 208

goals of, 323–324

litigation of, 366

slogan of, 334

state rankings of, 128

animal legal personhood, 38–39, 46–48, 51–52

animal liberation, 298–299

Black liberation linked to, 406–407

harsh sentencing for activists, 299

terrorist branding of, 301

Animal Liberation Front, 391–392

Animal Machines (Harrison), 234

animal models, 306

animal nationalism, 28–29

animal neglect, 83–84, 208–209, 220–221, 366

animal policing, 221–223

animal protection movement

carceral logics in, 206–213, 335

founding of, 333–334

goals of, 322–323

prisoners’ rights movement and, 330, 334

Animal Rescue League, 140–141

animal rights, 52

animal welfare contrasted with, 323–324

cognitive capacities arguments, 46–51

defining, 39

disenfranchisement and, 338–340

fundamental, 48

human rights linked to, 46–48

intersectionality in, 37–38, 46–52

legal, 323–324

Marceau on, 40, 42, 48–49

moral claims for, 332–333

public opinion on, 330

animal rights activism

absence of human in, 392–393

civil rights and, 387–390

co-option of, 156

exceptionalism for, 390–392

FBI on, 393

on mandatory arrests, 147

Meeropol on, 385

misanthropic stereotype of, 43, 48–49

racism in, 48–49

solitary confinement and, 396–398

animal subjectivity, 17–18

animal suffering, 1–2

animal testing, of pepper spray, 304

animal torture, 9

animal victims, 85–86

data collection on, 81–85

progress for, 81–85

sentimentalism and, 182

separate victims, 80–81

speech of, 184

vulnerability of, 93–95

animal violence, human violence linked to, 6–8, 82, 153. See also the Link

animal welfare, 236

animal rights contrasted with, 323–324

institutionalized, 20–21

science, 235

Animal Welfare Act (AWA), 190–192, 329–330

amendments to, 192

enactment of, 341

animality, race and, 16–17, 277

animals, 229–230. See also specific topics

autonomy of, 362

in carceral archipelago, 270–275

climate change impacting, 311–312

consciousness of, 374

false imprisonment of, 372–379

freedom of, 381–382

habeas corpus and, 354–357

higher order needs of, 230

in historical narratives, 272–273

human child and animal nexus, 255–258

human prisoners compared with, 188–189

ownership of, 54

in prison industry, 281–282

in prison life, 278

prisons as harmful to, 307–312

as property, 37, 70–71, 74, 281–282, 405–406

restorative justice for, 223–224

as social marker, 393

subjective desires of, 185–186

as victims, 55

anthropocentrism, 184–186, 271–272

anthropomorphic projection, 179

anticarceral veganism, 2

anticarceralism, 87–88

anticruelty laws, 72, 74, 279

crime reduction and, 209

defining, 323–324

enforcement of, 212

enhancement of, 76–78

evolution of, 72–76

felony level provisions in, 73, 85–86

in Iowa, 207–208

Oregon, 75–83, 366–367

scope of, 74–75

state, 201–202

under Trump, 207

anti–domestic violence movement, 144–145

changes in, 156–157

criminalization strategy of, 145, 157

definitions by, 155

racism and, 145, 157

reforms of, 146

anti–sex offender legislation, 176

anti-war movement, 304–305

APA. See Association of Prosecuting Attorneys

aquaria, 188–189, 240–246

critiques of, 241

Arbery, Ahmaud, 164–165, 327

argument from marginal cases, 47

Arizona Correctional Industries, 285–286

Arizona Corrections Industry, 285

Arizona Victims’ Rights Amendment, 168

Arkow, Phil, 81

arson, 62–63

Ascione, Frank, 81

ASPCA. See American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

Association of Prosecuting Attorneys (APA), 75

ALDF and, 76

on animal cruelty, 76

district attorney relationship with, 76

The Atlantic, 152

attachment theory, 257–258

autonomy, 153–154, 360–363, 372, 379–380

of animals, 362

false imprisonment and, 370–371

AVMA. See American Veterinary Medical Association

AWA. See Animal Welfare Act

Balcombe, Jonathan, 195–196

Ball, David W., 133

The Ballad of Buster Scruggs, 261–262

Bands of Mercy, 22–23

barbed wire, 268–269, 273–274

bargaining power, worker, 108

Bari, Judi, 300–301

Battered Women’s Movement, 144, 153–154

Bauerlein, Monika, 173–174

Bean Station raid, 121

bears, 202

Beck, Ashley, 11

beef industry, 263–264

emergence of, 267

Beers, Diane, 23–24

Bekoff, Marc, 225–226, 258

Bell, Derrick, 90, 376

Bella’s law, 205, 211

bench probation, 73

Berenstein, Robin, 17–18

Berlant, Lauren, 169–171, 181–182

Beyond Cages (Marceau), 37–42, 46, 181

Biden, Joe, 398

on Chauvin, 401

biotechnology, 264

birdwatching, 1–2

Birmingham Humane Society, 34

bison, 270

Black Codes, 404

Black liberation, animal liberation linked to, 406–407

Black Liberation Army, 299

Black Lives Matter, 164–165, 299, 327

repression against, 397

Black Panther Party, 299, 312–313, 391

BlackFish, 245–246

blackness

Kim on, 277

Blake, Jacob, 164–165, 327

Block, Kitty, 96

PACT Act on, 129

Blumenthal, Richard, 82

bogeymen, 6–7

Boonin, David, 414–415

boundary maintenance, 255–256

Bracero program, 110

Brambell Report, 234–235

branding, 272–274

Braverman, Irus, 241–242

Breder, Rebeka, 6

Brennan, Sarah, 251–252

Brennan Center, 164

Brooks, Rayshard, 164–165, 327

Brown, Michael, 164–165

brown-collar work, Latinx Americans in, 113–114

Brown v. Board of Education, 339–340

Buck, Carrie, 50

Buck v. Bell, 50

Buller, Henry, 272

Bully Breed Rescue, 179–180

Bureau of Justice Statistics, 136–137, 176–177

Bush, George W., 118–119

butchering, 107

Butler, Paul, 222–223

California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR), 308

California Prison Industry Authority (CALPIA), 308

CALPIA. See California Prison Industry Authority

CALS. See Center for Animal Law Studies

Camayd-Freixas, Erik, 118–119, 122

Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, 373

Campaign for Smart Justice, 331–332

Campbell, Brittany, 8–9

Canine Behavior Modification, 292

Cannamela, Robin, 402

capital punishment, 322

capitalism, 78, 88–89

Capitol riots, 398

captivity

effects, 230–231, 236, 257

Gruen on, 377

habeas corpus and harms of, 359–363

harms from, 377

harms of, 230–234

solitary confinement of wildlife in, 200–201

Caraballo-Ocasio, Eliezer, 163

Carbone, Larry, 372

carceral animal law, 11–14, 204. See also progressive carceralism

Maerz on, 183–184

rationales for, 28–29

Sullivan on, 219

carceral archipelago, 262

animal experiences in, 270–275

colonial, 264–267

rural, 262–263

carceral feminism, 4–5, 145

carceral logics, 2–3, 205–206, 262, 315. See also humane carceral logics

animal cruelty and replication of, 4

in animal law, 3

in animal protection movement, 206–213, 335

carceral spaces shaped by, 225

children evoked by, 255–258

defining, 4–5

disavowal of, 206–207

in political imagination, 315–316

social change and, 2–3

social movements and, 396–398

the state using, 399

strategies of, 6

types of, 4

undoing of, 35

white innocence and, 18

white supremacy in, 20

carceral progressivism. See progressive carceralism

Carceral Space, Prisoners and Animals (Morin), 262

carceral spaces, 262

carceral logics shaping, 225

of cattle trails, 267–270

children and, 238–239

humanization of, 239

public inaccessibility of, 239

social credibility of, 227

carceral state, 90–93, 137–138

causes of, 98–99

in United States, 137–138

care ethics of abolition, 412–416

Carter, Stephen, 172

cattle barons, 263, 267–268

hegemony of, 265

cattle trails, 261–262, 266, 275

carceral infrastructure of, 267–270

19th century growth of, 264–265

railroads and, 268

as sites of violence, 263

cause lawyering, 319, 341–342

invisibility countered by, 326–330

moral suasion in, 330–335

power imbalances in, 325

for reenfranchisement, 338–339

roles of, 320–325

in social movements, 320–325

strategic litigation of, 325

CCi. See Colorado Correctional Industries

CDCR. See California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation

Center for Animal Law Studies (CALS), 78–79

Center for Constitutional Rights, 390

Central American workers, 110

Chaplin, Joyce, 185

Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Canada, 254

Chauvin, Derek, 400–401, 408–409

Biden on, 401

guilty verdict of, 401

chemical warfare

defining, 303–304

in prisons, 303–307

Chen, Alan, 315

Child Protective Services, 175–176

child welfare system, 9

children

carceral spaces and, 238–239

child-invoking carceral discourses, 255–258

conservation education of, 240–246

human child and animal nexus, 255–258

human exceptionalism inculcated through, 256–257

immigration detention humanized by, 247–249

incarceration of, 257–258

innocence of, as policy driver, 255–256

naturalization of, 255–256

prisons humanized by, 249–254

chimpanzees, 43, 196, 343

in invasive experiments, 188

Chinese immigrants, 116–117

Chipman, Justin, 2

chlorpromazine, 305–306

Christian theology, 19–20

citations, 221–223

civic death, 165

civil rights, 357–358, 395

animal rights activists and, 387–390

Civil War, 18–23

animal advocacy after, 21–22

CJP. See Criminal Justice Program

CJRC. See Criminal Justice Reform Clinic

climate change, animal life impacted by, 311–312

Clinton, Bill, 172–173

Coffield Unit, 289

Coleman, Sydney, 18–20, 22

on emancipation, 18

Collard, Rosemary-Claire, 290–291

colonialism, 185, 277

carceral archipelago, 264–267

immigration and, 264

silent history of, 271–272

Colorado animal cruelty laws, 55–58, 66

animal impounding in, 56–57

Colorado Correctional Industries (CCi), 286–287, 292–294

Comis, Bob, 191–192

common law, 354–357

on liberty, 356

Wise on, 357

Commonwealth v. Duncan, 140–141

companionship, 189–190

Confederacy, 19

confinement. See also captivity

conceptions of, 374

consciousness of, 369, 371–372, 374–375

continuum of, 372

fulfillment and, 380–381

habeas corpus and, 354–355

harms from, 369, 376–377

indignity of, 379–383

power and, 380

in zoos, 377–378

Connecticut Humane Society, 24–25

consciousness, 373–374, 378–379

of animals, 374

of confinement, 369, 371–372, 374–375

Constitution, US

Article III, 324

Eighth Amendment, 320–321, 332

Fifth Amendment, 351–352

First Amendment, 328–330

Fourteenth Amendment, 340

Fourth Amendment, 102, 139–140

Thirteenth Amendment, 281–282

continuity of care, 60

Controlled Substances Act (CSA), 135–136

Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 248–249, 253–254

convict leasing, 404

in prison agribusiness, 285–286

Copenhagen zoo, 243–244

CORCAN, 282–284

Correctional Service Canada (CSC), 251–252

Coulter, Kendra, 8–9

Court of Appeals, 324, 337

Cousins, Samuel, 16

Coutin, Susan Bibler, 114

COVID-19, 123, 246, 258

The Cow with Ear Tag #1 (Gillespie), 270–271

Cox, Lisa, 273

Coyle, Michael, 410–411

CRC. See Convention on the Rights of the Child

Creating Choices Report, 251–252

Crenshaw, Kimberle, 38

Crime and Community (Tannenbaum), 404–405

crime data, racism and, 26

crime logics, 145

criminal behavior, 44–45

free will and, 44

Criminal Justice Program (CJP), 72, 75–76

criminal justice reform, 68–69

for animal abuse, 39–41

public opinion on, 331–332

racism and, 40

Criminal Justice Reform Clinic (CJRC), 78–79

criminal justice system, 87, 402–403

DV and, 174

as proxy of societal values, 70

racism of, 176

reforms, 31

in United States, 133–134

criminal law, 1

activist engagement with, 186

African Americans impacted by, 12–13, 26

animal cruelty and, 2

DV and, 154–156

expressive force of, 97

racism of, 1–2

unintentional harm in, 182

criminal liability, 207–209

criminalization, 90–91, 95–96, 279

anti–domestic violence movement on, 145, 157

of DV, 150, 155

in United States, 134

critical race theory, 359

Critical Resistance, 405

Cronin, J. Keri, 17

CSA. See Controlled Substances Act

CSC. See Correctional Service Canada

Daily Picayune, 30–31

Dallas Animal Services (DAS), 217

dangerous few, 412

DAS. See Dallas Animal Services

data collection, on animal victims, 81–85

Davis, Angela, 305–306, 405, 411

Davis, Janet, 20–21, 28–29

Davis, Jefferson, 32

death penalty, 131–132

decarceration, 94–95, 166–167

Decka, Maneesha, 28–29

decriminalization, Natapoff on, 142–143

defendants, costs to, 176

dehumanization, 181–182

Dellinger, Dave, 397–398

democracy, 20–21, 91

Denver Animal Protection, 58

deportability, 111–112

in immigration enforcement, 111–115

racialized, 123–126

racism and, 113

deportation

defining, 111

poverty and, 216–219

Desert Land Act, 270

Desmond, Jane, 244–245

Desmond, Matthew, 149–150

Desmond’s Army, 179–180

Desmond’s Law, 7–8, 180–181, 210–211, 402

ALDF on, 212–213

Rubin on, 211

detention, 344, 353–354

habeas corpus on, 347–348

slavery and, 346–347

deterrence, 44–45

Dick Gregory’s Natural Diet for Folks Who Eat (Gregory), 395

Dilulio, John, 7

disability rights advocacy, 47–48

Discipline and Punish (Foucault), 266–267

disenfranchisement, 214–215, 320

of African Americans, 336

animal rights and, 338–340

combating, 339

incarceration and, 336

overcoming, 341–342

race and, 336

district attorneys, 56–57, 96, 160

ALDF relationship with, 76

divorce, 175

DNA analysis, 75–76

dogs

human relation with, 293–294

socialization of, 198–199

solitary confinement of, 198–200

USDA on, 198–200

Dole, Robert, 198

dolphins, 197

domestic disturbances, 152

domestic violence (DV), 102, 174. See also anti–domestic violence movement

animal abuse and, 153

animal cruelty and, 180–181

arrest data, 175

civil remedies for, 146–148

codification of, 154–155

criminal justice system and, 174

criminal law and, 149–150, 154–156

criminalization of, 150, 155

crowding out of solutions to, 149–150

defining, 153–156

legal intervention for, 148

mandatory arrest statutes for, 146, 150–152, 175

police as perpetrators of, 152–153

race and, 174

shelters, 144

social norms around, 160

VAWA on, 154–155

violent resistance, 151–152

domestication, 268

Donaldson, Sue, 279–280

Donley, Lori, 8–9

double jeopardy, 80

Dreamnight, 239–240

driver’s license suspension, 215

dual arrest, 152

Dubber, Markus, 170–171

Dubois, W. E. B., 404

Due Process Clause, 351–352

Durham, Debra, 195–196

DuVernay, Ava, 404

DV. See domestic violence

Earth First, 300–301, 388–389

earth liberation, 298–299

terrorist branding of, 301

Earth Liberation Front, 300–301

eco-terrorism, 385

Edmonton Valley Zoo, 239–242

educational programming, 243–244

Eighth Amendment, US Constitution, 320–321, 332

Eisen, Jessica, 367

elephants, 362–363

Ellison, Keith, 400–401

emancipation, 18, 21–22, 25–26

African Americans after, 28

Coleman on, 18

empathy, vegetarianism and veganism linked to, 48

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

civil enforcement of, 201

solitary confinement and, 200–201

English language skills, 113–114

environmental justice movements, harsh sentencing for activists, 299

Equal Justice Alliance, 388–389

Equal Protection clause, 338

ESA. See Endangered Species Act

Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), 380

essentialism, 185

ethics, 236

of care, 412–416

eugenics movement, 49–50

euthanasia, 216, 222

Evans, Joshua, 403–404

evil, 44–45

of humanity, 41–42, 45–46, 179

incarceration and belief in, 46

Evolve Our Prison Farms, 283–284

expressivism, 97

factory farms, 208

ALDF on, 208

Fairfield, Five, 179–180

fake freedoms, 234–236

false imprisonment tort, 367–372

animals and, 372–379

autonomy and, 370–371

doctrinal elements of, 368

identification of, 383

indignity of confinement and, 379–383

rationale behind, 368

Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, 234–235

fascism, 398–399

Fassel, Raphael, 37–38

FBI, 79–80, 84–85, 137–138, 302, 398–399

on animal rights activism, 393

databases, 219

Gazzola wiretapped by, 388

social movements and, 386–387

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 324

federalism, 353–354

Feeley, Malcolm, 214

felonies and felony laws, 3, 40–41, 56, 58–59, 66–67, 102–103, 206

anticruelty law provisions, 73, 85–86

disenfranchisement from conviction of, 214–215

laws, 209–213

ramification of convictions, 214–215

sentencing for, 73

in United States, 276

feminism, 359

relational, 360

fence cutting wars, 263, 269–270

Ferdowsian, Hope, 195–196

Fifth Amendment, US Constitution, Due Process Clause, 351–352

Filippi, Massimo, 48

fines and fees

economic pressure from, 216

nonpayment of, 214–215

in United States, 221–223

First Amendment rights, US Constitution, 328–330

First Nations, 278

First Step Act, 164, 340–341

Five Freedoms, 234–237

impact of, 235

Flores, Maria, 217

Floyd, George, 4–5, 164–165, 327, 400–403, 408–409

food

in prison, 307–309

transparency in production of, 329–330

forced cohabitation, 200–201

forced labor, 322

Foreman, James, Jr., 411–412

Forensic Animal Maltreatment Evaluation, 66

forensic veterinarians, 60

Foucault, Michel, 266–267

Fourteenth Amendment, US Constitution, 340

Fourth Amendment, US Constitution, 102, 139–140

Francione, Gary, 376, 405–406

Franz, Marie-Louise von, 181–182

free market, 168–169

free prey, 382–383

free will, 43–45

criminal behavior and, 44

Marceau on, 44

skepticism about, 44

freedom, 229

of animals, 229–230, 381–382

fake, 234–236

Freeman, Eldridge, Jr., 101

Friedersdorf, Connor, 152–153

Friends of the Kangaroo Rat, 310

Fudge, Erica, 271–273

Gandhi, 330–331

Garland, Merrick, 398

Garner, Eric, 164–165

Gazzola, Lauren, 390

on ACLU, 388–389

FBI wiretaps of, 388

gender, in victim narratives, 172

Genova, Nicolas de, 111–112

George, Taylor, 165–166

Gillespie, Kathryn, 270–271

Gilligan, James, 188–189

Gilmore, Ruthie, 405

Gingrich-Philbrook, Craig, 244

giraffes, 243–244

Glidden, Joseph, 268–269

Goodlett, Meriwether, 21–22

Goodmark, Leigh, 149

Goodnight, Charles, 269

Gottschalk, Marie, 168, 321

Graves, Henry, 16

Great Depression, 106–107

Great Writ of Liberty, 344–349, 357, 364, 367

history of, 346–347

Wise on, 346–347

Green Is the New Red (Potter), 385

Gregory, Dick, 395–396

grey bats, 310

Gruber, Aya, 89

Gruen, Lori, 381–382

on captivity, 377

Guantánamo Bay, 349

habeas corpus and, 351–353

Guenther, Lisa, 189–190

Guido, Janine, 158–160, 163

habeas corpus, 345, 349. See also Great Writ of Liberty

animal confinement and, 354–355

animals and, 354–357

captivity harms and, 359–363

critique of rights and, 357–359

on detention, 347–348

Guantánamo Bay and, 351–353

history of, 344, 349–350

incarceration linked to, 350–351

liberty and, 359–360

limits of, 349–354

scientistic approach to, 361

Supreme Court on, 349–352, 355–356

transformation of, 355

in United States, 349–350

Wise on, 346, 357

Halliday, Paul, 347–348

Hampton Institutes, 22–23

Haney, Craig, 187–191

Harlow, Harry, 187

harm, defining, 200

Harper, Josh, 297–298, 307–308

Harris, Angela, 348–349

Harrison, Ruth, 234

Hawkes, John, 261–262

Hawkins, Gordon, 133

Heal Food Alliance, 285

Henderson, Lynne, 167

on victims’ rights, 172

Herrera v. Collins, 351

Hickman’s Family Farms, 285

higher-order needs, of animals, 230

Hing, Bill Ong, 119

History According to Cattle, 272

HLS. See Huntingdon Life Sciences

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 50

Homestead Act, 270

Horowitz, Alexandra, 293–294

horses, 29, 32, 366

human exceptionalism, 256–257, 393

human moral distinctiveness, 41–46

human rights, 50–51, 229

animal rights linked to, 46–48

Human Rights Quarterly, 392

Human Rights Watch, 215, 222

human violence, animal violence linked to, 6–8, 82, 153. See also the Link

human/animal boundary, 16–17

racism maintained by, 34–35

Humane Action Pittsburgh, 161–162

humane carceral logics, 23–34

development of, 24–25

of SPCAs, 24–25

white supremacy in, 34

Humane PA PAC, 161–162

Humane Rescue Alliance, 94

humane sentiment, proslavery and anti-slavery roots of, 18–23

Humane Slaughter Act, 263

Humane Society of the United States, 96, 161–162

humanity

of African Americans, 33–34

construction of, through racial difference, 31, 35

evil of, 41–42, 45–46, 179

humanized animals, 178–186

Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), 297

Hurst, Michael, 123–124

ICE. See Immigration and Customs Enforcement

illegalization, 113

immigration

in American colonial project, 264

Chinese, 116–117

of Latinx Americans, 109–110

nonhuman, 264

securitization of, 114

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 115, 119, 121–124, 217

Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, 247–248

immigration detention, children humanizing, 247–249

immigration enforcement, 106–111

deportability in, 111–115

in meatpacking and poultry industries, 114–122

race in, 116

at slaughterhouses, 115–122

spectacular, 105–106, 115–122

under Trump, 120–121

in United States, 105

in workforce, 105

Immigration Holding Centres, 247–248

Immigration Reform and Control Act, 115–117

Improta, Nicola, 180

incarceration, 7, 40, 75–76, 295–296. See also animal incarceration; mass incarceration

African American rates of, 137

alternatives to, 216, 407–408

for animal cruelty, 66–67

in animal law, 204–205

belief in evil as justification for, 46

of children, 257–258

considerations beyond, 214–216

damage to families from, 214–215

disenfranchisement and, 336

habeas corpus linked to, 350–351

maximization of, 210–211

moral attitudes toward, 213–214

as punishment, 230

recidivism and, 205

sentencing ranges and duration of, 211–212

indigenous populations, 250–251

industrial agriculture, 208

Industrial Workers of the World, 300–301

industrialization, 25–26

inequality, 27–28

informed consent, 372

Inglis v. British Columbia, 253–254

INS v. Delgado, 116–117

Instead of Prisoners (Knopp), 404–405

Institute for Crime and Justice Policy Research, 131–132

intentional animal abuse, 8–10

intersectionality, 42–43

in animal rights, 37–38, 46–52

defining, 38

intimate partner violence (IPV), 150–152, 156. See also domestic violence

intimidation, 151

invisibility

cause lawyering countering, 326–330

insularity and, 326

power in, 326

Iowa, 207–208

IPV. See intimate partner violence

Jackson, George, 404–405

Jim Crow, 23, 32

Joh, Elizabeth, 171–172

Jung, Moon-Kie, 113

The Jungle (Sinclair), 106–107

justice. See also criminal justice system

courtroom pursuit of, 64–65

defining, 54

understandings of, 402–403

for victims, 408–409

Kaba, Mariame, 408–409, 412

Kanka, Megan, 176

Kennedy (Justice), 326

Kern Valley State Prison, 310

Kim, Claire Jean, 16–17, 43, 348–349, 406

on blackness, 277

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 330–331, 390

Kjonas, Kevin, 298–299

Klaas, Polly, 176

Klein, Naomi, 384, 386

Knopp, Fay Honey, 404–405

Ko, Aph, on white supremacy, 34–35

Ku Klux Klan, 34

Kymlicka, Will, 279–280

LaBahn, David, 76

labor unions, 107

decline of, 108

racism as tool against, 109

Lake, Nick, 165–166

Lancaster County Animal Coalition, 166

Landseer, Edwin, 15–16

Latinx Americans, 106, 108

in brown-collar work, 113–114

immigration of, 109–110

Lee, Brandy, 188–189

leftists, 385

Legal Defense Fund, 91–92

Letcher County, 310

Letterman, David, 138

Levasseur, Ray Luc, 304–305

Levenson, Laurie, 174

liberalism, 22, 31

sentimentalism and, 19–20

liberty, 344–345, 353–354. See also Great Writ of Liberty

common law on, 356

habeas corpus and, 359–360

Libre, 158–161, 178–179, 182–183

treatment for, 163

viral videos of, 159–160

Libre’s Law, 102–103, 158, 165–167, 178–181

Alloway on, 161–162

bipartisan support for, 163–164

changes under, 162

enactment of, 163–164

prosecutions under, 163

Wolf on, 158–159

Limerick, Patricia Nelson, 265–266

liminal animals, 279–281, 295–296

Linder, Michael, 173–174

the Link, 81–86

lions, 200–201

litigation, 325

ALDF, 366

NhRP, 356–357, 364–365

in prisoners’ rights movement, 328

for reenfranchisement, 340

visibility from, 327–328

lively communities, 290–295

Lochner era, 106–107

Locke, John, 380

Lockwood, Randall, 81

locomotory stereotypies, 231–232

Lorde, Audre, 97–98

Lost Cause mythology, 21–22

Louisiana State Penitentiary, 285

low level drug offenders, 136–137

Lueders, Heidi, 179–181

Lundblad, Michael, 27–28

lynchings, 27–28

Maerz, Mary, 183–186

malfeasance, 213

mandatory arrest statutes, 70–71, 208–209

animal rights activism on, 147

for DV, 146, 150–152, 175

mandatory reporting, 208–209, 218

mange, 160–161, 182–183

Marceau, Justin, 37–41, 46, 49, 52, 91–92, 138, 181, 188–189, 335

on animal cruelty, 180

on animal rights, 40, 42, 48–49

on free will, 44

on strict liability, 182

on volunteer attorneys, 41

marijuana, 140

legalization of, 136

in War on Drugs, 135

marine mammals, 196–198

USDA on, 196–198

Marius, 243–244

Martin, Angela, 381–382

Martin, Susan, 160–161

Maryland, 202

Mason, Marius, 300–301

paintings of, 301–302

mass incarceration, 6–7, 13, 92–93, 186

of African Americans, 130–131

beginning of, 405

causes of, 98–99

critiques of, 95

facts and myths about, 129–134

growth of, 130, 405

measurement of, 130

opposition to, 164

probation and, 215

Prohibition as cause of, 142

public opinion on, 332

reduction of, 137

treadmill of, 311–312

in United States, 89, 129–134

Masur, Kate, 28

Matsuda, Mari, 357–358

Matthews, Anette, 179–180

mavericking, 267

maximum sentences, 209–210

McCain, John, 138

McCann, Michael, 329

McCarthyism, 384

McCleod, Allegra, 412–413

McCoy, Joseph, 268

McDonald, Laquan, 164–165

McGowan, Daniel, 391

McKittrick, Katherine, 278

MCP. See Mother-Child Program

McSally, Martha, 82

McVeigh, Timothy, 183

meat processing, 106

meatpacking industry. See also beef industry; poultry industry

growth of, 108

history of, 106–111

immigration enforcement in, 114–122

market share in, 107

race in, 111–115

undocumented workers in, 110–111

media images, 364

Meeropol, Robert, 384–385, 390–391, 393, 397–398

on animal rights activism, 385

Meiner, Erica, 411

Melcher, John, 192

Melossi, Dario, 95–96

Méndez, Juan E., 188

mens rea, in animal cruelty, 56, 65–66

Mexican independence, 264–265

Mexican repatriation, 116–117

Miami Seaquarium, 197–198

Miccio, G. Kristian, 147

mice, solitary confinement of, 190–191

Minow, Martha, 171–172

misanthropy, of animal rights activists, 43, 48–49

misdemeanors, 55–56, 58–59, 66–67, 73

Monchlin, Lisa, 278

Monroe Correctional Complex, 309–310

moral legitimacy, of the state, 89, 97

moral suasion, 319

for animal rights, 332–333

in cause lawyering, 330–335

in prisoners’ rights movement, 331–332, 334–335

Moran, Dominique, 281, 293–294

Morin, Karen M., 187–188, 262, 281–282, 287, 290–291

Mother-Child Program (MCP), 250–254

MOVE, 302–303, 312–313, 394–395

bomb attack on, 394–395

Muhammad, Khalil, 26

Muste, A. J., 397–398

mutual avowal, 43

NAAP, 310

Natapoff, Alexandra, 214–215

on decriminalization, 142–143

National Cowboy Hall of Fame, 273–274

The National Humane Review, 18–19

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), 79–80

National Lawyers Guild, 390

National Link Coalition, 81

National Primate Research Center, 195–196

National Prison Project, 321–322

Native Americans, 177, 299

"Nature’s Dumb Nobility," 30–31

neglect, 162, 207, 219

animal, 83–84, 208–209, 220–221, 366

poverty and, 220–221

the Negro question, 22

neoliberalism, 88–90, 220

Neo-Nazis, 398

Netz, Reviel, 268, 273–274

New Jim Crow, 88–89

New South, 31

SPCAs in, 19

New York Times, 152–153

NhRP. See Nonhuman Rights Project

NIBRS. See National Incident-Based Reporting System

Nichols, Terry, 183

Nields, Jennifer, 166

nineteenth century

policing in, 24–25

sentimentalism in, 17–18

Nixon, Richard, 135

No Life for a Child law, 247–249

nonhuman immigration, 264

nonhuman primates. See primates

Nonhuman Rights Project (NhRP), 344–345, 354–355, 360–363

litigation of, 356–357, 364–365

Non-Humans First Declaration, 48–49, 51

nonreformist reforms, 407–408

North Carolina, 202

Nussbaum, Martha, 42

Obama, Barack, 119–120, 168–169, 352–353

Oklahoma City bombing, 183

oleoresin capsicum. See pepper spray

Oliver, Tommy, 395

Operation Wetback, 116

oral stereotypies, 232–233

orca, 197

Oregon animal cruelty laws, 75–83, 366–367

Oregon Court of Appeals, 81

Oregon Revised Statute, 73–74, 83

Orme, Dextin, 160–161

Our Dumb Animals, 30

overcriminalization, 113–114

PACFA, 58

Pachirat, Tim, 114

PACT-Act. See Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act

Palin, Sarah, 138

Palmer raids, 116

Paris, William, 410–411

Park, Yon Soo, 392

parole, 215. See also probation

paternalism, 19–20, 31–33

race addressed through, 32

slavery apologists and, 21–22

pathbreaking cases, 339–340

Patronek, Gary, 8–9

Patterson-Kane, Emily, 84

PCI, 287

Pearson, Susan, on sentimentalism, 17–18

Peltier, Leonard, 302

Pence, Ellen, 155

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 323–324, 329–330

attacks on, 390–391

People v. Kovacich, 77

People v. Zuniga, 140

pepper spray, 303–304

animal testing of, 304

Perdue, 108–109

personhood, 364

pests, 281

pet ownership, 54

pet shops, 77

PETA. See People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

Petri, Tom, 389

Pets for Life Program, 223–224

Pfaff, John, 136

physical confinement, 225–226

physical violence, 151

PIC. See prison industrial complex

Pierce, Jessica, 225–226, 258

pigs, social deprivation of, 191–192

Pilgrim’s, 108–109

plea-bargaining, 65–67

police and policing, 223

animal, 221–223

animal abuse by, 153

critiques of, 222–223

defining, 213–214

DV perpetrated by, 152–153

in 19th century, 24–25

violence, 164–165

police bias, 26, 70–71

animal law and, 11–12

political repression, prisons as sites of, 303–307

state repression, 300–303

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 187–191

Postville raid, 118–120

Potter, Will, 385, 395

poultry industry, 114

immigration enforcement in, 114–122

market shares in, 106

race in, 111–115

undocumented workers in, 110–111

poverty

deportation and, 216–219

neglect and, 220–221

President’s Task Force on Victims of Crime, 170

Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act (PACT Act), 92, 94, 96–97, 128, 205

Block on, 129

convictions under, 276

enactment of, 276

primates, 192–196, 355

psychological well-being of, 195–196

social deprivation of, 192–193, 195–196

in solitary confinement, 193

USDA on, 194–195

prison agribusiness

African Americans and, 284–286

in Canada, 282–284

convict leasing in, 285–286

solitary confinement in, 289–290

in Texas, 288–289

undocumented workers in, 284

in United States, 284–290

white supremacy maintained by, 284

prison-industrial complex (PIC), 405

prison industry, animals in, 281–282

Prison Litigation Reform Act, 328

prison reform, 321–322

Prison Trained K-9 Companion Program, 292

prison-animal programs, 278, 290–291

benefits of, 292–293

prisoners

animals compared with, 188–189

female, 249–250

psychological, 226

prisoners’ rights movement, 322

animal protection movement and, 330, 334

litigation in, 328

moral suasion in, 331–332, 334–335

prisons, 226–227, 259. See also incarceration

animals harmed by, 307–312

animals in life at, 278

chemical warfare in, 303–307

children humanizing, 249–254

climate injustice and, 311–312

ecological habitats impacted by, 309–310

food in, 307–309

harms caused by, 408

ideological functions of, 296

as political repression sites, 303–307

as violence, 312

probation, 58–59, 67–68

bench, 73

mass incarceration system and, 215

problem behaviors, 233

The Process Is the Punishment (Feeley), 214

progression thesis, 82

progressive carceralism, 1–2, 13, 88–91, 204–205

harm to nonhuman animals, 95–97

messages sent by, 95–97

Progressive Era, 25–26

Prohibition, 139–142

mass incarceration caused by, 142

property, animals as, 37, 70–71, 74, 281–282, 405–406

prosecutors, 54–57, 59, 75–76, 94–95, 133

case studies for, 64–65

courtroom justice pursued by, 64–65

protection from, 168

resource constraints of, 58–61

roles of, 54

sentencing considerations for, 65–68

on strict liability crimes, 182

victim relationship with, 172

Prosser, William, 369

PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder

public land, 270

public opinion

on animal rights, 330

on criminal justice reform, 331–332

on mass incarceration, 332

Puerto Rican Independentistas, 299

puppy programs, 278

puppy-dog eyes, 179

Quakers, 403–404

race

animality and, 16–17, 277

construction of, 18, 28–29, 113

construction of humanity through, 31, 35

deportability and, 123–126

disenfranchisement and, 336

DV and, 174

in immigration enforcement, 116

in meatpacking and poultry industries, 111–115

paternalistic solutions to problem of, 32

racism, 78–79, 85–86

animal law and, 11–12

in animal rights activism, 48–49

anti–domestic violence movement and, 145, 157

crime data and, 26

criminal justice reform and, 40

of criminal justice system, 176

of criminal law, 1–2

defining, 113

deportability and, 113

human/animal boundary maintaining, 34–35

labor unions thwarted by, 109

systemic, 71–72

in victim narratives, 172–174

of War on Drugs, 135

Raemish, Rick, 294–295

railroads, 266, 270

cattle trails and, 268

Rainforest Action Network, 310

Rapping, Elayne, 169–170, 181–182

Reagan, Ronald

sentimentality of, 169–170

war on crime under, 168–169

recidivism, incarceration and, 205

Reconstruction, 19, 28, 30, 404

Red River, 261–262, 272–273

Red Scare, 384

Reed, Richard Forman, 32

on African Americans, 32–33

reenfranchisement, 337

cause lawyering for, 338–339

litigation for, 340

Regan, Lauren, 388–389

Regan, Tom, 333–334

rehabilitated animals, 290–295

rehabilitation, 66

relational dignity, 381–382

relational feminists, 360

Reno, Janet, 171

respectability politics, 22–23

Restatement (Second) of Torts, 369–370

Restatement (Third) of Torts, 368–370, 379–383

restorative justice, 167–168

for animals, 223–224

Rice, Tamir, 164–165

RICO, 209–210

rights, critique of

habeas corpus and, 357–359 (See also specific topics)

as sites of power, 359

rights-based approaches, 323–324

right-to-work laws, 109–110

ring-tailed lemurs, 201

Rizzo, Frank, 394

Roberts, Anna, 88

Roberts, Dorothy, 9, 213–214

Rock, Chris, 138

Roe v. Wade, 339–340

Roper, Amos A., 26–27

Roper v. Simmons, 332

Rosenberg, Ethel, 384

Rosenberg, Julius, 384

Rosenberg Fund for Children, 384, 387, 390, 397–398

Rosengard, David, 2

Royle, Camilla, 272

Rubashkin, Sholom, 120–121

Rubin, Jessica, 7–8, 210–211

on Desmond’s Law, 211

Rutherford, Stephanie, 273

San Diego Zoo, 242

San Joaquin Valley kit fox, 310

Sanderson Farms, 108–109

Sandin v. Conner, 320–321

Sapolsky, Robert, 44–45

Save Our Prison Farms, 283–284

Saved!, 15–18

scare ads, 169–170

Schaffter, Mary, 30–32

school shooters, 84

Scientist Action and Advocacy Network, 189

Scofield v. Critical Air Medicine, 371–372, 379

Scott, Bobby, 389–390

Scruffy’s Law, 208

SeaWorld, 244–245

educational resources of, 245

messaging of, 245–246

Second Great Awakening, 20–22

Secure Communities, 117–118, 120

self-reporting, 8

sentencing considerations, 65–68

for felonies, 73

incarceration length and, 211–212

maximum, 209–210

treatment-based, 66

sentimentalism

animal victims and, 182

liberalism and, 19–20

in nineteenth century, 17–18

Pearson on, 17–18

in Reagan era, 169–170

separation of powers, 353–354

September 11, 2001 attacks, 117, 390

Sered, Danielle, 401

Serwer, Adam, 125–126

sex offenders, 177–178, 183

sexual harassment, 146

SHAC. See Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty

Shamu, 244–245

shelter, 156–157

SHU syndrome, 289–290

silent raids, 119–120

Silverstein, Helena, 329, 333–334

Simon, Jonathan, 167

Simpson, Nicole Brown, 147, 174

Simpson, O. J., 147

Sinclair, Upton, 106–107

Singapore Zoo, 242–243

Singer, Peter, 48, 333–334

single issue extremism, 393

Sinha, Manisha, 403–404

slap on the wrist, 219–221

slaughterhouses, 109, 114. See also meatpacking industry

immigration enforcement at, 115–122

slavery, 18, 30, 32, 347, 403–404. See also abolition (slavery); emancipation

animal advocacy as outgrowth of, 23

detention and, 346–347

paternalism and apologists for, 21–22

proslavery and anti-slavery roots of humane sentiment, 18–23

Smiley, Calvin, 280–281

Smith, Gerrit, 141

Snow, Chester, 26–27

social change, carceral logics and, 2–3

social deprivation, 189–190

of pigs, 191–192

of primates, 192–193, 195–196

social housing, 196

social media, 182–183

social movements, 319

carceral logics and, 396–398

cause lawyers in, 320–325

exceptionalism in, 390–392

FBI and, 386–387

goals of, 320–325

visibility in, 327

social norms, around DV, 160

social pain, 189–190

social welfare programs, 168–169, 175

Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA), 19–25, 30–31

humane carceral logics of, 24–25

in New South, 19

Soledad Brother (Jackson), 404–405

solitary confinement, 187–188, 203

abolition of, 189

animal rights activists and, 396–398

of captive wildlife, 200–201

critiques of, 189

of dogs, 198–200

ESA and, 200–201

harms of, 189–190

of mice, 190–191

primates in, 193

in prison agribusiness, 289–290

state cruelty laws on, 201–202

as torture, 396

in United States, 188

USDA on, 193

Somerset v. Stewart, 346–347, 354–355

South Dakota, 73

Southern Poverty Law Center, 389

SPCA. See Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

Specht, Joshua, 264

Speranza Animal Rescue, 159

Spivak, Gayatri, 184–185

the state, 393

carceral logic used by, 399

moral legitimacy of, 89, 97

repression via, 89

social problems addressed by, 91

state cruelty laws

analysis of, 202

on solitary confinement, 201–202

State v. Crow, 83–84

State v. Glowney, 141

State v. Hess, 81, 83–84

State v. Nix, 81, 83–84

State v. Setere, 81

statutory rape, 177–178

Stedman, Craig, 160

stereotypies, 225–226, 231

defining, 231

grooming, 232

locomotory, 231–232

oral, 232–233

Stoltzfus, Benjamin, 159–162, 180–182

Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC), 297–299, 388, 391

stress, 231

strict liability crimes

Marceau on, 182

prosecutors on, 182

subaltern, 184–185

subhuman humans, 178–186

Sullivan, Mariann, 219

superpredators, 6–7, 172–173

Supreme Court, U.S., 328–329

on habeas corpus, 349–352, 355–356

Susquehanna River, 165–166

systemic racism, 71–72

Tannenbaum, Frank, 404–405

Taronga Zoo Sydney, 242–243

Task Force on Federally Sentenced Women, 250–251

Taylor, Breonna, 4–5, 139, 164–165, 327

TDCJ. See Texas Department of Criminal Justice

Teller, H. M., 270

terrorism, earth and animal liberation branded as, 301

Texas, 264–265

land schemes in, 265

prison agribusiness in, 288–289

Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ), 288–289, 308–309

theory of mind, 374–375

Thirteenth Amendment, US Constitution, 281–282

Thorazine, 305

Timber Culture Act, 270

Tipton kangaroo rat, 310

Tischler, Joyce, 81

tough-on-crime turn, 210

transparency, 328–329

in food production, 329–330

Treadmill of Mass Incarceration, 311–312

Treadmill of Production, 311

treatment-based sentencing, 66

Trump, Donald, 92, 97, 125–126, 128, 164, 171

anticruelty laws under, 207

immigration enforcement under, 120–121

Tuskegee Institutes, 22–23

Tyson Foods, 108–109

UN Human Rights, 396

undocumented persons, 114–115, 217–218

in meat and poultry industries, 110–111

in prison agribusiness, 284

unintentional harm, in criminal law, 182

United Daughters of the Confederacy, 21–22

United Freedom Front, 304–305

United Nations, 188

United Nations Rules for the treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders, 253

United States. See also Constitution, US

carceral state in, 137–138

criminal justice system in, 133–134

criminalization in, 134

death penalty, 131–132

felony laws in, 276

fines and fees in, 221–223

habeas corpus in, 349–350

immigration enforcement in, 105

mass incarceration in, 89, 129–134

prison agribusiness in, 284–290

solitary confinement in, 188

veganism in, 78

United States v. Carolene Products Company, 326–327, 339–341

Urban, Diana, 210–211

US Department of Agriculture (USDA), 192–194

on dogs, 198–200

on marine mammals, 196–198

on primates, 194–195

on solitary confinement, 193

U.S. v. Kizart, 140

USDA. See U.S. Department of Agriculture

utopianism, 410–412

Valentino, Benjamin, 392

VAWA. See Violence Against Women Act

vegetarianism and veganism, 297–298, 307–309, 396

empathy linked to, 48

in United States, 78

Vercher, Gwendolyn, 366, 376–377

Vest, George, 68

veterinarians, 56–57, 60–61, 372

costs of, 217

forensic, 60

as mandatory reporters, 59

Vick, Michael, 138

victim crimes, 58

victimization, 68–69, 94–95

victims, 415. See also animal victims

abolitionist support for, 408–410

centering of, 167–168

gendered narratives about, 172

identification with, 170–171

incorrigibility of, 172

justice for, 408–409

prosecutor relationship with, 172

racist narratives about, 172–174

subjectivity of, 171

vengeful narrative, 171–172, 175–176, 183

in war on crime, 166–174

Victims’ Rights Amendment, 171–173

victims’ rights movement, 169–170, 182–183

activists in, 168

goals of, 168

Henderson on, 167, 172

ideology of, 171–172

policy and, 174–178

rhetoric of, 172

Simon on, 167

Victim’s Rights Week, 170

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), 147–148, 150

on DV, 154–155

violent resistance, 151–152

visibility

from litigation, 327–328

in social movements, 327

volunteer attorneys, 41

Marceau on, 41

Wallace Beef, 282–283

Walsh, Adam, 176

Walsh, John, 173–174, 177, 184

Walsh Act, 177–178

war on crime

under Reagan, 168–169

victims in, 166–174

War on Drugs, 94–95, 129, 134

animal law and, 102

collateral consequences of, 137

history of, 134–138

marijuana in, 135

racist history of, 135

Warren Court, US Supreme Court, 170

Washington, Booker T., 22–23

Washington, Keith, 288–289, 308–309

Washington Humane Society (WHS), 26–27

on African Americans, 28

water pollution, 299–300

Welch, Bud, 183–184

Wetterling, Jacob, 176

WHIP. See Wild Horse Inmate Program

White, Richard, 265

white innocence, 15–17

carceral logics and, 18

white man’s burden, 28–29, 31–33

White Nose Syndrome, 310

white supremacy, 16–17, 398

animal advocacy and, 21–22

in carceral logics, 20

defining, 34–35

in humane carceral logics, 34

Ko on, 34–35

prison agribusiness maintaining, 284

protection of, 33–34

white-collar crime, 90–91

Whitehouse, Sheldon, 82

whiteness, 31

American exceptionalism and, 28–29

animal law and, 15–16

Whole Foods, 286

WHS. See Washington Humane Society

Wilcox, Sharon, 273

Wild Horse Inmate Program (WHIP), 294

wild horse programs, 294–295

wilderness baseline view, 377–378

Wilkins, Odette, 388–389

Wilson v. Seiter, 320–321

wire fence, 268–269, 273–274

Wise, Steven M., 344–345, 356–357, 359, 361, 364

on common law, 357

on Great Writ of Liberty, 346–347

on habeas corpus, 346, 357

Wolf, Tom, 158

on Libre’s Law, 158–159

Woolman, John, 403–404

Wullaert, Alex, 402

youth shaming, 178

Zelaya v. Hammer, 121

zero-sum game theory, 51

zero-tolerance policies, 167

Zimring, Franklin E., 133

zoos, 188–189, 258–259

confinement in, 377–378

critiques of, 241

legitimation of, 240–246

messaging of, 242–243

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