Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T02:30:53.714Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

22 - Imagination and Self-Referential Thinking

from Part III - Intentionality-Based Forms of the Imagination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2020

Anna Abraham
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Get access

Summary

People spend a considerable amount of time thinking about themselves and their life. While many of these thoughts refer to manifest (present or past) self–attributes and experiences, an important part of self-referential thinking involves imagined selves (e.g. personal characteristics and life events that people anticipate or wish might happen in their future). The aim of this chapter is to discuss how these imagined aspects of the self are constructed and organized in the human mind, with a particular focus on future-oriented thinking. A cognitive architecture is proposed in which imagined future selves rely on multiple representational systems that are used to envision personal attributes, goals, and life events with more or less specificity.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Addis, D. R., Sacchetti, D. C., Ally, B. A., Budson, A. E., and Schacter, D. L. (2009). Episodic Simulation of Future Events Is Impaired in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuropsychologia, 47, 26602671.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. J. (2012). Imagining Novel Futures: The Roles of Event Plausibility and Familiarity. Memory, 20, 443451.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. J., and Dewhurst, S. A. (2009). Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future: Differences in Event Specificity of Spontaneously Generated Thought. Memory, 17, 367373.Google Scholar
Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Reidler, J. S., Sepulcre, J., Poulin, R., and Buckner, R. L. (2010). Functional-Anatomic Fractionation of the Brain’s Default Network. Neuron, 65, 550562.Google Scholar
Araujo, H. F., Kaplan, J., and Damasio, A. (2013). Cortical Midline Structures and Autobiographical-Self Processes: An Activation-Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atance, C. M., and O’Neill, D. K. (2001). Episodic Future Thinking. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(12), 533539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, J. T., and Vancouver, J. B. (1996). Goal Constructs in Psychology: Structure, Process, and Content. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 338375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barsics, C., van der Linden, M., and D’Argembeau, A. (2016). Frequency, Characteristics, and Perceived Functions of Emotional Future Thinking in Daily Life. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 217233. Doi/10.1080/17470218.2015.1051560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ben Malek, H., Berna, F., and D’Argembeau, A. (2017). Reconstructing the Times of Past and Future Personal Events. Memory, 25, 14021411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benoit, R. G., and Schacter, D. L. (2015). Specifying the Core Network Supporting Episodic Simulation and Episodic Memory by Activation Likelihood Estimation. Neuropsychologia, 75, 450457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berntsen, D., and Bohn, A. (2010). Remembering and Forecasting: The Relation between Autobiographical Memory and Episodic Future Thinking. Memory & Cognition, 38, 265278.Google Scholar
Berntsen, D., and Jacobsen, A. S. (2008). Involuntary (Spontaneous) Mental Time Travel into the Past and Future. Consciousnes and Cognition, 17, 10931104.Google Scholar
Blagov, P. S., and Singer, J. A. (2004). Four Dimensions of Self-Defining Memories (Specificity, Meaning, Content, and Affect) and Their Relationships to Self-Restraint, Distress, and Repressive Defensiveness. Journal of Personality, 72, 481511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyer, P. (2008). Evolutionary Economics of Mental Time Travel? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 219224.Google Scholar
Brod, G., Werkle-Bergner, M., and Shing, Y. L. (2013). The Influence of Prior Knowledge on Memory: A Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 139.Google Scholar
Buckner, R. L., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2008). The Brain’s Default Network – Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124, 138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulley, A., Henry, J., and Suddendorf, T. (2016). Prospection and the Present Moment: The Role of Episodic Foresight in Intertemporal Choices between Immediate and Delayed Rewards. Review of General Psychology, 20, 2947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabeza, R., and St Jacques, P. (2007). Functional Neuroimaging of Autobiographical Memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 219227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chessell, Z. J., Rathbone, C. J., Souchay, C., Charlesworth, L., and Moulin, C. J. A. (2014). Autobiographical Memory, Past and Future Events, and Self-images in Younger and Older Adults. Self and Identity, 13, 380397.Google Scholar
Christian, B. M., Miles, L. K., Fung, F. H. K., Best, S., and Macrae, C. N. (2013). The Shape of Things to Come: Exploring Goal-Directed Prospection. Consciousness and Cognition, 22, 471478.Google Scholar
Cole, S. N., and Berntsen, D. (2016). Do Future Thoughts Reflect Personal Goals? Current Concerns and Mental Time Travel into the Past and Future. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 273284.Google Scholar
Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the Self. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 594628.Google Scholar
Conway, M. A. (2009). Episodic Memories. Neuropsychologia, 47, 23052313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conway, M. A., Justice, L., and D’Argembeau, A. (2019). The Self-Memory System Revisited: Past, Present, and Future. In Mace, J. H. (ed.), The Organization and Structure of Autobiographical Memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 28–51.Google Scholar
Conway, M. A., and Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The Construction of Autobiographical Memories in the Self-Memory System. Psychological Review 107, 261288.Google Scholar
Conway, M. A., Singer, J. A., and Tagini, A. (2004). The Self and Autobiographical Memory: Correspondence and Coherence. Social Cognition, 22, 495537.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A. (2013). On the Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Self-Processing: The Valuation Hypothesis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 372.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A. (2016). The Role of Personal Goals in Future-Oriented Mental Time Travel. In Michaelian, K, Klein, S. B, and Szpunar, K. K. (eds.), Seeing the Future: Theoretical Perspectives on Future-Oriented Mental Time Travel. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 199214.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A., and Demblon, J. (2012). On the Representational Systems Underlying Prospection: Evidence from the Event-Cueing Paradigm. Cognition, 125, 160167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Argembeau, A., Jedidi, H., Balteau, E., et al. (2012). Valuing One’s Self: Medial Prefrontal Involvement in Epistemic and Emotive Investments in Self-Views. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 659667.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A., Lardi, C., and van der Linden, M. (2012). Self-Defining Future Projections: Exploring the Identity Function of Thinking about the Future. Memory, 20, 110120.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A., and Mathy, A. (2011). Tracking the Construction of Episodic Future Thoughts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140, 258271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Argembeau, A., Raffard, S., and van der Linden, M. (2008). Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future in Schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 247251.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A., Renaud, O., and van der Linden, M. (2011). Frequency, Characteristics, and Functions of Future-Oriented Thoughts in Daily Life. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 96103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Argembeau, A., Stawarczyk, D., Majerus, S., et al. (2010). The Neural Basis of Personal Goal Processing when Envisioning Future Events. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 17011713.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A., and van der Linden, M. (2004). Phenomenal Characteristics Associated with Projecting Oneself Back into the Past and Forward into the Future: Influence of Valence and Temporal Distance. Consciousness and Cognition, 13, 844858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Argembeau, A., and van der Linden, M. (2006). Individual Differences in the Phenomenology of Mental Time Travel: The Effect of Vivid Visual Imagery and Emotion Regulation Strategies. Consciousness and Cognition, 15, 342350.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A., and van der Linden, M. (2012). Predicting the Phenomenology of Episodic Future Thoughts. Consciousness and Cognition, 21, 11981206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Brigard, F., Giovanello, K. S., Stewart, G. W., et al. (2016). Characterizing the Subjective Experience of Episodic Past, Future, and Counterfactual Thinking in Healthy Younger and Older Adults. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 23582375.Google Scholar
Demblon, J., Bahri, M. A., and D’Argembeau, A. (2016). Neural Correlates of Event Clusters in Past and Future Thoughts: How the Brain Integrates Specific Episodes with Autobiographical Knowledge. NeuroImage, 127, 257266.Google Scholar
Demblon, J., and D’Argembeau, A. (2014). The Organization of Prospective Thinking: Evidence of Event Clusters in Freely Generated Future Thoughts. Consciousness and Cognition, 24, 7583.Google Scholar
Demblon, J., and D’Argembeau, A. (2017). Contribution of Past and Future Self-Defining Event Networks to Personal Identity. Memory, 25, 656665.Google Scholar
Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal Strivings: An Approach to Personality and Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 10581068.Google Scholar
Ernst, A., and D’Argembeau, A. (2017). Make It Real: Belief in Occurrence within Episodic Future Thought. Memory & Cognition, 45(6), 10451061.Google Scholar
Ferrante, D., Girotto, V., Straga, M., and Walsh, C. (2013). Improving the Past and the Future: A Temporal Asymmetry in Hypothetical Thinking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 2327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, W. J. (1993). Memory for the Time of Past Events. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 4466.Google Scholar
Gilboa, A., and Marlatte, H. (2017). Neurobiology of Schemas and Schema-Mediated Memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21, 618631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grilli, M. D. (2017). The Association of Personal Semantic Memory to Identity Representations: Insight into Higher-Order Networks of Autobiographical Contents. Memory, 25, 14351443.Google Scholar
Habermas, T., and Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a Life: The Emergence of the Life Story in Adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 748769.Google Scholar
Haque, S., and Conway, M. A. (2001). Sampling the Process of Autobiographical Memory Construction. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 13, 529547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., Vann, S. D., and Maguire, E. A. (2007). Patients with Hippocampal Amnesia Cannot Imagine New Experiences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 17261731.Google Scholar
Irish, M., Addis, D. R., Hodges, J. R., and Piguet, O. (2012). Considering the Role of Semantic Memory in Episodic Future Thinking: Evidence from Semantic Dementia. Brain, 135(Pt 7), 21782191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irish, M., and Piguet, O. (2013). The Pivotal Role of Semantic Memory in Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 27.Google Scholar
Jeunehomme, O., and D’Argembeau, A. (2016). Prevalence and Determinants of Direct and Generative Modes of Production of Episodic Future Thoughts in the Word Cueing Paradigm. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 254272.Google Scholar
Kim, H. (2012). A Dual-Subsystem Model of the Brain’s Default Network: Self-Referential Processing, Memory Retrieval Processes, and Autobiographical Memory Retrieval. Neuroimage, 61, 966977.Google Scholar
Klein, S. B. (2013). The Complex Act of Projecting Oneself into the Future. Wiley Interdiscipinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 4, 6379.Google Scholar
Klein, S. B. (2016). Autonoetic Consciousness: Reconsidering the Role of Episodic Memory in Future-Oriented Self-Projection. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 381401.Google Scholar
Klein, S. B., and Gangi, C. E. (2010). The Multiplicity of Self: Neuropsychological Evidence and its Implications for the Self as a Construct in Psychological Research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1191, 115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, S. B., and Lax, M. L. (2010). The Unanticipated Resilience of Trait Self-Knowledge in the Face of Neural Damage. Memory, 18, 918948.Google Scholar
Klein, S. B., and Loftus, J. (1993). The Mental Representation of Trait and Autobiographical Knowledge about the Self. In Sr, T. K.ull and Wyer, R. S. (eds.), Advances in Social Cognition. Volume 5. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 149.Google Scholar
Klein, S. B., Loftus, J., and Kihlstrom, J. F. (1996). Self-Knowledge of an Amnesic Patient: Toward a Neuropsychology of Personality and Social Psychology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125, 250260.Google Scholar
Klein, S. B., Loftus, J., and Kihlstrom, J. F. (2002). Memory and Temporal Experience: The Effects of Episodic Memory Loss on an Amnesic Patient’s Ability to Remember the Past and Imagine the Future. Social Cognition, 20, 353379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klinger, E. (2013). Goal Commitments and the Content of Thoughts and Dreams: Basic Principles. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leary, M. R. (2007). Motivational and Emotional Aspects of the Self. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 317344.Google Scholar
Lehner, E., and D’Argembeau, A. (2016). The Role of Personal Goals in Autonoetic Experience when Imagining Future Events. Consciousness and Cognition, 42, 267276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Little, B. R. (1983). Personal Projects: A Rationale and Method for Investigation. Environment and Behavior, 15, 273309.Google Scholar
MacLeod, A. K., and Byrne, A. (1996). Anxiety, Depression, and the Anticipation of Future Positive and Negative Experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 286289.Google Scholar
Markus, H. (1977). Self-Schemata and Processing Information about the Self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 6378.Google Scholar
Markus, H., and Nurius, P. (1986). Possible Selves. American Psychologist, 41, 954969.Google Scholar
Markus, H., and Wurf, E. (1987). The Dynamic Self-Concept: A Social Psychological Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 299337.Google Scholar
Martinelli, P., Sperduti, M., and Piolino, P. (2013). Neural Substrates of the Self-Memory System: New Insights from a Meta-Analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 34, 15151529.Google Scholar
McAdams, D. P. (2013). The Psychological Self as Actor, Agent, and Author. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 272295.Google Scholar
Murray, R. J., Schaer, M., and Debbane, M. (2012). Degrees of Separation: A Quantitative Neuroimaging Meta-Analysis Investigating Self-Specificity and Shared Neural Activation between Self- and Other-Reflection. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 10431059.Google Scholar
Newby-Clark, I. R., and Ross, M. (2003). Conceiving the Past and Future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 807818.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, S., Oluyomi Daniel, T., and Epstein, L. H. (2017). Does Goal Relevant Episodic Future Thinking Amplify the Effect on Delay Discounting? Consciousness and Cognition, 51, 1016.Google Scholar
Oyserman, D., and James, L. (2009). Possible Selves: From Content to Process. In Markman, K. D., Klein, M. P., and Suhr, J. A. (eds.), Handbook of Imagination and Mental Simulation. New York, NY: Psychology Press, 373394.Google Scholar
Packard, B. W.-L., and Conway, P. F. (2006). Methodological Choice and its Consequences for Possible Selves Research. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 6, 251271.Google Scholar
Peters, J., and Buchel, C. (2010). Episodic Future Thinking Reduces Reward Delay Discounting through an Enhancement of Prefrontal-Mediotemporal Interactions. Neuron, 66, 138148.Google Scholar
Prebble, S. C., Addis, D. R., and Tippett, L. J. (2013). Autobiographical Memory and Sense of Self. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 815840.Google Scholar
Quoidbach, J., Gilbert, D. T., and Wilson, T. D. (2013). The End of History Illusion. Science, 339, 9698.Google Scholar
Radvansky, G. A., and Zacks, J. M. (2011). Event Perception. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2(6), 608620.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, A. S., and Berntsen, D. (2013). The Reality of the Past versus the Ideality of the Future: Emotional Valence and Functional Differences between Past and Future Mental Time Travel. Memory & Cognition, 41, 187200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rathbone, C. J., Conway, M. A., and Moulin, C. J. (2011). Remembering and Imagining: The Role of the Self. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 11751182.Google Scholar
Rathbone, C. J., Moulin, C. J., and Conway, M. A. (2009). Autobiographical Memory and Amnesia: Using Conceptual Knowledge to Ground the Self. Neurocase, 15, 405418.Google Scholar
Renoult, L., Davidson, P. S., Palombo, D. J., Moscovitch, M., and Levine, B. (2012). Personal Semantics: At the Crossroads of Semantic and Episodic Memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 550558.Google Scholar
Roese, N. J. (1997). Counterfactual Thinking. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 133148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, M., Shohamy, D., and Wager, T. D. (2012). Ventromedial Prefrontal-Subcortical Systems and the Generation of Affective Meaning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 147156.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., and Addis, D. R. (2007). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Constructive Memory: Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362, 773786.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., et al. (2012). The Future of Memory: Remembering, Imagining, and the Brain. Neuron, 76, 677694.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Benoit, R. G., De Brigard, F., and Szpunar, K. K. (2015). Episodic Future Thinking and Episodic Counterfactual Thinking: Intersections between Memory and Decisions. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 117, 1421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacter, D. L., Benoit, R. G., and Szpunar, K. K. (2017). Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 17, 4150.Google Scholar
Sedikides, C., and Gregg, A. P. (2008). Self-Enhancement: Food for Thought. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 102116.Google Scholar
Singer, J. A., Blagov, P., Berry, M., and Oost, K. M. (2013). Self-Defining Memories, Scripts, and the Life Story: Narrative Identity in Personality and Psychotherapy. Journal of Personality, 81, 569582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spreng, R. N., Mar, R. A., and Kim, A. S. (2009). The Common Neural Basis of Autobiographical Memory, Prospection, Navigation, Theory of Mind, and the Default Mode: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 489510.Google Scholar
Stawarczyk, D., Cassol, H., and D’Argembeau, A. (2013). Phenomenology of Future-Oriented Mind-Wandering Episodes. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 425.Google Scholar
Stawarczyk, D., and D’Argembeau, A. (2015). Neural Correlates of Personal Goal Processing during Episodic Future Thinking and Mind-Wandering: An ALE Meta-Analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 36(8), 29282947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suddendorf, T., and Corballis, M. C. (2007). The Evolution of Foresight: What is Mental Time Travel and is it Unique to Humans? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30, 299351.Google Scholar
Svoboda, E., McKinnon, M. C., and Levine, B. (2006). The Functional Neuroanatomy of Autobiographical Memory: A Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44, 21892208.Google Scholar
Szpunar, K. K. (2010). Episodic Future Thought: An Emerging Concept. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 142162.Google Scholar
Taylor, S. E., and Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193210.Google Scholar
Taylor, S. E., Pham, L. B., Rivkin, I. D., and Armor, D. A. (1998). Harnessing the Imagination: Mental Simulation, Self-Regulation, and Coping. American Psychologist, 53, 429439.Google Scholar
Thompson, C. P., Skowronski, J. J., and Betz, A. L. (1993). The Use of Partial Temporal Information in Dating Personal Events. Memory & Cognition, 21, 352360.Google Scholar
Thomsen, D. K. (2015). Autobiographical Periods: A Review and Central Components of a Theory. Review of General Psychology, 19, 294310.Google Scholar
Thomsen, D. K., Steiner, K. L., and Pillemer, D. B. (2016). Life Story Chapters: Past and Future, You and Me. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 5, 143149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and Consciousness. Canadian Psychologist, 26, 112.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (2005). Episodic Memory and Autonoesis: Uniquely Human? In Terrace, H. S. and Metcalfe, J (eds.), The Missing Link in Cognition: Origins of Self-Reflective Consciousness. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 356.Google Scholar
Uzer, T., Lee, P. J., and Brown, N. R. (2012). On the Prevalence of Directly Retrieved Autobiographical Memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38, 12961308.Google ScholarPubMed
van der Meer, L., Costafreda, S., Aleman, A., and David, A. S. (2010). Self-Reflection and the Brain: A Theoretical Review and Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies with Implications for Schizophrenia. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34, 935946.Google Scholar
van Hoeck, N., Ma, N., Ampe, L., et al. (2013). Counterfactual Thinking: An fMRI Study on Changing the Past for a Better Future. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 556564.Google Scholar
van Kesteren, M. T. R., Ruiter, D. J., Fernández, G., and Henson, R. N. (2012). How Schema and Novelty Augment Memory Formation. Trends in Neurosciences, 35, 211219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, D. D., Haxby, J. V., and Heatherton, T. F. (2012). The Representation of Self and Person Knowledge in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 3(4), 451470.Google Scholar
Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., et al. (2007). Autobiographical Memory Specificity and Emotional Disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 122148.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×