Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-dfsvx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T20:59:28.492Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - Appetitive Needs and Addiction

from Part I - Concepts of Addiction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2020

By
Steven Sussman  and
Sheila Pakdaman
Edited by
Steve Sussman
Steve Sussman
Affiliation:
University of Southern California
Get access

Summary

The role of appetitive needs in the etiology of addiction is described in this chapter, including consideration of typologies of needs, how appetitive need-satiation cycles may cross over into addiction, and factors that may facilitate dysregulation of appetitive effects. An overview of an Associational Memory-Appetitive System Relations Model (AMASR) is presented. The constituents of this model are described and include neurobiological vulnerability, lifestyle pushes (stresses) and pulls (seductions), associative learning of relations among addiction-related cues with subjective perception of appetitive needs fulfillment, and associative memory for alternative behaviors, all which interact and lead to addictive or nonaddictive behavior.

Keywords

appetitive needsaddictiondysregulationAMASR
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions , pp. 3 - 11
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aarts, E., van Holstein, M. & Cools, R. (2011). Striatal dopamine and the interface between motivation and cognition. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 163.Google Scholar
Akers, R. L., Krohn, M. D., Lanza-Kaduce, L. & Radosevich, M. (1979). Social learning and deviant behavior: a specific test of a general theory. American Sociological Review, 44, 636–655.Google Scholar
Al’Absi, M. (Ed., 2007). Stress and Addiction: Biological and Psychological Mechanisms. New York, NY: Elsevier/Academic Press.Google Scholar
Alcoholics Anonymous (1976). Alcoholics Anonymous. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services.Google Scholar
Alexander, B. K. (2012). Addiction: The urgent need for a paradigm shift. Substance Use & Misuse, 47, 1475–1482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angell, J. R. (1906). The important human instincts. In Angell, J. R. (Ed.), Psychology: An Introductory Study of the Structure and Function of Human Consciousness (3rd edition). New York: Henry Holt and Company, pp. 294–309.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.Google Scholar
Beaver, J. D., Lawrence, A. D., Passamonti, L. & Calder, A. J. (2008). Appetitive motivation predicts the neural response to facial signals of aggression. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 2719–2725.Google Scholar
Bechara, A. (2005). Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: a neurocognitive perspective. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1458–1463.Google Scholar
Bejerot, N. (1972). A theory of addiction as an artificially induced drive. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 842–846.Google Scholar
Berridge, K. C. (2017). Is addiction a brain disease? Neuroethics, 10, 29–33.Google Scholar
Blum, K., et al. (2020). Precision behavioral management (PBM): A novel genetically guided therapy to combat reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) relevant to the opiate crisis. In Sussman, S. (Ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 297–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum, K., Chen, A. L., Giordano, J., et al. (2012). The addicted brain: all roads lead to dopamine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44, 134–143.Google Scholar
Blum, K., Chen, A. L. C., Oscar-Berman, M., et al. (2011). Generational association studies of dopaminergic genes in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Subjects: selecting appropriate phenotypes for reward dependence behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 4425–4459.Google Scholar
Blum, K., Cull, J. G., Braverman, E. R. & Comings, D. E. (1996). Reward deficiency syndrome. American Psychologist, 84, 132–145.Google Scholar
Brown, S. (2014). Speed: Facing Our Addiction to Fast and Faster – And Overcoming Our Fear of Slowing Down. New York, NY: Berkley Books.Google Scholar
Buss, D. (Ed., 2015). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (2nd edition). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Campbell, W. G. (2003). Addiction: a disease of volition caused by a cognitive impairment. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 669–674.Google Scholar
Cartoni, E., Balleine, B. & Baldassarre, G. (2016). Appetitive Pavlovian-instrumental transfer: a review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 829–848.Google Scholar
Childress, A. R., Mozley, P. D., McElgin, W., et al. (1999). Limbic activation during cue-induced cocaine craving. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 11–18.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. (1988). Psychosocial models of the role of social support in the etiology of physical disease. Health Psychology, 7, 269–297.Google Scholar
Colagiuri, B. & Lovibond, P. F. (2015). How food cues can enhance and inhibit motivation to obtain and consume food. Appetite, 84, 79–87.Google Scholar
Collins, L. M., Graham, J. W., Rousculp, S. S. & Hansen, W. B. (1997). Heavy caffeine use and the beginning of the substance use onset process. In Bryant, K., Windle, M. & West, S. (Eds.), The Science of Prevention: Methodological Advances from Alcohol and Substance Abuse Research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 79–99.Google Scholar
Courtwright, D. T. (2019). The Age of Addiction: How Bad Habits Became Big Business. Cambridge, MA: Belnap Press-An Imprint of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Craig, W. (1917). Appetites and aversions as constituents of instincts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 3(12), 685–688.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1871). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: Murray.Google Scholar
Downs, B. W., Chen, A. L. C., Chen, T. J. H., et al. (2009). Nutrigenomic targeting of carbohydrate craving behavior: Can we manage obesity and aberrant craving behaviors with neurochemical pathway manipulation by Immunological Compatible Substances (nutrients) using a Genetic Positioning System (GPS) Map? Medical Hypotheses, 73, 427–434.Google Scholar
Ekhtiari, H., Nasseri, P., Yavari, F., Mokri, A. & Monterosso, J. (2016) Neuroscience of drug craving for addiction medicine: from circuits to therapies. Journal of Progress in Brain Research, 223, 115–141.Google Scholar
Eng, S. & Woodside, A. G. (2012). Configural analysis of the drinking man: fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analyses. Addictive Behaviors, 37, 541–543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fave, A. D., Massimini, F. & Bassi, M. (2011). Psychological Selection and Optimal Experience across Cultures: Social Empowerment through Personal Growth, Cross Cultural Advancements in Positive Psychology, 2. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Fishbein, D. H. (2000). The importance of neurobiological research to the prevention of psychopathology. Prevention Science, 1, 89–106.Google Scholar
Foddy, B. & Savulescu, J. (2010a). A liberal account of addiction. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 17, 1–22.Google Scholar
Foddy, B. & Savulescu, J. (2010b). Relating addiction to disease, disability, autonomy, and the good life. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 17, 35–42.Google Scholar
Gable, R. S. (2006). The toxicity of recreational drugs. Scientific American, 94, 206–208.Google Scholar
Goeders, N. E. (2004). Stress, motivation, and drug addiction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 33–35.Google Scholar
Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A “components” model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10, 191–197.Google Scholar
Griffiths, M. S. & Larkin, M. (2004). Conceptualizing addiction: The case for a “complex systems” account. Addiction Research and Theory, 12, 99–102.Google Scholar
Hankin, B. L., Wetter, E. K. & Flory, K. (2012). Appetitive motivation and negative emotion reactivity among remitted depressed youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 611–620.Google Scholar
Hatterer, L. J. (1982). The addictive process. Psychiatric Quarterly, 54, 149–156.Google Scholar
Haylett, S. A., Stephenson, G. M. & Lefever, R. M. H. (2004). Covariation in addictive behaviors: A study of addictive orientations using the shorter PROMIS Questionnaire. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 61–71.Google Scholar
Heather, N. (1998). A conceptual framework for explaining drug addiction. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 12, 3–7.Google Scholar
Hill, E. M. (2013). An evolutionary perspective on addiction. In Miller, P. (Ed.), Principles of Addiction (Volume 1). New York: Elsevier Inc., pp. 41–50 (chapter 4).Google Scholar
Hirschman, E. C. (1992). The consciousness of addiction: toward a general theory of compulsive consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 155–179.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (1984). The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept. Academy of Management Review, 9, 389–398.Google Scholar
Holden, C. (2001). “Behavioral” addictions: do they exist? Science, 294, 980–982.Google Scholar
Jacobs, D. F. (1986). A general theory of addictions: a new theoretical model. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 2, 15–31.Google Scholar
Jackson, C. J. & Smillie, L. D. (2004). Appetitive motivation predicts the majority of personality and an ability measure: a comparison of BAS measures and a re-evaluation of the importance of RST. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1627–1636.Google Scholar
Kalivas, P. W. & Volkow, N. D. (2005). The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1403–1413.Google Scholar
Kandel, D. B. (1990). Parenting styles, drug use, and children’s adjustment in families of young adults. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 183–196.Google Scholar
Koob, G. F. & LeMoal, M. (2001). Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 97–129.Google Scholar
Koob, G. F. & LeMoal, M. (2008). Neurobiological mechanisms for opponent motivational processes in addiction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 3113–3123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kourosh, A. S., Harrington, C. R. & Adinoff, B. (2010). Tanning as a behavioral addiction. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36, 284–290.Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. & Bradley, M. M. (2013). Appetitive and defensive motivation: goal-directed or goal-determined? Emotion Review: Journal of International Society for Research on Emotion, 5, 230–234.Google Scholar
Laricchiuta, D. & Petrosini, L. (2014). Individual differences in response to positive and negative stimuli: endocannabinoid-based insight on approach and avoidance behaviors. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8 (238), 22 pages.Google Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1938). Experimental analysis of instinctive behavior. Psychological Review, 45, 445–471.Google Scholar
Loonis, E., Apter, M. J. & Sztulman, H. (2000). Addiction as a function of action system properties. Addictive Behaviors, 25 (3), 477–481.Google Scholar
MacLaren, V. V. & Best, L. A. (2010). Multiple addictive behaviors in young adults: student norms for the shorter PROMIS scale. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 252–255.Google Scholar
Mahoney, K. D. (2018). http://latin-dictionary.net/definition/822/addictio-addictionis; accessed October 10th, 2018. Latdict Group.Google Scholar
Marks, I. (1990). Behaviour (non-chemical) addictions. British Journal of Addiction, 85, 1389–1394.Google Scholar
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370–396.Google Scholar
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Instinct Theory Reexamined: Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Maslow, A. H. (1996). Critique of self-actualization theory. In: Hoffman, E. (Ed.), Future Visions: The Unpublished Papers of Abraham Maslow. Sage Publications, Inc., pp. 26–32.Google Scholar
McClelland, D. C. (1961). The Achieving Society. New York: NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human Motivation. Cambridge, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McClelland, D. C., Davis, W. N., Kalin, R. & Wanner, E. (1972). The Drinking Man: Alcohol and Human Motivation. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
McDaniel, P. A., Intinarelli, G. & Malone, R. E. (2008). Tobacco industry issues management organizations: creating a global corporate network to undermine public health. Globalization and Health: Biomed Central, 4 (2), 18 pages.Google Scholar
McDougall, W. (1932). The Energies of Men: A Study of the Fundamentals of Dynamic Psychology. London, Great Britain: Methuen.Google Scholar
Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in Personality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Myles, I. A. (2014). Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of Western diet on immunity. Nutrition Journal: Biomed Central, 13 (61), 17 pages.Google Scholar
Nathan, P. E., Conrad, M. & Skinstad, A. H. (2016). History of the concept of addiction. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 29–51.Google Scholar
Nestler, E. J. & Landsman, D. (2001). Learning about addiction from the genome. Nature, 409, 834–835.Google Scholar
Newlin, D. B. (2002). The self-perceived survival ability and reproductive fitness (SPFit) theory of substance use disorders. Addiction, 97, 427–445.Google Scholar
Olney, J. J., Warlow, S. M., Naffziger, E. E. & Berridge, K. C. (2018). Current perspectives on incentive salience and applications to clinical disorders. Current Opinion in Behavioral Science, 22, 59–69.Google Scholar
Orford, J. (2001). Addiction as excessive appetite. Addiction, 96, 15–31.Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. & Moskal, J. (2008 ). Dopamine and SEEKING: Subcortical “reward” systems and appetitive urges. In: Elliot, A. J. (Ed.), Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation. New York: Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 67–87 (chapter 5).Google Scholar
Pearson, M. M. & Little, R. B. (1969). The addictive process in unusual addictions: a further elaboration of etiology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 1166–1171.Google Scholar
Potenza, M. N., Hong, K. I. A., Lacadie, C. M., et al. (2012). Neural correlates of stress-induced and cue-induced drug craving: influences of sex and cocaine dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 406–414.Google Scholar
PROMIS Clinics (2018). www.s-p-q.com; accessed October 31st, 2018.Google Scholar
Rawson, R. A. & Condon, T. P. (2007). Why do we need an Addiction supplement focused on methamphetamine? Addiction, 102 (Supplement 1), 1–4.Google Scholar
Richards, R. J. (2018). Instinct. In Vonk, J. and Shackelford, T. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. New York: Springer International Publishing.Google Scholar
Robinson, T. E. & Berridge, K. C. (2000). The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive-sensitization view. Addiction, 95, 91–117.Google Scholar
Rosenblatt, P. C., Anderson, R. M. & Johnson, P. A. (1984). The meaning of “cabin fever.” The Journal of Social Psychology, 123, 43–53.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M. & Frederick, C. M. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65, 529–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinha, R. (2008). Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 114, 105–130.Google Scholar
Stacy, A. W. & Ames, S. L. (2001). Implicit cognition theory in drug use and driving under the influence interventions. In Sussman, S. (Ed.), Handbook of Program Development in Health Behavior Research and Practice. Sage, pp. 107–130.Google Scholar
Stacy, A. W., Pike, J. & Lee, A. Y. (2020). Multiple memory systems, addiction, and health habits: New routes for translational science. In Sussman, S. (Ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 152–170.Google Scholar
Sunderwirth, S. G. & Milkman, H. (1991). Behavioral and neurochemical commonalities in addiction. Contemporary Family Therapy, 13, 421–433.Google Scholar
Sussman, S. (2007). Sexual addiction among teens: A review. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 14, 257–278.Google Scholar
Sussman, S. (2012). Steve Sussman on Matilda Hellman’s “Mind the Gap!” Failure in understanding key dimensions of an addicted drug user’s life: addictive Effects. Substance Use & Misuse, 47, 1661–1665.Google Scholar
Sussman, S. (2017). Substance and Behavioral Addictions: Concepts, Causes, and Cures. Cambridge, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sussman, S. Y. & Ames, S. L. (2008). Drug Abuse: Concepts, Prevention, and Cessation. Cambridge, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sussman, S. & Arnett, J. (2014). Emerging adulthood: Developmental period facilitative of the addictions. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 37, 147–155.Google Scholar
Sussman, S. & Moran, M. B. (2013). Hidden addiction: Television. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2, 125–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sussman, S. & Sussman, A. N. (2011). Considering the definition of addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 4025–4038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sussman, S., Leventhal, A., Bluthenthal, R. N., Freimuth, M., Forster, M. & Ames, S. L. (2011). A framework for the specificity of addictions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 3399–3415.Google Scholar
Sussman, S., Lisha, N. & Griffiths, M. (2011). Prevalence of the addictions: a problem of the majority or the minority? Evaluation & the Health Professions, 34, 3–56.Google Scholar
Sussman, S., Reynaud, M., Aubin, H. J. & Leventhal, A. M. (2011). Drug addiction, love, and the Higher Power. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 34, 362–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sussman, S., Rozgonjuk, D. & van den Eijnden, R. (2017). Substance and behavioral addictions may share a similar underlying process of dysregulation. Addiction, 112, 1717–1718.Google Scholar
Tay, L. & Diener, E. (2011). Needs and subjective well-being around the world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 354–365.Google Scholar
Vaccaro, A. G. & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Neurobiological foundations of behavioral addictions. In Sussman, S. (Ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 136–151.Google Scholar
Vandenbergh, D. J., O’Connor, R. J., Grang, M. D., et al. (2007) Dopamine receptor genes (DRD2, DRD3, DRD4) and gene-gene interactions associated with smoking-related behaviors. Addiction Biology, 12, 106–116.Google Scholar
Verhulst, B., Neale, M. C. & Kendler, K. S. (2015). The heritability of alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychological Medicine, 45, 1061–1072.Google Scholar
Wahlstrom, D., White, T. & Luciana, M. (2010). Neurobehavioral evidence for changes in dopamine system activity during adolescence. Neuroscience Biobehavior Review, 34, 631–648.Google Scholar
Walther, B., Morgenstern, M. & Hanewinkel, R. (2012). Co-occurrence of addictive behaviors: personality factors related to substance use, gambling and computer gaming. European Addiction Research, 18, 167–174.Google Scholar
Warlow, S. M., et al. (2020). Chapter 3 of the current Handbook.Google Scholar
Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., Wildenberg, E.v.d., et al. (2007). Automatic and controlled processes and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: a review and a model. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 86 (2), 263–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization [WHO] (2018). ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (ICD-11 MMS). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO (https://icd.who.int/).Google Scholar
Zilberman, N., Lavidor, M., Yadid, G. & Rassovsky, Y. (2019). Qualitative review and quantitative effect size meta-analyses in brain regions identified by cue-reactivity addiction studies. Neuropsychology, 33, 319–334.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×