Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T07:14:26.667Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part Four - Emergence and Spread of Some European Languages

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2022

Salikoko S. Mufwene
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Anna María Escobar
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact
Volume 1: Population Movement and Language Change
, pp. 425 - 610
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Adelaar, Willem & Muysken, Pieter. 2004. The languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alonso, Amado. 1961. Estudios lingüísticos: temas hispanoamericanos. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar
Álvarez Nazario, Manuel. 1970. Un texto literario del papiamento documentado en Puerto Rico en 1830. Revista del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña 47.920.Google Scholar
Álvarez Nazario, Manuel. 1972. El papiamento: ojeado a su pasado histórico y visión de su problemática del presente. Atenea 9.920.Google Scholar
Anchieta, José de. 1990 [1595]. Arte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil. São Paulo: Edições Loyola.Google Scholar
Angola Maconde, Juan. 2012. El habla afroyungueña, La Paz, Kindermissionswerk die Sternsinger & Fundación de Afrodescendientes Pedro Andaveres Peralta.Google Scholar
Ascoli, G[raziadio] I[saia]. 1873. Saggi ladini (Archivio Glottologico Italiano I). Turin: Ermanno Loescher.Google Scholar
Avelar, Juanito & Galves, Charlotte. 2014. O papel das línguas africanas na emergência da gramática do português brasileiro. Lingüística 30.2.241–88.Google Scholar
Battisti, Carlo. 1931. Popoli e lingue nell’Alto Adige. Florence: Bemporad.Google Scholar
Baxter, Alan N. 2004. The development of variable NP plural agreement in a restructured African variety of Portuguese. In Creoles, contact, and language change, ed. by Escure, Geneviève & Schwegler, Armin, 97126. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Baxter, Alan N. 2009. A concordância de número no SN: configuração estrutural e social no ialeto de Helvécia e no dialeto dos Tongas de São Tomé. In O Português Afro-Brasileiro, ed. by Lucchesi, Dante, Baxter, Alan N, & Ribeiro, Ilza, 269–93. Salvador: EDUFBA.Google Scholar
Benavente, Sonia. 1988. Algunos rasgos sintácticos del castellano en alumnos universitarios puneños. In Pesquisas en lingüística andina, ed. by López, Enrique, 237–52. Lima & Puno: Universidad Nacional del Altiplano.Google Scholar
Benavides, Celso. 1973. Orígenes históricos del habla de Samaná (aproximación sociolingüística). Español Actual 25.1418.Google Scholar
Benavides, Celso. 1985. El dialecto español de Samaná. Anuario de la Academia de Ciencias de la República Dominicana 9.297342.Google Scholar
Borucki, Alex, Eltis, David, & Wheat, David. 2015. Atlantic history and the slave trade to Spanish America. The American Historical Review 120.2.433–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd-Bowman, Peter. 1956. Regional origins of the earliest Spanish colonists of America. Publication of the Modern Language Association 71.1152–72.Google Scholar
Boyd-Bowman, Peter. 1964. Indice geobiográfico de 40,000 pobladores españoles de América en el siglo XVI, 1493–1519, vol. 1. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
Boyd-Bowman, Peter. 1968. Indice geobiográfico de 40,000 pobladores españoles de América en el siglo XVI, 1493–1519, vol. 2. Mexico City: Editorial Jus.Google Scholar
Boyd-Bowman, Peter. 1973. Patterns of Spanish emigration to the New World (1493–1580) Buffalo, NY: Council on International Studies, State University of New York at Buffalo.Google Scholar
Camacho, José, Paredes, Liliana, & Sánchez, Liliana. 1997. Null objects in bilingual Andean Spanish. Proceedings of the Boston University Conference on Language Development 21.5566.Google Scholar
Choi, Jinny K. 2000. [-Person] direct object drop: The genetic cause of a syntactic feature in Paraguayan Spanish. Hispania 83.531–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Díaz, Norma. 2002. La diáspora haitiana: desde la periferia hasta la periferia. In La Romania americana: procesos lingüísticos en situaciones de contacto, ed. By Díaz, Norma, Ludwig, Ralph, & Pfänder, Stefan, 279325. Frankfurt: Vervuert.Google Scholar
Domínguez, Luis Arturo. 1989. Vivencia de un rito loango en el Tambú. Caracas: Talleres de Hijos de Ramiro Paz.Google Scholar
Echenique, María Teresa. 2006. Consideraciones actuales en torno a la lengua vasca ya su acción como sustrato-adstrato del castellano. Iberoromania 62.2.7186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Entwistle, William. 1962. The Spanish language, together with Portuguese, Catalan and Basque, 2nd ed. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Ewert, Alfred. 1943. The French language, 2nd ed. London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
Ferreira, Jo-Anne. 2009. The history and future of Patuá in Paria. Report on initial language revitalization efforts for French Creole in Venezuela. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 24.139–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreira, Letânia & Holt, D. Eric. 2014. On the partially divergent phonology of Spanish, Portuguese and points in between. In Portuguese–Spanish Interfaces: Diachrony, synchrony, and contact, ed. by Amaral, Patrícia & Carvalho, Ana Maria, 123–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Figueroa Arencibia, Vicente Jesús & Ourdy, Pierre Jean. 2004. Contacto lingüístico español-kreyol en una comunidad cubano-haitiana de Santiago de Cuba. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana 2.4.4155.Google Scholar
Fridland, Valerie. 1999. The southern shift in Memphis, Tennessee. Language Variation and Change 11.267–85.Google Scholar
Gärtner, Eberhard. 2007. O papel dos falantes afro-brasileiros na formação do diassistema do português brasileiro. In La Romania en interacción: entre historia, contacto y política, ed. by Schrader-Kniffki, Martina & García, Laura Morgenthaler, 365–88. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert/Iberoamericana.Google Scholar
Godenzzi, Juan Carlos. 1986. Pronombres de objeto directo e indirecto del castellano de Puno. Lexis 10.187201.Google Scholar
Godenzzi, Juan Carlos. 1988. Lengua y variación sociolectal: el castellano en Puno. In Pesquisas en lingüística andina, ed. by López, Enrique, 201–36. Lima & Puno: Universidad Nacional del Altiplano.Google Scholar
González, Carlisle & Benavides, Celso. 1982. ¿Existen rasgos criollos en el habla de Samaná? In El español del Caribe, ed. by Alba, Orlando, 105–32. Santiago de los Caballeros: Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra.Google Scholar
Granda, Germán de. 1977. Estudios sobre un área dialectal hispanoamericana de población negra: las tierras bajas occidentales de Colombia. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
Granda, Germán de. 1982. Origen y formación del leísmo en el español del Paraguay. Ensayo de un método. Revista de Filología Española 62.259–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guion, Susan. 2003. The vowel systems of Quichua-Spanish bilinguals: Age of acquisition effects on the mutual influence of the first and second languages. Phonetica 60.98128.Google Scholar
Guiter, Henri. 1995. Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania. In Munus Amicitiae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii, ed. by Bochnakowa, Anna & Widlak, Stanisław, 61–6. Krakow: Uniwersytet Jagiellonski.Google Scholar
Guy, Gregory. 1989. On the nature and origins of popular Brazilian Portuguese. In Estudios sobre español de América y lingüística afroamericana, 227–45. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
Guy, Gregory. 2004. Muitas línguas: The linguistic impact of Africans in colonial Brazil. In Enslaving connections: Changing cultures of Africa and Brazil during the era of slavery, ed. by Curto, José C. & Lovejoy, Paul E., 125–37. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books.Google Scholar
Haiman, John & Benincà, Paola. 1992. The Rhaeto-Romance languages. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hall, Robert A. Jr. 1974. External history of the Romance languages. New York: American Elsevier.Google Scholar
Harris, Tracy. 1994. Death of a language: The history of Judeo-Spanish. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 1987. Creole influence on popular Brazilian Portuguese. In Pidgin and creole languages: Essays in memory of John E. Reinecke, ed. by Gilbert, Glenn, 406–29. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 1994. A semi-crioulização do português vernáculo do Brasil: evidência de contato nas expressões idiomáticas. Papia 3.2.5161.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 2004. Languages in contact: The partial restructuring of vernaculars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 2009. The genesis of the Brazilian vernacular: Insights from the indigenization of Portuguese in Angola. Papia 19.93122.Google Scholar
Howren, Robert. 1962. The speech of Ocracoke, North Carolina. American Speech 37.3.163–75.Google Scholar
Inverno, Liliana. 2009. A transisão de Angola para o português vernáculo: estudo morfossintático do sintagma nominal. In Português em contato, ed. by Carvalho, Ana Maria, 87106. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert/Iberoamericana.Google Scholar
Iribarren-Argaiz, Mary Carmen. 1993. La influencia del sustrato euskera en hispano-romance. Fontes Linguae Vasconum 64.385413.Google Scholar
Iribarren-Argaiz, Mary Carmen. 1998. Influencia del vascuence en los cambios fonológicos del castellano: un caso de lenguas en contacto. Romance Quarterly 45.1.334.Google Scholar
Izzo, Herbert. 1972. Tuscan and Etruscan: The problem of linguistic substratum influence in central Italy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Bart. 2009. The Upper Guinea origins of Papiamentu: Linguistic and historical evidence. Diachronica 26.319–79.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Bart. 2012. Origins of a creole: The history of Papiamentu and its African ties. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Jiménez Sabater, Máximo. 1975. Más datos sobre el español en la República Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Ediciones Intec.Google Scholar
Jon-And, Anna. 2010. Concordância variável de número no SN no português L2 de Moçambique – algumas explicações sociais e linguísticas. Revista de Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa e Espanhola 2.2850.Google Scholar
Jungemann, Frederick. 1955. La teoría del sustrato y los dialectos hispano-romances y gascones. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar
Klee, Carol. 1990. Spanish–Quechua language contact: The clitic pronoun system in Andean Spanish. Word 41.1.3546.Google Scholar
Krivoshein de Canese, Natalia & Corvalán, Graziella. 1987. El español del Paraguay. Asunción: Centro Paraguayo de Estudios Sociológicos.Google Scholar
Landers, Jane. 1997. Africans in the Spanish colonies. Historical Archaeology 31.1.8491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lapesa, Rafael. 1984. Historia de la lengua Española, 9th ed. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 1987. The Chota Valley: Afro-Hispanic language in highland Ecuador. Latin American Research Review 22.155–70.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 1989. The speech of the negros Congos of Panama. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 1994a. Latin American Spanish. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 1994b. A new perspective on Afro-Dominican Spanish: The Haitian contribution. Research Paper No. 26, University of New Mexico Latin American Institute.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 1996. Contactos de criollos en el Caribe hispánico: contribuciones al español bozal. América Negra 11.3160.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 1998. El español de los braceros chinos y la problemática del lenguaje bozal. Montalbán 31.101–39.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 1999a. Creole-to-creole contacts in the Spanish Caribbean: The genesis of Afro Hispanic language. Publications of the Afro-Latin American Research Association (PALARA) 3.546.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 1999b. Chinese-Cuban pidgin Spanish: Implications for the Afro-creole debate. In Creole genesis, attitudes and discourse, ed. by Rickford, John & Romaine, Suzanne, 215–33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2002a. Epenthesis vs. elision in Afro-Iberian language: A constraint-based approach to creole phonology. In Current issues in Romance languages, ed. by Satterfield, Teresa, Tortora, Christina, & Cresti, Diana, 173–88. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2002b. Contacto de criollos y la génesis del español (afro)caribeño. In La Romania americana: procesos lingüísticos en situaciones de contacto, ed. by Díaz, Norma, Ludwig, Ralph, & Pfänder, Stefan, 5395. Frankfurt: Vervuert.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2004. Nuevas perspectivas sobre el español afrodominicano. In Pensamiento lingüístico sobre el Caribe insular hispánica, ed. by Bernal, Sergio Valdés, 505–52. Santo Domingo: Academia de Ciencias de la República Dominicana.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2005. A history of Afro-Hispanic language: Five centuries and five continents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipski, John. 2007. When and how does bozal Spanish survive? In Spanish in contact: Policy, social and linguistic inquiries, ed. by Potowski, Kim & Cameron, Richard, 359–75. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2008a. Angola e Brasil: vínculos lingüísticos afrolusitanos. Veredas 9.8398.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2008. Afro-Bolivian Spanish. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert/Iberoamericana.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipski, John. 2008c. Afro-Choteño speech: Towards the (re)creation of a “Black Spanish.” Negritud 2.1.99120.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2009. Tracing the origins of Panamanian Congo speech: The pathways of regional variation. Diachronica 26.380407.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2011a. El habla de los Congos de Panamá en el contexto de la lingüística afrohispánica. Panama City: Instituto Nacional de Cultura.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2011b. El “nuevo” palenquero y el español afroboliviano: ¿Es reversible la descriollización? In Selected proceedings of the 13th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, ed. by Ortiz-López, Luis, 116. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2013. ¿Qué diciendo nomás? Tracing the sources of the Andean Spanish gerund. Spanish in Context 10.227–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipski, John. 2014a. Syncretic discourse markers in Kichwa-influenced Spanish: Transfer vs. emergence. Lingua 151.216–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipski, John. 2014b. The many facets of Spanish dialect diversification in Latin America. In Iberian imperialism and language evolution in Latin America, ed. by Mufwene, Salikoko, 3875. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2015a. Colliding vowel systems in Andean Spanish: Carryovers and emergent properties. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5.91121.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2015b. La reconstrucción de los primeros contactos lingüísticos afrohispánicos: la importancia de las comunidades de habla contemporáneas. In Dinâmicas Afro-Latinas, ed. by de Avelar, Juanito Ornelas and Álvarez López, Laura, 93125. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Lipski, John. 2016. On the tenacity of Andean Spanish: Intra-community recycling. In Spanish language and sociolinguistic analysis, ed. by Sessarego, Sandro & Tejedo-Herrero, Fernando, 109–34. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Llorente, María Luisa. 1994. Materiales para el estudio del patois de Güiria. Licenciatura (bachelor’s) thesis, Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Caracas.Google Scholar
Llorente, María. Luisa. 1995. El patois de Güria: una lengua criolla del estado Sucre. Montalbán 28.719.Google Scholar
Lobato, Lúcia Maria Pinheiro. 2005. Sobre a questão da influência ameríndia na formação do português do Brasil. In Língua, gramática e discurso, ed. by da Silva, Denize Elena Garcia, 5486. Goiânia: Editorial/Grupo de Estudos da Linguagem do Centro-Oeste.Google Scholar
Lucchesi, Dante, Baxter, Alan, & Ribeiro, Ilza (eds.). 2009. O português afro-brasileiro. Salvador: EDUFBA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luján, Marta. 1987. Clitic doubling in Andean Spanish and the theory of case absorption. In Language and language use: Studies in Spanish, ed. by Morgan, Terrell, Lee, James, & Van Patten, Bill, 109–21. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Luján, Marta, Minaya, Liliana, & Sankoff, David. 1981. El principio de consistencia universal en el habla de los niños bilingües peruanos. Lexis 5.95110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McWhorter, John. 1995. The scarcity of Spanish-based creoles. Language in Society 24.213–44.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John. 1997. It happened at Cormantin: Locating the origin of the Atlantic English-based creoles. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 12.59102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McWhorter, John. 2000. The missing Spanish creoles: Recovering the birth of plantation contact languages. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Marques, Irene Guerra. 1983. Algumas considerações sobre a problemática lingüística em Angola. In Actas do Congresso sobre a situação actual da língua portuguesa no mundo I, 205–23. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa.Google Scholar
Martinet, André. 1955. Économie des changements phonétiques. Bern: Francke.Google Scholar
Martínez Gordo, Isabel. 1983. Sobre la hipótesis de un patois cubano. Anuario L/L 14.160–9.Google Scholar
Martínez Gordo, Isabel. 1985. Situaciones de bilingüismo en Cuba. Anuario L/L 16.334–44.Google Scholar
Megenney, Willliam. 1990. Africa en Santo Domingo: la herencia lingüística. Santo Domingo: Museo del Hombre Dominicano.Google Scholar
Meliá, Bartomeu. 1974. Hacia una “tercera lengua” en el Paraguay. Estudios Paraguayos 2.2.3172.Google Scholar
Mello, Heliana Ribeiro de. 1996. The genesis and development of vernacular Brazilian Portuguese. PhD dissertation, CUNY, New York.Google Scholar
Mello, Heliana Ribeiro de. 2014. African descendants’ rural vernacular Portuguese and its contribution to understanding the development of Brazilian Portuguese. In Iberian imperialism and language evolution in Latin America, ed. by Mufwene, Salikoko S., 168–85. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mello, Heliana Ribeiro de, Baxter, Alan, Holm, John, & Megenney, William. 1998. O português vernáculo do Brasil. In América negra: panorámica actual de los estudios lingüísticos sobre variedades hispanas, portuguesas y criollas, ed. by Perl, Matthias & Schwegler, Armin, 71137. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert/Iberoamericana.Google Scholar
Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. 1966. Orígenes del español, 6th ed. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe.Google Scholar
Moreno Fraginals, Manuel. 1977. Africa in Cuba: A quantitative analysis of the African population in the island of Cuba. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 292.1.187201.Google Scholar
Morton, Thomas. 2005. Sociolinguistic variation and language change in El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Munteanu, Dan. 1991. El Papiamento, origen, evolucion y estructura. Bochum: Brockmeyer.Google Scholar
Munteanu, Dan. 1996. El papiamento, lengua criolla hispánica. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar
Murray, David R. 1971. Statistics of the slave trade to Cuba, 1790–1867. Journal of Latin American Studies 3.2.131–49.Google Scholar
Narbona, Antonio, Caño, Rafael, & Murillo, Ramón. 1998. El español hablado en Andalucía. Barcelona: Ariel.Google Scholar
Naro, Anthony & Scherre, Maria Marta Pereira. 2000. Variable concord in Portuguese: The situation in Brazil and Portugal. In Language change and language contact in pidgins and creoles, ed. by McWhorter, John, 235–55. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Naro, Anthony & Scherre, Maria Marta Pereira. 2007. Origens do português brasileiro. São Paulo: Parábola.Google Scholar
Ortiz López, Luis. 1998. Huellas etno-sociolingüísticas bozales y afrocubanas. Frankfurt: Vervuert.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz López, Luis. 1999a. El español haitiano en Cuba y su relación con el habla bozal. In Lenguas criollos de base lexical española y portuguesa, ed. by Zimmermann, Klaus, 177203. Frankfurt: Vervuert.Google Scholar
Ortiz López, Luis. 1999b. La variante hispánica haitianizada en Cuba: otro rostro del contacto lingüístico en el Caribe. In Estudios de lingüística hispánica: homenaje a María Vaquera, ed. by Morales, Amparo, 428–56. Río Piedras: Editorial de la UPR.Google Scholar
Ortiz López, Luis. 2001. El sistema verbal del español haitiano en Cuba: implicaciones para las lenguas en contacto en el Caribe. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 20.175–92.Google Scholar
Ortiz López, Luis. 2010. El español y el criollo haitiano: contacto lingüístico y adquisición de segunda lengua. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert/Iberoamericana.Google Scholar
Parkvall, Mikael & Álvarez López, Laura. 2003. Português vernáculo brasilero e a hipótese da semi-crioulização. Revista da ABRALIN 2.1.111–52.Google Scholar
Penny, Ralph. 1993. Neutralization of voice in Spanish and the outcome of the Old Spanish sibilants: A case of phonological change rooted in morphology. In Hispanic linguistic studies in hour of F.W. Hodcroft, ed. by Mackenzie, David & Michael, Ian, 7588. Llangrannog: Dolphin.Google Scholar
Penny, Ralph. 2000. Variation and change in Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pérez, Danae. 2015. Traces of Portuguese in Afro-Yungueño Spanish? Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 30.307–43.Google Scholar
Pérez Inofuentes, María Danae. 2010. Las huellas de África en Bolivia: El habla afaroyungueña. MA thesis, University of Zürich.Google Scholar
Pérez Silva, Jorge, Acurio, Jorge, & Benedezú, Raúl. 2008. Contra el prejuicio lingüístico de la motosidad. Un estudio de las vocales del castellano andino desde la fonética acústica. Lima: Instituto Riva-Agüero, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.Google Scholar
Pope, Mildred Katherine. 1966. From Latin to modern French: With especial consideration of Anglo-Norman; phonology and morphology. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Ramón y Rivera, Luis Felipe. 1971. La música afrovenezolana. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, Imprenta Universitaria.Google Scholar
Roegiest, Eugeen. 2006. Vers les sources des langues romanes: un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania. Leuven: Acco.Google Scholar
Ruíz García, Marta. 2000. El español popular del Chocó: evidencia de una reestructuración parcial. PhD dissertation, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM.Google Scholar
Sánchez, Liliana. 2003. Quechua-Spanish bilingualism: Interference and convergence in functional categories. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Scherre, Maria Marta Pereira. 2001. Phrase-level parallelism effect on noun phrase number agreement. Language Variation and Change 13.91107.Google Scholar
Schwegler, Armin. 1991. El español del Chocó. América Negra 2.85119.Google Scholar
Schwegler, Armin. 1996. La doble negación dominicana y la génesis del español caribeño. Hispanic Linguistics 8.247315.Google Scholar
Schwegler, Armin. 2013a. Palenquero. In The atlas and survey of pidgin and creole language structures, vol. 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based and French-based languages, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 182–92. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schwegler, Armin. 2013b. Palenquero structure data set. In The atlas of pidgin and creole language structures online, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, chapter 28. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library. (Available at http://apics-online.info/contributions/48, accessed November 26, 2018.)Google Scholar
Schwegler, Armin & Morton, Thomas. 2005. Vernacular Spanish in a microcosm: Kateyano in El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana 1.97159.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 1993. Dialect contact and koineization. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 99.105–21.Google Scholar
Sessarego, Sandro. 2013a. Chota Valley Spanish. Madrid & Frankfurt: Iberoamericana/Vervuert.Google Scholar
Sessarego, Sandro. 2013b. On the non-creole basis for Afro-Bolivian Spanish. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28.363407.Google Scholar
Sessarego, Sandro. 2017. Chocó Spanish double negation and the genesis of the Afro-Hispanic dialects of the Americas. Diachronica 34.219–52.Google Scholar
Sledd, James H. 1966. Breaking, umlaut, and the southern drawl. Language 42.1.1841.Google Scholar
Suñer, Margarita & Yépez, María. 1988. Null definite objects in Quiteño. Linguistic Inquiry 19.511–19.Google Scholar
Symeonidis, Haralambos. 2013. Análisis sociolingüístico del leísmo en el español paraguayo. Revista Internacional d’Humanitat 27.5568.Google Scholar
Tarallo, Fernando. 1988. Discussing the alleged creole origin of Brazilian Portuguese: Targeted vs. untargetted syntactic changes. Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 15.137–61.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2003. Secrets revealed by Southern vowel shifting. American Speech 78.2.150–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline. 2002. Focus on clefts in Dominican Spanish. In Structure, meaning, and acquisition in Spanish, ed. by Lee, James, Geeslin, Kimberly, & Clements, Joseph Clancy, 130–46. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Torreblanca, Máximo. 1984. La “f” prerromana y la vasca en su relación con el español antiguo. Romance philology 37.273–81.Google Scholar
Tuten, Donald N. 2003. Koineization in Medieval Spanish. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Usher de Herreros, Beatriz. 1976. Castellano paraguayo: notas para una gramática contrastiva castellano–guaraní. Suplemento Antropológico (Asunción, Universidad Católica) 11.1–2.29123.Google Scholar
Utrilla, José María Enguita. 1984. Notas sobre los diminutivos en el espacio geográfico aragonés. Archivo de filología aragonesa 34.229–50.Google Scholar
Walsh, Thomas. 1985. The historical origin of syllable-final aspirated /s/ in dialectal Spanish. Journal of Hispanic Philology 9.231–46.Google Scholar
Welti, María Cristina R. de. 1979. Bilingüismo en el Paraguay: los límites de la comunicación. Revista Paraguaya de Sociología 16.46.6397.Google Scholar
Williams, Edwin. 1962. From Latin to Portuguese, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Roger. 1982. Late Latin and early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France. Liverpool: F. Cairns.Google Scholar
Zdrojewski, Pablo & Sánchez, Liliana. 2014. Variation in accusative clitic doubling across three Spanish dialects. Lingua 151.162–76.Google Scholar

References

Albuquerque, Dani Borges de. 2011. O Português de Timor Leste: contribuições para o estudo de uma variedade emergente. Papia 21.1.6582.Google Scholar
Avelar, Juanito Ornelas de & Álvarez López, Laura. 2018. Directional complements, existential sentences, and locatives in the Afro-Brazilian continuum of Portuguese. In The Portuguese language continuum in Africa and Brazil, ed. by Álvarez López, Laura, Perpétua, Gonçalves, and de Avelar, Juanito Ornelas, 187210. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Azevedo, Mario. 1997. Historical dictionary of Mozambique. Metuchen, NJ & London: Scarecrow Press.Google Scholar
Baptista, Marlyse. 2013. Cape Verdean Creole of Brava. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 1219. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Baxter, Alan N. 1988. A grammar of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics Series B-No. 95.Google Scholar
Baxter, Alan N. 1990. Note on the Creole Portuguese of Bidau, East Timor. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 5.1.138.Google Scholar
Baxter, Alan N. 2013. Papiá Kristang. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 122–30. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Biagui, Noël Bernard & Quint, Nicolas. 2013. Casamance Creole. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 40–9.Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Birmingham, David. 1965. The Portuguese conquest of Angola. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Birmingham, David. 1966. Trade and conflict in Angola: The Mbundu and their neighbours under the influence of the Portuguese, 1483–1790. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Birmingham, David. 2015. A short history of modern Angola. London: Hurst & Company.Google Scholar
Brito, Ana. 2011. Mudança e variação em Português: a expressão do objecto indirecto, deslocações criativas. Cadernos de Literatura Comparada, 24–47.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Hugo C. 2009. The Indo-Portuguese language of Diu. Utrecht: Landelijke Onderzoekschool Talwetenschap.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Hugo C. 2013. Diu Indo-Portuguese. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus 90101. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chaudenson, Robert. 1992. Des îles, des hommes, des langues. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Chaudenson, Robert. 2001. Creolization of language and culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chaunu, P. 1979. European expansion in the later Middle Ages. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Chevagne, Jean-Pierre. 2005. La langue portugaise d’Angola. PhD dissertation, Université de Lyon Lumière.Google Scholar
Clements, J. Clancy. 1992. On the origins of pidgin Portuguese. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 7.1.7592.Google Scholar
Clements, J. Clancy. 1993a. Rejoinder to Naro’s “Arguing about Arguin.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 8.1.119–24.Google Scholar
Clements, J. Clancy. 1993b. A contribution by an old creole to the origins of Pidgin Portuguese. In East meets west: Selected proceedings of the 1990–91 Meetings of the Society of Pidgin and Creole Languages, ed. by Byrne, F. & Holm, J., 321–31. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Clements, J. Clancy. 1996. The genesis of a language: The formation and development of Korlai Portuguese. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Clements, J. Clancy. 2000. Evidência para a existência dum pidgin português asiático. In Actas do Colóquio sobre Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa, ed. by D’Andrade, Ernesto, Pereira, Dulce, & Mota, Maria Antónia, 185200. Braga: Associação Portuguesa de Linguística FLUL.Google Scholar
Clements, J. Clancy. 2007. Korlai (Creole Portuguese) or Nɔ Liŋ. In Comparative creole syntax, ed. by Holm, John & Patrick, Peter, 153–73. London: Battlebridge Publications.Google Scholar
Clements, J. Clancy. 2009. The linguistic legacy of Spanish and Portuguese: Colonial expansion and language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clements, J. Clancy. 2013. Korlai. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 102–10. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clements, J. Clancy. 2014a. Brazilian Portuguese and the ecology of (post-) colonial Brazil. In Iberian imperialism and language evolution in Latin America, ed. by Mufwene, Salikoko, 186204. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Clements, J. Clancy. 2014b. Lectal differences in Daman Indo-Portuguese. Revista de Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa e Espanhola 5.115–56.Google Scholar
Clements, J. Clancy & Koontz-Garboden, Andrew J.. 2002. Two Indo-Portuguese creoles in contrast. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 17.2.191236.Google Scholar
Curtin, Philip. 1969. The Atlantic slave trade: A census. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Davies, M. & Ferreira, M. (2006–). Corpus do Português: 45 million words, 1300s–1900s. Available at www.corpusdoportugues.org, accessed November 1, 2020.Google Scholar
Evans-Sago, Travis. 2018. A case study of three Chinese-Spanish varieties: Tense–Aspect morphology in instructed and non-instructed language use. Journal of Ibero-Romance Creoles 8.437.Google Scholar
Ferreira, José dos Santos. 1996. Papiaçam di Macau. Macau: Fundação Macau.Google Scholar
Figueiredo, Carlos Filipe Guimaraes. 2018. Aspectos histórico-culturais e sociolinguísticos do Libolo: aproximações com o Brasil. In O português na Africa atlântica, ed. by dos Santos Duarte, Márcia Oliveira & Araujo, Gabriel Antunes, 4797. São Paulo: Humanitas/FAPESP.Google Scholar
Gonçalves, Perpétua. 2015. Aspetos morfossintáticos da gramática do Português de Moçambique: a concordância nominal e verbal. Cuadernos de la ALFAL 7.916.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom & Hagemeijer, Tjerk. 2006. Negation in the Gulf of Guinea creoles: Typological and historical perspectives. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Associção de Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa e Espanhola, University of Coimbra, June 26–8.Google Scholar
Guy, Gregory. 1989. On the nature and origins of popular Brazilian Portuguese. In Estudios sobre el español de América y lingüística afroamericana: Ponencias presentadas en el 45 Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, 227–45. Bogotá: Instituto de Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
Hagemeijer, Tjerk. 2013. Santome. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 50–8. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 1988. Pidgins and creoles: Theory and structure, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holm, John & Swolkien, Dominka. 2006. The vernaculars of São Vicente (Cape Verde) and Brazil: Demographics and degrees of restructuring. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana 4.1.7186.Google Scholar
Hull, Geoffrey. 2002. The languages of East Timor: Some basic facts. Dili: Instituto Nacional de Linguística, Universidade Nacional de Timor Lorosa’e.Google Scholar
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estadística. 2000. Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento. Available at www.ibge.gov.br.Google Scholar
Intumbo, Incanha, Inverno, Liliana, & Holm, John. 2013. Guinea-Bissaw Kriyol. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 31–9. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jon-And, Anna. 2011. Variação, contato e mudança linguística em Moçambique e Cabo Verde: a concordância variável de número em sintagmas nominais do português. PhD dissertation, Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Kihm, Alain & Rougé, Jean-Louis. 2013. Língua de Preto, the Basic Variety at the root of West African Portuguese Creoles: A contribution to the theory of pidgin/creole formation as second language acquisition. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28.2.203–98.Google Scholar
Kihm, Alain & Rougé, Jean-Louis. 2016. Once more on the genesis of West African Portuguese creoles. In The Iberian challenge: Creole languages beyond the plantation setting, ed. by Schwegler, Armin, McWhorter, John & Ströbel, Liane, 1337. Madrid & Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana–Vervuert.Google Scholar
Lang, Jürgen. 2002. Dicionário do croulo da Ilha de Santiago (Cabo Verde). Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.Google Scholar
Lang, Jürgen. 2013. Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 311. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lockhart, James & Schwartz, Stuart B.. 1983. Early Latin America: A history of colonial Spanish America and Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lucchesi, Dante, Baxter, Alan, da Silva, Jorge Augusto Alves, & Figueiredo, Cristina. 2009. O Portugês afro-brasileiro: as comunidades analisadas. In O Português afro-brasileiro, ed. by Lucchesi, Dante, Baxter, Alan, & Ribeiro, Ilza, 75100. Salvador: EDUFBA.Google Scholar
Lucchesi, Dante, Baxter, Alan & Ribeiro, Ilza (eds.). 2009. O Português afro-brasileiro. Salvador: EDUFBA.Google Scholar
Luís, Ana. 2004. Clitics as morphology. PhD dissertation, University of Essex.Google Scholar
MacKay, A. 1977. Spain in the Middle Ages. From frontier to empire, 1000–1500. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Marques, A. H. de Oliveira. 1998. Breve história de Portugal, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Editorial Presença.Google Scholar
Matsimbe Cumbane, Rui Marcelino. 2008. As construções de duplo objecto em Xitschwa – repercussões em falantes do Português língua não materna. PhD dissertation, University of Lisbon.Google Scholar
Maurer, Philippe. 2013a. Angolar. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 5971. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Maurer, Philippe. 2013b. Principense. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 7280. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mello, Heliana. 2014. African descents’ rural vernacular Portuguese and its contribution to understanding the development of Brazilian Portuguese. In Iberian imperialism and language evolution in Latin America, ed. by Mufwene, Salikoko, 168–85. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mello, Heliana R. de, Baxter, Alan N., Holm, John, & Megenny, William. 1998. O português vernáculo do Brasil. In América negra panorámica actual de los estudios lingüísticos sobre variedades hispanas, portuguesas y criollas, ed. by Perl, Matthias & Schwegler, Armin, 71137. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert.Google Scholar
Mussa, Alberto Baeta Neves. 1991. O papel das línguas africanas na história do Português do Brasil. MA dissertation, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Naro, Anthony & Scherre, Maria Marta Pereira. 2007. Origens do português Brasileiro. São Paulo: Parábola.Google Scholar
Naro, Anthony & Scherre, Maria Marta Pereira. 1993. Sobre as origins do português popular do Brasil. Revista DELTA 9.437–54.Google Scholar
Newitt, Malyn. 2017. A short history of Mozambique. London: Hurst & Company.Google Scholar
Oliveira, Victor Mateus Santos de. 2016. A expressão do sujeito no português de Moçambique. MA dissertation, Universidad Federal de Campinas.Google Scholar
Pinharanda, Mário. 2010. Estudo da expressão morfo-sintática das categorias de tempo, modo e aspecto em Maquista. PhD dissertation, University of Macau.Google Scholar
Post, Marike. 2013. Fa d‘Ambô. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 81–9. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reite, Torun & Jon-And, Anna. 2017. Oral Portuguese in Maputo from a diachronic perspective: Diffusion of linguistic innovations in a language shift scenario. In Selected papers from the 45th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages, ed. by Lopes, Ruth E.V., de Avelar, Juanito Ornelas, & Cyrino, Sonia M.L., 199212. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Aryon Dall’Igna. 2010. Tupi, Tupinambá, línguas gerais y Português do Brasil. In O Português e o Tup no Brasil, ed. by Noll, Volker & Dietrich, Wold, 2747. São Paulo: Editora Contexto.Google Scholar
Sampaio, Theodoro. 1928. O Tupí na geografìa nacional. Baía: Secção da Escola de Aprendizes.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Stuart B. 1985. Sugar plantations and the formation of Brazilian society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Serrão, Joaquim Veríssimo. 1978. História de Portugal. O século de ouro (1495–1580), vol. 3. Cacém: Editorial Verbo.Google Scholar
Silva de Farias Araujo, Silvana & Lucchesi, Dante. 2016. Um estudo contrastivo sobre a concordância verbal em Feira de Santana e em Luanda. Papia 26.1.7199.Google Scholar
Simons, Gary F. & Fennig, Charles D. (eds.). 2018. Ethnologue: Languages of the world, 21st ed. Dallas, TX: SIL International. (Available at www.ethnologue.com, accessed November 1, 2020.)Google Scholar
Smith, Ian. 2013. Sri Lanka Portuguese. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 111–21. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Swolkien, Dominika. 2013. Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente. In The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, vol. 2, ed. by Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin, & Huber, Magnus, 2030. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tarracha Ferreira, Maria Ema (ed.). 1994. Antología do Cancioneiro Geral de Garcia de Resende. Lisbon: Ulisseia.Google Scholar
The World Bank. 2017. Fertility rate, total (births per woman). Available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN, accessed December 2, 2019.Google Scholar
Thorton, John. 2006. Armed slaves and political authority in Africa in the slave trade. In Arming slaves: From classical times to the modern age, ed. by Brown, Christopher Leslie and Morgan, Philip D., 7994. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Tinhorão, José Ramos. 1997. Os negros em Portugal. Uma presença silenciosa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Caminho. (First ed. 1988.)Google Scholar
Vilela, Mario. 1999. A língua portuguesa em África: Tendências e factos. Africana Studia 1.175–95.Google Scholar
Willis, C. 1993. The world chopped in half. La Vida Hispánica 8.21–7.Google Scholar

References

Au, Denis. 2003. The Muskrat French. The survival of French Canadian folklife on the American side of Le Détroit. In Le passage du Détroit. 300 ans de présence francophone, ed. by Bénéteau, Marcel, 167–80. Windsor, ON: University of Windsor Press.Google Scholar
Blais, Suzelle. 1998. Néologie canadienne de Jacques Viger: manuscrits de 1810. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.Google Scholar
Brault, Gérard (ed.). 1958. Essais de philologie franco-américaine. Worcester, MA: Collège de l’Assomption.Google Scholar
Brown, Becky. 2003. Code convergent borrowing in Louisiana French. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7.1.323.Google Scholar
Charbonneau, Louise. 1997. L’emprunt lexical et le transfert à l’anglais dans une communauté franco-américaine au nord du Vermont. Unpublished PhD dissertation, New York State University at Albany.Google Scholar
Chevalier, Gisèle. 2007. Les marqueurs discursifs dans une variété de français en contact intense avec l’anglais. Langue française 154.6177.Google Scholar
Chevalier, Gisèle & Long, Michael. 2005. “Finder out, pour qu’on les frigge pas up, comment c’qu’i work out”: les verbes à particules en chiac. In Approches morphosyntaxiques. Actes du Colloque international grammaire comparée des variétés de français d’Amérique, ed. by Brasseur, Patrice & Falkert, Anika, 201–12. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael. 2003. Dynamics of language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ditchy, Jay K. 1932. Les Acadiens louisianais et leur parler, 1901 text by an anonymous author, preparation and introduction by Ditchy. Paris: Droz.Google Scholar
Dubois, Sylvie & Sankoff, David. 1997. L’absence de flexion sur les emprunts à l’anglais dans le français cadjin. In Explorations du lexique, ed. by Auger, Julie & Rose, Yvan, 163–76. Quebec: CIRAL.Google Scholar
Dunn, Oscar. 1880. Glossaire franco-canadien. Quebec: Presses de l’Université Laval.Google Scholar
Dupuis, Jacynthe. 1997. Étude sociolinguistique de quelques caractéristiques des emprunts à l’anglais par les Franco-Américains du Massachusetts. Revue québécoise de linguistique 25.2.5361.Google Scholar
Falkert, Anika. 2006. La mutation achevée du connecteur ça fait que dans le français acadien des Îles-de-la-Madeleine. In Les variétés de français en Amérique du Nord: évolution, innovation et description, ed. by Papen, Robert A. and Chevalier, Gisèle, special edition of Revue Canadienne de Linguistique Appliquée/Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics 9.2.3953.Google Scholar
Fischer, Robert. 1976. A generative phonological description of selected idiolects of Canadian French in Lewiston, Maine. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Flikeid, Karen. 1989. “Moitié anglais, moitié français?” Emprunts et alternance de langues dans les communautés acadiennes de la Nouvelle-Écosse. Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 8.2.177227.Google Scholar
Fox, Cynthia. 2007. Franco-American voices: French in the Northeastern United States today. French Review 80.6.1278–92.Google Scholar
Fox, Cynthia & Charbonneau, Louise. 1998. Le français franco-américain: nouvelles perspectives sur les communautés linguistiques. Francophonies d’Amérique 8.6584.Google Scholar
Foxcurran, Robert, Bouchard, Michel, & Malette, Sébastien. 2016. Songs upon the rivers. The buried history of the French-speaking Canadiens and Métis from the Great Lakes and the Mississippi across to the Pacific. Montreal: Barak Books.Google Scholar
Gaborieau, Antoine. 1999. La langue de chez nous. Saint-Boniface, MB: Éditions des Plaines.Google Scholar
Gaborieau, Antoine. 2006. Le petit Gabi. Dictionnaire des anglicismes du Canada français. Saint-Boniface, MB: Éditions des Plaines.Google Scholar
Golembeski, Dan. 1999 (revised in 2012). French language maintenance in Ontario, Canada: A sociolinguistic portrait of the community of Hearst. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.Google Scholar
Haugen, Eugene. 1950. The analysis of linguistic borrowing. Language 26.2.210–31.Google Scholar
Juneau, Marcel & Poirier, Claude. 1973. Le livre de comptes d’un meunier québécois. Quebec: Presses de l’Université Laval.Google Scholar
Kasparian, Sylvia. 2003. Parler bilingue et actes identitaires: le cas des Acadiens du Nouveau-Brunswick. In Francophonie et langue dans un monde divers en évolution: contacts interlinguistiques et socioculturels, ed. by Stebbins, Robert, Romney, Claude, & Ouellet, Micheline, 159–77. Winnipeg: Presses de l’Université de Saint-Boniface.Google Scholar
Kelley, Henry E. 1980. Phonological variables in a New England speech community. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, State Park, PA.Google Scholar
King, Ruth. 2000. The lexical basis of grammatical borrowing. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
King, Ruth. 2008. Chiac in context: Overview and evaluation of Acadia’s joual. In Social lives in languages. sociolinguistics and multilingual speech communities, ed. by Meyerehoff, Miriam & Nagy, Naomi, 137–78. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Klingler, Tom, Picone, Michael, & Valdman, Albert. 1997. The lexicon of Louisiana French. In French and Creole in Louisiana, ed. by Valdman, Albert, 145–81. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Lavallée, Richard. 1979. Les regionalisms dans le français parlé de l’Estrie (Document de travail no. 15). Sherbrooke, QC: Librairie Dussault.Google Scholar
Locke, William. 1949. The pronunciation of the French spoken at Brunswick, Maine. Greensboro, NC: American Dialect Society.Google Scholar
McQuillan, Aidan. 1983. Les communautés canadiennes françaises du Midwest américain au dix-neuvième siècle. In Du continent perdu à l’archipel retrouvé: le Québec et l’Amérique française, ed. by Louder, Dean & Waddell, Eric, 97116. Quebec: Presses de l’Université Laval.Google Scholar
Mareschal, Geneviève. 1994. Étude typologique et comparative de l’anglicisation et des anglicismes dans quatre aires de la francophonie. In Actes du colloque sur les anglicismes et leur traitement lexicographique: communications, discussions et synthèses, 2537. Quebec: Gouvernement du Québec.Google Scholar
Marie-Jean-Guy, Sister & Marie-Rose-Germaine, Sister. 1958. Le glossaire. In Essais de philologie franco-américaine, ed. by Brault, Gérard, 98124. Worcester, MA: Collège de l’Assomption.Google Scholar
Melanson, Nathalie. 1996. Adaptation ou assimilation? Les comportements linguistiques d’une famille franco-ontarienne de Sudbury. In La langue française en Ontario, special edition of Revue du Nouvel Ontario 20.137–71.Google Scholar
Mougeon, Raymond. 1998. Les emprunts lexicaux à l’anglais fondamental en français ontarien. Paper read at the AUPELF-UREF Colloquium, Quebec City.Google Scholar
Mougeon, Raymond. 2000. Les emprunts en vocabulaire de base de l’anglais en français ontarien. In Contacts de langues et identités culturelles. Actes des quatrièmes journées scientifiques du réseau «Études du français en francophonie», ed. by Latin, Danièle & Poirier, Claude, 2943 Quebec: Presses de l’Université Laval.Google Scholar
Mougeon, Raymond & Beniak, Édouard. 1989. Language contraction and linguistic change. The case of Welland French. In Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death, ed. by Dorian, Nancy, 287312. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mougeon, Raymond & Beniak, Édouard. 1991. Linguistic consequences of language contact and restriction: The case of French in Ontario, Canada. Wotton-on-Edge: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mougeon, Raymond, Beniak, Édouard, & Valois, Daniel. 1985. Contact des langues et changement linguistique: étude sociolinguistique du français parlé à Welland (Ontario). Quebec: Centre de recherche sur le bilinguisme.Google Scholar
Mougeon, Raymond, Nadasdi, Terry, & Rehner, Kathleen. 2009. Évolution de l’usage des conjunctions et locutions de consequence par les adolescents franco-ontariens de Hawkesbury et Pembroke (1978–2005). In Le français d’ici: études linguistiques et socio-linguistiques sur la variation du français au Québec et en Ontario, ed. by Martineau, France, Mougeon, Raymond, Nadasdi, Terry, & Tremblay, Mireille, 175214. Toronto: GREF.Google Scholar
Mutz, Katrin. 2004. Le lexique des variétés du français en Louisiane et l’influence de l’anglais américain. Un état de la recherche. Globe, Revue international d’études québécoises 7.2.125–54.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 1981. Halfway between Quechua and Spanish: The case for relexification. In Historicity and cariation in Creole studies, ed.by Valdman, Albert & Highfield, Arthur, 5278. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma Press.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2000. Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 2002. Contact linguistics. Bilingual encounters and grammatical outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid. 1991. Cajun (Louisiana) und Acadien (Kanada): Konvergenzen und Divergenzen im Lexicon. Zeitschrift den Gesellschaft für Kanada-Studien 19.115–40.Google Scholar
Papen, Robert A. 1984. Quelques remarques sur un parler méconnu de l’Ouest canadien: le métis. Revue québécoise de linguistique 14.1.113–39.Google Scholar
Papen, Robert A. 2005. Le mitchif: langue franco-crie des Plaines. In Le français en Amérique du Nord. État present, ed. by Valdman, Albert, Auger, Julie, & Piston-Hatlen, Deborah, 327–47. Quebec: Presses de l’Université Laval.Google Scholar
Papen, Robert A. 2006. Les parlers oubliés d’Amérique: le franco-minnesotain et le franco-dakotain. In Les variétés de français en Amérique du Nord : évolution, innovation et description, ed. by Papen, Robert A. & Chevalier, Gisèle, special edition of Revue Canadienne de Linguistique Appliquée/Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics 9.2.149–71.Google Scholar
Papen, Robert A. 2014. Hybrid languages in Canada involving French. The case of Michif and Chiac. Journal of Language Contact 7.154–83.Google Scholar
Paradis, Carole & Lacharité, Diane. 2008. Apparent phonetic approximation: English loanwords in Old Quebec French. Journal of Linguistics 44.1.87128.Google Scholar
Perrot, Marie-Ève. 2005. Le chiac de Moncton: description synchronique et tendances évolutives. In Le français en Amérique du Nord. État present, ed. by Valdman, Albert, Auger, Julie, & Piston-Hatlen, Deborah, 307–26. Quebec: Presses de l’Université Laval.Google Scholar
Picone, Michael. 1994. Code-intermediate phenomena in Louisiana French. CLS, Papers from the Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 30.320–34.Google Scholar
Picone, Michael & Lafleur, Amanda. 2000. La néologie et les anglicismes par tranches d’âge en français louisianais. In Contact des langues et variétés culturelles: perspectives lexicographiques. Actes des quatrièmes journées scientifiques du réseau «Études du français en francophonie», ed. by Latin, Danièle & Poirier, Claude, 1527. Quebec: Presses de l’université Laval.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana. 2018. Borrowing. Loanwords in the speech community and in the grammar. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana & Meecham, Marjorie. 1998. How languages fit together in code mixing. In Instant loans, easy conditions: The productivity of bilingual borrowing, ed. by Poplack, Shana & Marjory Meecham, special issue of International Journal of Bilingualism 2.2.127–38.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana, Sankoff, David, & Miller, Claude. 1988. The social correlates and linguistic processes of lexical borrowing and assimilation. Linguistics 26.47104.Google Scholar
Potier, Pierre Philippe. 1743–58. Façons de parler proverbiales, triviales, figures, etc., des Canadiens au VIIIe siècle. Manuscript published in Bulletin du parler français au Canada. Quebec, La Société du parler français au Canada, 3 (1904–5) and 4 (1905–6).Google Scholar
Raymond, Valérie. 2011. L’emprunt lexical à l’anglais dans le français oral des locuteurs bilingues de Sudbury (Ontario): contraintes ou enrichissement pour une langue minoritaire? Unpublished MA thesis, Université Laval, Quebec.Google Scholar
Read, William. 1931. Louisiana French (University Studies 5). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Rochet, Bernard. 1993. Le français parlé en Alberta. Francophonies d’Amérique 3.524.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Liliane. 2006. La langue française au Manitoba (Canada): histoire et évolution lexicométrique. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.Google Scholar
Rottet, Kevin. 2018. L’emprunt et l’alternance codique en français lousianais: perspectives lexicographiques. Paper presented at the Colloque international: Les français d’ici, Concordia University, Montreal, May 2018.Google Scholar
Roy, Marie-Marthe. 1979. Les conjonctions “but” et “so” dans le français de Moncton. Unpublished MA thesis, Université du Québec à Montréal.Google Scholar
Szlezàk, Edith. 2007. “Parfois le bon mot nous échappe”: Interference phenomena among Franco-Americans in Massachusetts. Glottopol. Revue de sociolinguistique en ligne 9.98119.Google Scholar
Tardivel, Jules. 1880. L’anglicisme, voilà l’ennemi. Quebec: Imprimerie du Canadien.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah. 2001. Language contact: An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah & Kaufman, Thomas. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Valdman, Albert. 2005. Introduction. In Le français en Amérique du Nord. État présent, ed. by Valdman, Albert, Auger, Julie, & Piston-Hatlen, Deborah, 135. Quebec: Les Presses de l’Université Laval.Google Scholar
Valdman, Albert & Rottet, Kevin (eds.). 2010. Dictionary of Louisiana French: As spoken in Cajun, Creole and American Indian Communities. Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi.Google Scholar
Walker, Douglas. 2005. Le français dans l’Ouest canadien. In Le français en Amérique du Nord. État present, ed. by Valdman, Aalbert, Auger, Julie, & Piston-Hatlen, Deborah, 187205. Quebec: Presses de l’Université Laval.Google Scholar

References

Adam, Lucien. 1883. Les idiomes négro-aryens et malayo-aryens: essai d’hybridologie linguistique. Paris: Maisonneuve.Google Scholar
Ahua, Mouchi Blaise. 2006. La motivation dans les créations lexicales en nouchi. Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 21.143–57.Google Scholar
Ahua, Mouchi Blaise. 2007. Élaborer un code graphique pour le nouchi: une initiative précoce? Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 22.183–98.Google Scholar
Akissi-Boutin, Béatrice & Gadet, Françoise. 2012. Comment ce que montrent les français d’Afrique s’inscrit/ne s’inscrit pas dans les dynamiques des français dans une perspective panfrancophone. Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 27.1934.Google Scholar
Akissi-Boutin, Béatrice & Kouadio N’Guessan, Jérémie. 2015. Le nouchi c’est notre créole en quelque sorte, qui est parlé par presque toute la Côte d’Ivoire. In Dynamique des français africains: entre le culturel et le linguistique, ed. by Blumenthal, Peter. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Available at https://hal-auf.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01408710, accessed April 16, 2019.Google Scholar
Akissi-Boutin, Béatrice & Kouadio N’Guessan, Jérémie. 2016. Abidjan, une métropole de plus en plus francophone? Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 30.173–86.Google Scholar
Alliance, Française. 1900. La langue française dans le monde. Paris: Siège social de L’Alliance Française.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1916. Le français tel que le parlent nos tirailleurs sénégalais. Paris: Imprimerie Librairie Militaire Universelle.Google Scholar
Baissac, Charles. 1880. Étude sur le patois créole mauricien. Nancy: Imprimerie Berger-Levrault.Google Scholar
Barry, Boubacar. 1988/98. Senegambia and the Atlantic slave trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barry, Boubacar. 1992. Senegambia from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century: evolution of the Wolof, Sereer and “Tukuloor.” In General history of Africa, vol. 5: Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, ed. by Ogot, Bethwell Allan, 262–99. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bauche, Henri. 1920. Le langage populaire. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
Boilat, David. 1853. Esquisses sénégalaises: physionomie du pays, peuplades, commerce, religions. Paris: L. Martiret.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2008. Artefactual ideologies and the textual production of African languages. Language and Communication 28.291307.Google Scholar
Bouche, Denise. 1993. La diffusion du français en Afrique occidentale et équatoriale de 1880 à 1914. Études de Linguistique Appliquée 90.6172.Google Scholar
Bouche, Denise. 2000. Dans quelle mesure Paris a-t-il voulu diriger l’enseignement colonial? In Documents pour l’histoire du français langue étrangère ou seconde. Available at http://dhfles.revues.org/2939, accessed March 12, 2019.Google Scholar
Boucher, Karine & Lafage, Suzanne. 2000. Le lexique français du Gabon. Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 14. Available at www.unice.fr/bcl/ofcaf/14/14.html, accessed November 12, 2021.Google Scholar
Bouquiaux, Luc. 1968. La créolisation du français par le sango véhiculaire, phénomène réciproque. Annales de la Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Nice, Actes du colloque sur les ethnies francophones 1.5770.Google Scholar
Brou-diallo, Clémentine. 2004. Aspects des difficultés d’apprentissage du français langue étrangère par des étudiants anglophones africains. Dissertation, Université Montpellier 3.Google Scholar
Bulletin de l’Enseignement de l’Afrique Occidentale Française (BEAOF). 1913: 1.Google Scholar
Bulletin de l’Enseignement de l’Afrique Occidentale Française (BEAOF). 1932: 80.Google Scholar
Calvet, Louis-Jean. 2010. Histoire du français en Afrique. Une langue en co-propriété. Paris: Écritures.Google Scholar
Cappeau, Paul & Gadet, Françoise. 2007. Où en sont les corpus sur les français parlés? Revue Française de Linguistique Appliquée 121.129–33.Google Scholar
Carrère, Frédéric & Holle, Paul. 1855. De la Sénégambie française. Paris: Firmin Didot.Google Scholar
Chaudenson, Robert. 1992. Des îles, des hommes, des langues. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Chaudenson, Robert. 2001. Creolization of language and culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, William B. 1980. The French encounter with Africans: White responses to Blacks, 1530–1880. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, William B. 1983. Malaria and French imperialism. The Journal of African History 24.1.2336.Google Scholar
Congrès Colonial International de Paris. 1889. Paris: Challamel Augustin.Google Scholar
Conklin, Alice. 1997. A mission to civilize: The republican idea of empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, Robert. 1982. A framework for the study of language spread. In Language spread, ed. by Cooper, Robert, 536. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Curtin, Philip D. 1989. Death by migration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Daff, Moussa. 2004. Vers une francophonie africaine de la copropriété et de la cogestion linguistique et littéraire. Glottopol 3.89–96.Google Scholar
Daughton, James P. 2006. An empire divided: Religion, republicanism, and the making of French colonialism, 1880–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dauzat, Albert. 1954. Le génie de la langue française. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
Davesne, André. 1931. Rapport sur l’Afrique occidentale française. In L’adaptation de l’enseignement dans les colonies (Congrès Intercolonial de l’Enseignement dans les Colonies [CIEC]), 85–106. Paris: Henri Didier.Google Scholar
Delafosse, Maurice. 1904. Vocabulaires comparatifs de plus de 60 langues ou dialectes parlés à la Côte d’Ivoire et dans les régions limitrophes: avec des notes linguistiques et ethnologiques, une bibliographie et une carte. Paris: E. Leroux.Google Scholar
Deming Lewis, Martin. 1962. One hundred million Frenchmen: The “assimilation” theory in French colonial policy. Comparative Studies in Society and History 4.2.129–53.Google Scholar
Descemet, Louis. 1864. Recueil d’environ 1,200 phrases françaises usuelles avec leur traduction en regard en ouolof de Saint-Louis. Saint-Louis: Imprimerie Nationale.Google Scholar
Diebolt, Claude. 1999. Les effectifs scolarisés en France: XIXème et XXème siècles. Revue Internationale de Pédagogie 45.2.197213.Google Scholar
Duke Bryant, Kelly M. 2015. Education as politics: Colonial schooling and political debate in Senegal, 1850s–1914. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Dumont, Pierre. 1981. Le français langue africaine. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Dumont, Pierre. 2001. L’insécurité linguistique, moteur de la création littéraire merci, Ahmadou Kourouma. In Diversité culturelle et linguistique: quelles normes pour le français?, 115121. Beirut: Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie.Google Scholar
Durand, Jean-Baptiste. 1802. Voyage au Sénégal. Paris: Henri Agasse.Google Scholar
Ebongue, Augustin Emmanuel & Fonkoua, Paul. 2010. Le camfranglais ou les camfranglais? Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 25.259–70.Google Scholar
Edema, Atibakwa-Baboya. 2006. L’Hindoubill a-t-il été un laboratoire des particularismes lexicaux du français de Kinshasa? Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 21.1740.Google Scholar
Etemad, Bouda. 2007. Pour une approche démographique de l’expansion coloniale de l’Europe. Annales de démographie historique 113.1332.Google Scholar
Faidherbe, Louis. 1864. Vocabulaire d’environ 1.500 mots français avec leurs correspondants en Ouolof de Saint-Louis, en Poular (Toucouleur) du Fouta, en Soninké (Sarakhollé) de Bakel. Saint-Louis: Imprimerie du Gouvernement.Google Scholar
Féral, Carole de. 1998. Écouter les Camerounais et mieux entendre le français. In Mots chiffrés et déchiffrés, ed. by Sylvie, Mellet & Vuillaume, Marcel, 503–11. Paris: Honoré Champion.Google Scholar
Féral, Carole de. 2004. Français et langues en contact chez les jeunes en milieu urbain: vers de nouvelles identités. In Penser la francophonie: concepts, actions et outils Linguistiques, ed. by Daff, Moussa, Prignitz, Gisèle, Blanco, Xavier, & Queffélec, Ambroise, 583–97. Paris: Éditions des Archives Contemporaines.Google Scholar
Féral, Carole de. 2006a. Décrire un “parler jeune”: le cas du Camfranglais (Cameroun). Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 21.257–66.Google Scholar
Féral, Carole de. 2006b. Étudier le camfranglais: recueil des données et transcription. Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 21.211–18.Google Scholar
Féral, Carole de. 2007. Ce que parler camfranglais n’est pas: de quelques problèmes posés par la description d’un “parler jeune” (Cameroun). In La mise en oeuvre des langues dans l’interaction, ed. by Auzanneau, Michelle, 259–76. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Féral, Carole de. 2009. Urban practices and new identities: Pidgin and Francanglais in Cameroon. In Proceedings, 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne 2009, ed. by Brenzinger, Mathias & Fehn, Anne-Maria, 557–67. Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
Féral, Carole de. 2010a. Les « variétés » du français en Afrique. Stigmatisations, dénominations, réification: à qui la faute? Cahiers de sociolinguistique 1.15.4153.Google Scholar
Féral, Carole de. 2010b. Pourquoi on doit speak comme les white? Appropriation vernaculaire du français chez les jeunes au Cameroun. In La syntaxe de l’oral dans les variétés non hexagonales du français, ed. by Drescher, Martina & Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid, 5364. Tübingen: Stauffenburg.Google Scholar
Féral, Carole de. 2012. “Parlers jeunes”: une utile invention? Langage et Société 3.141.2146.Google Scholar
Féussi, Valentin. 2008. Le francanglais comme construction socio-identitaire du “jeune” francophone au Cameroun. Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 23.3350.Google Scholar
Frei, Henri. 1929. La grammaire des fautes. Geneva: Slatkine.Google Scholar
Froidevaux, Henri. 1900. L’oeuvre scolaire de la France aux colonies. Paris: Augustin Challamel.Google Scholar
Gadet, Françoise. 1989. La relative non standard saisie par les grammaires. Linx 20.3749.Google Scholar
Gal, Susan & Irvine, Judith. 1995. The boundaries of languages and disciplines: How ideologies construct difference. Social Research 62.4.967–99.Google Scholar
Goudaillier, Jean-Pierre. 1997. La langue des cités. Communication et Langages 112.96110.Google Scholar
Guiraud, Pierre. 1956. L’argot. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Handler, Richard & Segal, Daniel A.. 1993. Introduction: Nations, colonies and metropoles. Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice 33.3–8.Google Scholar
Hargreaves, John D. 1965. Assimilation in eighteenth-century Senegal. The Journal of African History 6.2.177–84.Google Scholar
Harries, Patrick. 1988. The roots of ethnicity: Discourse and the politics of language construction in South-East Africa. African Affairs 87.346.2552.Google Scholar
Harter, Anne Frédérique. 2007. Représentation autour d’un parler jeune: le Camfranglais. Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 22.253–66.Google Scholar
Houis, Maurice. 1984. Une variété idéologique: le “langage tirailleur.” Afrique et Langage 21.517.Google Scholar
Inventaire des particularités lexicales du français en Afrique noire. 1981. Vanves: EDICEF.Google Scholar
Irvine, Judith. 1993. Mastering African languages: The politics of linguistics in nineteenth-century Senegal. Social Analysis 33.2746.Google Scholar
Jones, Hilary. 2013. The métis of Senegal: Urban life and politics in French West Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj. 2017. World Englishes and culture wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kamdem, Hector Fonkoua. 2015. A dictionary of Camfranglais. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Kießling, Roland. 2005. Bàk mwà mè dó’. Lingua Posnaniensis 47.87107.Google Scholar
Klein, Martin. 1998. Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Knight-Baylac, Marie-Hélène. 1970. La vie à Gorée de 1677 à 1789. Revue française d’histoire d’outre-mer 57.209.377420.Google Scholar
Knutsen, Anne Moseng. 2007. Le français à Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 22. Available at www.unice.fr/bcl/ofcaf/22/22.html, accessed November 12, 2021.Google Scholar
Konate, Yacouba. 2002. Génération zouglou. Cahiers d’études africaines 168.777–96.Google Scholar
Kouadio N’Guessan, Jérémie. 1990. Le nouchi abidjanais, naissance d’un argot ou mode linguistique passagère? In Des langues et des villes, ed. by Gouaini, Elhousseine & Thiam, Ndiassé, 373–83. Paris: ACCT/Didier Érudition.Google Scholar
Kouadio N’Guessan, Jérémie. 2006. Le nouchi et les rapports dioula / français. Des inventaires lexicaux du français en Afrique à la sociologie urbaine … Hommage à Suzanne Lafage. Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 21.177–91.Google Scholar
Kouadio N’Guessan, Jérémie. 2008. Le français en Côte d’Ivoire: de l’imposition à l’appropriation décomplexée d’une langue exogène. Documents pour l’histoire du français langue étrangère ou seconde. Available at http://journals.openedition.org/dhfles/125, accessed April 17, 2019.Google Scholar
Labat, Jean-Baptiste. 1728. Nouvelle relation de l’Afrique occidentale: contenant une description exacte du Sénégal et des païs situés entre le Cap-Blanc et la rivière de Serrelienne. T. 4. Paris: Guillaume Cavelier.Google Scholar
Labouret, Henri. 1935. L’éducation des masses en Afrique Occidentale Française. Journal of the International African Institute 8.1.98102.Google Scholar
Lafage, Suzanne. 1975. Dictionnaire des particularités du français au Togo et au Dahomey. Abidjan: Institut de linguistique appliquée, université d’Abidjan.Google Scholar
Lafage, Suzanne. 1993. French in Africa. In French today, ed. by Sanders, Carole, 215–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lafage, Suzanne. 2002. Le lexique français de Côte d’Ivoire. Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique, 16–17. Available at www.unice.fr/bcl/ofcaf/16/16.html, accessed November 12, 2021.Google Scholar
Louwers, O. 1931. L’enseignement aux indigènes. Brussels: Établissements Généraux.Google Scholar
McCloy, Shelby T. 1961. Negro in France. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, Fiona. 2001. Dakar Wolof and the configuration of an urban identity. Journal of African Cultural Studies 14.2.153–72.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, Fiona. 2008. On the origins of urban Wolof: Evidence from Louis Descemet’s 1864 phrase book. Language in Society 37.713–35.Google Scholar
Mahoney, F. 1965. Notes on mulattoes of the Gambia before the mid-nineteenth century. Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana 8.120–9.Google Scholar
Malowist, Marian. 1992. The struggle for international trade and its implications for Africa. In General history of Africa, vol. 5: Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, ed. by Ogot, Bethwell Allan, 122. Berkeley, CA: University of California.Google Scholar
Manessy, Gabriel. 1978. Le français d’Afrique noire, français créole ou créole français. Langue française 37.91105.Google Scholar
Manessy, Gabriel. 1994. Pratique du français en Afrique noire francophone. Langue française 104.1119.Google Scholar
Manessy, Gabriel & Wald, Paul. 1984. Le français en Afrique noire tel qu’on le parle, tel qu’on le dit. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Mangeot, Pol-Victor (Colonel). 1922. Manuel à l’usage des troupes opérant au Soudan français et plus particulièrement en zone saharienne. In Bulletin du comité d’études historiques et scientifiques de l’Afrique, 590–648.Google Scholar
Mangin, Charles (Lieutenant Colonel). 1910. La force noire. Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar
Makoni, Sinfree & Pennycook, Alastair. 2006. Disinventing and reconstituting languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Meeuwis, Michael & Blommaert, Jan. 1998. A monolectal view of code-switching: Layered code-switching among Zairians in Belgium. In Code-switching in conversation, ed. by Auer, Peter, 76100. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Meschonnic, Henri. 1997. De la langue française. Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar
Michel, Marc. 2003. Les Africains et la Grande Guerre. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1989. Colonial, hypermetropic and wishful linguistics. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 4.241–54.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1997. English-to-Pidgin-Continua. A symposium in World Englishes 16.2.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2005. Créoles, écologie sociale, évolution linguistique: cours donnés au Collège de France durant l’automne 2003. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2014. Globalisation économique mondiale des XVIIe–XVIIIe siècles, émergence des créoles, et vitalité langagière. In Langues créoles, mondialisation, education, ed. by Carpooran, Arnaud, 2379. Vacoas: Éditions le Printemps.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2018. Language contact and evolutionary linguistics: An African(ist)’s and creolist’s perspective. In Dynamics of language: Plenary and focus lectures 20th International Congress of Linguists, ed. by Mesthrie, Rajend & Bradley, David, 3651. Cape Town: UCT Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2020. Creoles and pidgins: Why the latter are not the ancestors of the former. In The Routledge handbook of language contact, ed. by Adamou, Evangelia & Matras, Yaron, 300–24. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Newitt, Malyn. 2010. The Portuguese in West Africa, 1415–1670. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nzessé, Ladislas. 2015. Inventaire des particularités lexicales du français au Cameroun 1990–2015. Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 29. Available at www.unice.fr/bcl/ofcaf/29/29.html, accessed November 12, 2021.Google Scholar
Ochs, Elinor. 1979. Transcription as theory. In Developmental pragmatics, ed. by Ochs, Elinor & Schieffelin, Bambi, 4372. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Queffélec, Ambroise. 2007. Les parlers mixtes en Afrique francophone subsaharienne. Le français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 22.277–91.Google Scholar
Queffélec, Ambroise. 2008. L’évolution du français en Afrique noire, pistes de recherche. In La francophonie aujourd’hui. Réflexions critiques, ed. by Holter, Karin & Skattum, Ingse, 6376. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Queffélec, Ambroise & Niangouna, Augustin. 1990. Le français au Congo. Aix-Marseille: Université de Provence.Google Scholar
Rivarol, Antoine de. 1784. De l’universalité de la langue française. Paris: Belfond. Edition published 1966.Google Scholar
Saint-Lô, Alexis de. 1637. Relation du voyage du Cap-Vert. Paris: François Targa.Google Scholar
Sande, Hannah. 2015. Nouchi as a distinct language: The morphological evidence. In Selected proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. by Kramer, Ruth et al., 243–53. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Searing, James F. 1993. West African slavery and Atlantic commerce. The Senegal River valley, 1700–1860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simo-Souop, Adeline. 2010. Problèmes de frontières linguistiques sur un corpus d’oral conversationnel au Cameroun. In Pratiques innovantes du plurilinguisme, ed. by Blanchet, Philippe & Martinez, Pierre, 33–9. Paris: AUF.Google Scholar
Simonis, Francis. 2005. Administrateurs et missionnaires à Ségou (Haut-Sénégal-Niger) à l’heure de la séparation des Églises et de l’État. Outre-mers 92.348–9.3953.Google Scholar
Spaëth, Valérie. 2001. L’enseignement du français en AOF. Le français aujourd’hui 1.132.7885.Google Scholar
Telep, Suzie. 2014. Le camfranglais sur Internet: pratiques et représentations. Le Français en Afrique. Revue du réseau des observatoires du français contemporain en Afrique 28. Available at www.unice.fr/bcl/ofcaf/28/28.html, accessed November 12, 2021.Google Scholar
Telep, Suzie. 2017. Le “parler jeune,” une construction idéologique: le cas du francanglais au Cameroun. Glottopol 29.2751.Google Scholar
Terrisse, André. 1951. À propos de l’enseignement des langues indigènes. Bulletin de l’Enseignement de l’Afrique Occidentale Française 12.7–12.Google Scholar
Tschiggfrey, Thomas. 1995. Procédés morphologiques de néologie dans un corpus de chansons zouglou en français. Linx 33.71–8.Google Scholar
Tsofack, Jean-Benoît & Venant, Eloundou Eloundou. 2018. L’émergence glottonomique d’une “mauvaise langue”: le camfranglais et ses enjeux identitaires. In Mauvaise langue, ed. by Delage, Vanessa, 6782. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Van Caeneghem, Raphaël. 1950. Les langues indigènes dans l’enseignement. Zaïre, Revue Congolaise, 707–20.Google Scholar
Van den Avenne, Cécile. 2007. Petit-nègre et Bambara. La langue de l’indigène dans l’oeuvre de quelques écrivains coloniaux en Afrique occidentale française. In Citer la langue de l’autre. Mots étrangers dans le roman: de Proust à W.G. Sebald, ed. by Perrot-Corpet, Danielle, 7795. Lyon: Presse Universitaire de Lyon.Google Scholar
Venant, Eloundou Eloundou. 2016. Le camfranglais, né de l’acclimatement/acclimatation du français, au coeur d’une glottonomie socio profane. 5ème Congrès mondial de linguistique 27. Available at www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/abs/2016/05/shsconf_cmlf2016_03003/shsconf_cmlf2016_03003.html, accessed April 29, 2019.Google Scholar
Vigouroux, Cécile B. 2013. Francophonie. Annual Review of Anthropology 42.379–97.Google Scholar
Vigouroux, Cécile B. 2017. The discursive pathway of two centuries of raciolinguistic stereotyping: “Africans as incapable of speaking French.” Language in Society 46.521.Google Scholar
Villault, Nicolas. 1669. Relation des costes d’Afrique appelées Guinée. Paris: Denys Thierry.Google Scholar
Vinson, Julien. 1882. Créole. In Dictionnaire des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques, ed. by Bertillon, Adolphe et al., 345–7. Paris: Doin.Google Scholar
Vinson, Julien. 1888. La linguistique. In La grande encyclopédie: Inventaire raisonné des sciences, des lettres et des arts, ed. by Berthelot, M.M. et al., 22.286–96. Paris: H. Lamirault.Google Scholar
Wenezoui-Déchamps, Martine. 1994. Que devient le français quand une langue nationale s’impose? Conditions et formes d’appropriation du français en République Centrafricaine. Langue française 104.8999.Google Scholar
Woolard, Kathryn A. 1999. Simultaneity and bivalency as strategies in bilingualism. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 8.1.329.Google Scholar

References

Bao, Zhiming. 2015. The making of Vernacular Singapore English. System, transfer and filter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baron, Naomi S. 1998. Letters by phone or speech by other means: The linguistics of email. Language & Communication 18.2.133–70.Google Scholar
Belich, James. 2009. Replenishing the earth: The settler revolution and the rise of the Anglo-world, 1783–1939. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin. 2011. Modal auxiliaries in second language varieties of English: A learner’s perspective. In Exploring second-language varieties of English and learner Englishes: Bridging a paradigm gap, ed. by Mukherjee, Joybrato & Hundt, Marianne, 733. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Brunner, Thomas. 2014. Structural nativization, typology and complexity: Noun phrase structures in British, Kenyan and Singaporean English. English Language and Linguistics 18.1.2348.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah. 2013. English in Cyprus or Cyprus English? An empirical investigation of variety status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah. 2019. Children’s English in Singapore: Acquisition, properties, and use. London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah & Kautzsch, Alexander. 2014. English in Namibia: A first approach. English World-Wide 35.2.121–60.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah & Kautzsch, Alexander. 2017. Towards an integrated approach to postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes. World Englishes 36.104–26.Google Scholar
Cogo, Alessia & Dewey, Martin. 2012. Analysing English as a lingua franca: A corpus-driven investigation. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2001. Language and the Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dubois, Sylvie & Horvath, Barbara M.. 2004. Cajun Vernacular English: Phonology. In Schneider et al. 2004, 1.407–16.Google Scholar
Edwards, Alison. 2016. English in the Netherlands: Functions, forms and attitudes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Fischer, David Hackett. 1989. Albion’s seed: Four British folkways in America. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fought, Carmen. 2003. Chicano English in context. Houndmills, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hackert, Stephanie. 2012. The emergence of the English native speaker. A chapter in nineteenth-century linguistic thought. Boston, MA & Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Herk, Gerard van. 2015. The English origins hypothesis. In Lanehart 2015, 23–34.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Jennifer. 2007. English as a lingua franca: Attitude and identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In English in the world. Teaching and learning the language and literatures, ed. by Quirk, Randolph & Widdowson, H.G., 1130. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1997. English as an Asian language. In English Is an Asian language: The Philippine context. Proceedings of the conference held in Manila on August 2–3, 1996, ed. by Bautista, Maria Lourdes S., 123. Sydney: Macquarie Library Ltd.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj. 2017. World Englishes and culture wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna, & Nelson, Cecil L. (eds.). 2006. The handbook of World Englishes. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Karstadt, Angela. 2003. Tracking Swedish-American English. A longitudinal study of linguistic variation and identity. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library.Google Scholar
Kautzsch, Alexander. 2002. The historical evolution of Earlier African American English. An empirical comparison of early sources. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kautzsch, Alexander & Schneider, Edgar W.. 2000. Differential creolization: Some evidence from Earlier African American Vernacular English in South Carolina. In Neumann-Holzschuh & Schneider 2000, 247–74.Google Scholar
Kiesling, Scott. 2006. English in Australia and New Zealand. In Kachru, Kachru, & Nelson 2006, 74–89.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd & Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2004. Global synopsis: Morphological and syntactic variation in English. In Schneider et al. 2004, 2.1142–202.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1966. The social stratification of English in New York City, 3rd printing 1982. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Lanehart, Sonja (ed.). 2015. The Oxford handbook of African American language. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leap, William L. 1993. American Indian English. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa (ed.). 2004. Singapore English: A grammatical description. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Mauranen, Anna & Ranta, Elina. 2009. English as a lingua franca: Studies and findings. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2007. Deracialising the goose vowel in South African English: Accelerated linguistic change amongst young, middle class females in post-apartheid South Africa. In World Englishes – problems, properties and prospects, ed. by Hoffmann, Thomas & Siebers, Lucia, 318. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend & Bhatt, Rakesh M.. 2008. World Englishes: The study of new linguistic varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mollin, Sandra. 2006. Euro-English: Assessing variety status. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
Mollin, Sandra. 2007. New variety or learner English? Criteria for variety status and the case of Euro-English. English World-Wide 28.2.167–85.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. (ed.). 1993. Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties. Athens, GA & London: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2005. Language evolution: The population genetics way. In Gene, Sprachen und ihre Evolution, ed. by Hauska, Günther, 3052. Regensburg: Universitätsverlag Regensburg.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2012. English as a lingua franca: Myths and facts. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 1.365–70.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2013. Driving forces in English contact linguistics. In English as a contact language, ed. by Schreier, Daniel, & Hundt, Marianne, 204–21. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2015. The emergence of African American English: Monogenetic or polygenetic? With or without “decreolization”? Under how much substrate influence? In Lanehart 2015, 57–84.Google Scholar
Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid & Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). 2000. Degrees of restructuring in creole languages. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Platt, John, Weber, Heidi, & Ho, Mian Lian. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. 2015. The creole origins hypothesis. In Lanehart 2015, 35–56.Google Scholar
Salmons, Joseph C. & Purnell, Thomas C.. 2020. Contact and the development of American English. In The handbook of language contact, ed. by Hickey, Raymond, 361–83. Malden, MA & Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 1989. American Earlier Black English. Morphological and syntactic variables. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 1990. The cline of creoleness in English-oriented creoles and semi-creoles of the Caribbean. English World-Wide 11.1.79113.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. The dynamics of new Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79.2.233–81.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2006. English in North America. In Kachru, Kachru, & Nelson 2006, 58–73.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English. Varieties around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2008. Accommodation versus identity? A response to Trudgill. Language in Society 37.2.262–7.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2011. English around the world. An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2012. Exploring the interface between World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition – and implications for English as a lingua franca. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 1.1.5791.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2013. Leisure-activity ESP as a special case of ELF: The example of scuba diving English. English Today 29.3.4757.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2014. New reflections on the evolutionary dynamics of World Englishes. World Englishes 33.1.932.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2015. Documenting the history of African American Vernacular English: A survey and assessment of sources and results. In Lanehart 2005, 125–39.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2016a. Grassroots Englishes in tourism interactions. English Today 127 32.3.210.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2016b. Hybrid Englishes: An exploratory survey. World Englishes 35.339–54.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2017. Focus on language contact. In English historical linguistics: Perspectives and approaches, ed. by Brinton, Laurel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W., Kortmann, Bernd, Burridge, Kate, Mesthrie, Rajend, & Upton, Clive (eds.). 2004. A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Vol. 2: Morphology and syntax. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2003. Insularity and linguistic endemicity. Journal of English Linguistics 31.3.249–72.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2014. On cafeterias and new dialects. The role of primary transmitters. In The evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and beyond, ed. by Buschfeld, Sarah, Hoffmann, Thomas, Huber, Magnus, & Kautzsch, Alexander, 231–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel, Trudgill, Peter, Schneider, Edgar W., & Williams, Jeffrey P. (eds.). 2010. The lesser-known varieties of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Seargeant, Philip & Tagg, Caroline. 2011. English on the internet and a “post-varieties” approach to language. World Englishes 30.4.496514.Google Scholar
Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2011. Understanding English as a lingua franca. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Selinker, Larry. 1972. Interlanguage. IRAL – International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 10.209–31.Google Scholar
Singh, Rajendra (ed.). 1998. The native speaker. Multilingual perspectives. New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar
Starks, Donna, Gibson, Andy, & Bell, Allan. 2015. Pasifika Englishes in New Zealand. In Further studies in the lesser-known varieties of English, ed. by Williams, Jeffrey P., Schneider, Edgar W., Trudgill, Peter, & Schreier, Daniel, 288304. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language contact: An introduction. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. & Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language contact, creolization and genetic linguistics. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New-dialect formation. The inevitability of colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2008. Colonial dialect contact in the history of European languages: On the irrelevance of identity to new-dialect formation. Language in Society 37.2.241–54.Google Scholar
US Bureau of the Census. 1975. Historical statistics of the United States, Colonial times to 1970, Bicentennial edition, Part 2, Series Z 1–19. Chapter Z: Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Velupillai, Viveka. 2015. Pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages: An introduction. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Williams, Jessica. 1987. Non-native varieties of English: A special case of language acquisition. English World-Wide 8.2.161–99.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2015. The origins of African American Vernacular English: Beginnings. In Lanehart 2015, 85–104.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 2006. African American English. In Kachru, Kachru, & Nelson 2006, 328–45.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×