Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T09:38:49.597Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - The Health At Every Size® Paradigm

Promoting Body Positivity for All Bodies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 June 2018

By
Patti Lou Watkins ,
Dawn Clifford  and
Brian Souza
Edited by
Elizabeth A. Daniels ,
Meghan M. Gillen  and
Charlotte H. Markey
Elizabeth A. Daniels
Affiliation:
University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
Meghan M. Gillen
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
Charlotte H. Markey
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Get access

Summary

The Health At Every Size® (HAES) paradigm is a socio-critical approach to wellness that frames weight bias as a social justice issue and rejects the use of weight, size, and body mass index as proxies for health. The HAES model accepts and respects the inherent diversity of body shapes and sizes, while promoting intuitive eating and physical activity without the goal of weight loss. This chapter details the history of the HAES movement and reviews the empirical literature on HAES interventions, with particular emphasis on outcomes related to body image and disordered eating. Finally, it describes ways in which HAES principles have been, and might continue to be, integrated into clinical, fitness, and educational settings to promote holistic health and enhance body positivity.
Type
Chapter
Information
Body Positive
Understanding and Improving Body Image in Science and Practice
 , pp. 160 - 187
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alberga, A. S., Russell-Mayhew, S., von Ranson, K. M., & McLaren, L. (2016). Weight bias: A call to action. Journal of Eating Disorders, 34, 1–6. doi:10.1186/s40337-016-0112-4Google Scholar
Ambwani, S., Thomas, K. M., Hopwood, C. J., Moss, S. A., & Grillo, C. M. (2014). Obesity stigmatization as the status quo: Structural considerations and prevalence among young adults in the U.S. Eating Behaviours, 15, 366–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Association for Size Diversity and Health. (2017). Retrieved July 13, 2017 from www.sizediversityandhealth.org/.Google Scholar
Bacon, L. (2008). Health At Every Size: The surprising truth about your weight. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books.Google Scholar
Bacon, L. (2017). Website. Retrieved July 13, 2017 from https://lindabacon.org/.Google Scholar
Bacon, L., & Aphramor, L. (2011). Weight science: Evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift. Nutrition Journal, 9, 1–13. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-9.Google Scholar
Bacon, L., & Aphramor, L. (2014). Body respect: What conventional health books get wrong, leave out, and just plain fail to understand about weight. Dallas: BenBella Books.Google Scholar
Bacon, L., Stern, J. S., Van Loan, M. D., & Keim, N. L. (2005). Size acceptance and intuitive eating improve health for obese, female chronic dieters. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(6), 929–936. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.03.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Be Nourished. (2017). Retrieved July 13, 2017 from http://benourished.org/.Google Scholar
Berg, F. M. (1999). Health risks associated with weight loss and obesity treatment programs. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 277–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Body Positive ®. (2017). Retrieved July 13, 2017 from www.bodypositive.com/.Google Scholar
Brown, T. C., & Fry, M. D. (2014). Motivational climate, staff and members’ behaviors, and members’ psychological well-being at a national fitness franchise. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 85(2), 208–217. doi:10.1080/02701367.2014.893385CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruce, L. J., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2016). A systematic review of the psychosocial correlates of intuitive eating among adult women. Appetite, 96, 454–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruno, B. A. (2017). Health At Every Size and me. Fat Studies, 6, 54–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgard, D. (2009). What is “Health At Every Size”? In Rothblum, E. & Solovay, S. (Eds.), The fat studies reader (pp. 41–53). New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Burgard, D. (2010). What’s weight got to do with it? Weight neutrality in the Health At Every Size paradigm and its implications for clinical practice. In Maine, M. & McGilley, B. H. (Eds.). Treatment of eating disorders: Bridging the research–practice gap (pp. 17–33). London: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, E. (2015). Teaching resources for post-secondary educators who challenge dominant “obesity” discourse. Fat Studies, 4, 212–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, E. (2016). Learning to teach every body: Exploring the emergence of a critical “obesity” pedagogy. In Cameron, E. & Russell, C. (Eds.), The fat pedagogy reader: Challenging weight-based oppression in education (pp. 172–178). New York: Peter Lang Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carbonneau, E., Bégin, C., Lemieux, S., Mongeau, L., Paquette, M. C., Turcotte, M., … Provencher, V. (2017). A Health at Every Size intervention improves intuitive eating and diet quality in Canadian women. Clinical Nutrition, 36(3), 747–754. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.06.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardinal, B. J., Whitney, A. R., Narimatsu, M., Hubert, N., & Souza, B. J. (2014). Obesity bias in the gym: An under-recognized social justice, diversity, and inclusivity issue. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 85, 3–6.Google Scholar
Cash, T. F. (2000). MBSRQ users’ manual. Norfolk, VA: Old Dominion University.Google Scholar
Chambliss, H. O., Finley, C. E., & Blair, S. N. (2004). Attitudes toward obese individuals among exercise science students. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(3), 468–474. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000117115.94062.E4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, G. E., Sellaeg, K., Levy-Milne, R., Ottem, A., Barr, S. I., Fierini, D., … Thiele, K. (2005). Canadian dietitians’ approaches to counseling adult clients seeking weight-management advice. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(8), 1275–1279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christel, D. (2016). Obesity education as an intervention to reduce weight bias in fashion students. Journal of Education and Learning, 5, 170–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clifford, D., & Curtis, L. (2016). Motivational interviewing in nutrition and fitness. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Clifford, D., Ozier, A., Bundros, J., Moore, J., Kreiser, A., & Neyman Morris, M. (2015). Impact of non-diet approaches on attitudes, behaviors, and health outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 47, 143–155. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2014.12.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cline, A., Diekman, C.B., & Lachawicz-Morrison, E. (2011). Practice paper of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition intervention in the treatment of eating disorders. Journal of the American Dietetics Association, 111(8), 1261–1273.Google Scholar
Conason, A. (2017, April 27). Is anorexia the latest treatment for obesity? Retrieved from www.psychologytoday.com/blog/eating-mindfully/201704/is-anorexia-the-latest-treatment-obesity.Google Scholar
Dionne, E. (2017, January 24). Fat acceptance activists explain why body positivity is becoming meaningless: It’s complicated. Retrieved from www.revelist.com/ideas/fat-acceptance-body-positivity/6632.Google Scholar
Donaghue, N., & Allen, M. (2016). “People don’t care as much about their health as they do about their looks”: Personal trainers as intermediaries between aesthetic and health-based discourses of exercise participation and weight management. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(1), 96–118. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2015.1016086CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, D., Nicklett, E. J., Roeder, K., & Kirz, N. E. (2011). Eating disorder symptoms among college students: Prevalence, correlates, and treatment-seeking. Journal of American College Health, 59, 700–707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ernsberger, P., & Koletsky, R. J. (1999). Biomedical rationale for a wellness approach to obesity: An alternative to a focus on weight loss. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 221–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ernst, C. (2005). A day in the life of a HAES fitness trainer. Health At Every Size, 19, 83–88.Google Scholar
Fernández-Balboa, J. M., & González Calvo, G. (2017). A critical narrative analysis of the perspectives of physical trainers and fitness instructors in relation to their body image, professional practice and the consumer culture. Sport, Education and Society, online edition, 1–13. doi:10.1080/13573322.2017.1289910Google Scholar
Flint, S. W., & Reale, S. (2016). Weight stigma in frequent exercisers: Overt, demeaning and condescending. Journal of Health Psychology, online edition, 1–10. doi:10.1177/1359105316656232CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gianini, L. M., Walsh, B., Steinglass, J., & Mayer, L. (2017). Long-term weight loss maintenance in obesity: Possible insights from anorexia nervosa? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50, 341–342. doi:10.1002/eat.22685CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glovsky, E. (2014). Wellness, not weight: Health at Every Size and motivational interviewing. San Diego: Cognella.Google Scholar
Greenleaf, C., Petrie, T., & Martin, S. (2014). Relationship of weight-based teasing and adolescents’ psychological well-being and physical health. Journal of School Health, 84, 49–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halliwell, E. (2015). Future directions for positive body image research. Body Image, 14, 177–189. doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, E. L., Summerbell, C. D., Kirk, S. F., & Hill, A. J. (2002). Dietitians’ views of overweight and obese people and reported management practices. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 15(5), 331–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hausenblas, H. A., & Fallon, E. A. (2006). Exercise and body image: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Health, 21(1), 33–47. doi:10.1080/14768320500105270CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Health At Every Size Registry. (2017) Retrieved July 13, 2017 from www.haescommunity.com/haes/search_registry.php.Google Scholar
Homan, K. J., & Tylka, T. L. (2014). Appearance-based exercise motivation moderates the relationship between exercise frequency and positive body image. Body Image, 11(2), 101–108. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.01.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsu, Y., Buckworth, J., Focht, B. C., & O’Connell, A. A. (2013). Feasibility of a self-determination theory-based exercise intervention promoting Health at Every Size with sedentary overweight women: Project CHANGE. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(2), 283–92. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.11.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, L., Clifford, D., & Neyman Morris, M. (2015). Health At Every Size college course reduces dieting behaviors and improves intuitive eating, body esteem, and anti-fat attitudes. Journal of Nutrition Education, and Behavior, 47, 354–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingledew, D. K., & Markland, D. (2008). The role of motives in exercise participation. Psychology and Health, 23(7), 807–828. doi:10.1080/08870440701405704CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
International Health, Racquet, & Sportsclub Association. (2016). About the industry. Retrieved from www.ihrsa.org/about-the-industry.Google Scholar
Khanh-Dao Le, L., Barendregt, J. J., Hay, P., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2017). Prevention of eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 53, 46–58.Google Scholar
LaMarre, A., Rice, C., & Jankowski, G. (2017). Eating disorder prevention as biopedagogy. Fat Studies. www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21604851.2017.1286906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, S., Thomas, S. L., Blood, R. W., Castle, D. J., Hyde, J., & Komesaroff, P. A. (2011). How do obese individuals perceive and respond to the different types of obesity stigma that they encounter in their daily lives? A qualitative study. Social Science & Medicine, 73(9), 1349–1356. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLellan, D., & Berenbaum, S. (2007). Canadian dietitians’ understanding of the client-centered approach to nutrition counseling. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(8), 1414–1417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maine, M., & McGilley, B. H. (2010). Treatment of eating disorders: Bridging the research-practice gap. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Matz, J., & Frankel, E. (2014). Beyond a shadow of a diet: The comprehensive guide to treating binge eating disorder, compulsive eating, and emotional overeating. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAuley, P. A., Blaha, M. J., Keteyian, S. J., Brawner, C. A., Al Rifai, M., Dardari, Z. A., … Al-Mallah, M. H. (2016). Fitness, fatness, and mortality: The FIT (Henry Ford Exercise Testing) Project. The American Journal of Medicine, 129(9), 960–965. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.04.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McFarlane, T., Polivy, J., & McCabe, R. E. (1999). Help, not harm: Psychological foundation for a nondieting approach toward health. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 261–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McHugh, M. C., & Kasardo, A. E. (2012). Anti-fat prejudice: The role of psychology in explication, education, and eradication. Sex Roles, 66, 617–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendelson, B. K., Mendelson, M. J., & White, D. R. (2001). Body-esteem scale for adolescents and adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76(1), 90–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mensinger, J. L., Calogero, R. M., Stranges, S., & Tylka, T. L. (2016). A weight-neutral versus weight-loss approach for health promotion in women with high BMI: A randomized-controlled trial. Appetite, 105, 364–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mizock, L. (2015). The double stigma of obesity and serious mental illnesses: Promoting health and recovery. Stigma and Health, 1, 86–91. doi:10.1037/2376-6972.1.S.86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance. (2017). Retrieved from www.naafaonline.com/dev2/.Google Scholar
Noddings, N. (2005). Caring in education. Retrieved from http://infed.org/mobi/caring-in-education/.Google Scholar
Nutter, S., Russell-Mayhew, S., Alberga, A. S., Arthur, N., Kassan, A., Lund, D. E., … Williams, E. (2016). Positioning of weight bias: Moving towards social justice. Journal of Obesity. doi:10.1155/2016/3753650CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, K. S., Hunter, J. A., & Banks, M. (2007). Implicit anti-fat bias in physical educators: Physical attributes, ideology, and socialization. International Journal of Obesity, 31, 308–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Hara, L., & Taylor, J. (2014). Health At Every Size: A weight-neutral approach for empowerment, resilience, and peace. Journal of Social Work and Human Services Practice, 2, 272–282.Google Scholar
Peregrin, T. (2007). Tips on improving patients’ body image. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(10), 1712–1714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickett, A. C., & Cunningham, G. B. (2017). Physical Activity for Every Body: A model for managing weight stigma and creating body-inclusive spaces. Quest, 69(1), 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2016.114512CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piran, N. (2015). New possibilities in the prevention of eating disorders: The introduction of positive body image measures. Body Image, 14, 146–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2006). Confronting and coping with weight stigma: An investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obesity, 14(10), 1802–1815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2009). The stigma of obesity: A review and update. Obesity, 17, 941–964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R. M., & Latner, J. (2007). Stigma, obesity, and the health of the nation’s children. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 557–580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R. M., Latner, J. D., King, K. M., & Luedicke, J. (2014). Weight bias among professionals treating eating disorders: Attitudes about treatment and perceived patient outcomes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47, 65–75. doi:10.1002/eat.22186CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapoport, L., & Perry, K. N. (2000). Do dietitians feel that they have had adequate training in behaviour change methods? Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 13(4), 287–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raynor, H. A., & Champagne, C. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Interventions for the treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(1), 129–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Registered Dietitians 4 Body Confidence. (2017). Retrieved July 13, 2017 from www.rd4bc.comGoogle Scholar
Robison, J. I. (1999). Weight, health and culture: Shifting the paradigm for alternative health care. Alternative Health Practitioner, 5, 45–69.Google Scholar
Russell-Mayhew, S., & Grace, A. D. (2016). A call for social justice and best practices for the integrated prevention of eating disorders and obesity. Eating Disorders, 24, 54–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). An overview of self-determination theory. In Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3–33). Rochester: University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar
Schaefer, J. T., & Magnuson, A. B. (2014) A review of interventions that promote eating by internal cues. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(5), 734–760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Souza, B. J. (2015). A weight-neutral approach to health and fitness instruction. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 19(3), 17–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souza, B. J. & Ebbeck, V. (2018). Perspectives on increasing positive attitudes toward larger members in fitness centers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 30(1), 96–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2017.1337822CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swift, J. A., Hanlon, S., El-Redy, L., Puhl, R. M., & Glazebrook, C. (2013). Weight bias among UK trainee dietitians, doctors, nurses and nutritionists. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 26(4), 395–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., & Ntoumanis, N. (2007). A self-determination theory approach to the study of body image concerns, self-presentation and self-perceptions in a sample of aerobic instructors. Journal of Health Psychology, 12(2), 301–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105307074267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tylka, T. L., Annunziato, R. A., Burgard, D., Daníelsdóttir, S., Shuman, E., Davis, C., & Calogero, R. M. (2014). The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: Evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss. Journal of Obesity, online edition, 1–18. doi.org/10.1155/2014/983495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118–129. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vartanian, L. R., & Novak, S. A. (2011). Internalized societal attitudes moderate the impact of weight stigma on avoidance of exercise. Obesity, 19(4), 757–762. doi:10.1038/oby.2010.234CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, P. L. (2015). Fat Studies 101: Learning to have your cake and eat it too. Media/Culture Journal, 18(3). Retrieved from http://journal.mediaculture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view Article/968.Google Scholar
Watkins, P. L. (2016). Inclusion of fat studies in a Difference, Power, and Discrimination curriculum. In Cameron, E. & Russell, C. (Eds.), The fat pedagogy reader: Challenging weight-based oppression in education (pp. 161–169). New York: Peter Lang Publishing.Google Scholar
Watkins, P. L., & Concepcion, R. Y. (2014). Teaching Health At Every Size to health care professionals and students. In Glovsky, E. (Ed.), Wellness not weight: Motivational interviewing and Health At Every Size (pp. 159–169). San Diego: Cognella Academic Publishing.Google ScholarPubMed
Watkins, P. L., & Doyle-Hugmeyer, A. (2013). Teaching about eating disorders from a Fat Studies perspective. Transformations, 23, 147–158.Google Scholar
Watkins, P. L., Ebbeck, V., & Levy, S. S. (2005). Feel WonderFull Fitness: A tailored exercise program for larger women. Health At Every Size, 19, 101–120.Google Scholar
Watkins, P. L., Ebbeck, V., & Levy, S. S. (2014). Overcoming weight bias: Promoting physical activity and psychosocial health. Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care, 7(4), 187–197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EIHSC-11–2013-0043CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins, P. L., Farrell, A., & Doyle-Hugmeyer, A. (2012). Teaching Fat Studies: From conception to reception. Fat Studies, 1, 180–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins, P. L., & Gerber, M. R. (2016). Weight-centrism in psychology: Implications and new directions. Fat Studies, 5, 57–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins, P. L., Gerber, M. R., Krieger, K., Pham, H., & Bauman, L. (2016, March). In Chrisler, J. (Chair). Women’s weight in the world. Quantitative effects of a Fat Studies curriculum. Paper presented at the Association for Women in Psychology annual meeting, Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
Willer, F. (2013) The non-diet approach guidebook for dietitians: A how to guide for applying the non-diet approach to individual dietetic counselling. Queensland: NutritionSense Allied Health.Google Scholar
Wood-Barcalow, N. L., Tylka, T. L., & Augustus-Horvath, C. L. (2010). “But I like my body”: Positive body image characteristics and a holistic model for young-adult women. Body Image, 7(2), 106–116. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J., & Cliff, K. P. (2010). Confusing and contradictory: Considering obesity discourse and eating disorders as they shape body pedagogies in HPE. Sport, Education and Society, 15(2), 221–233. doi:10.1080/13573321003683893Google Scholar
Wright, J., & Leahy, D. (2016). Moving beyond body image: A socio-critical approach. In Cameron, E. & Russell, C. (Eds.), The fat pedagogy reader: Challenging weight-based oppression in education (pp. 141–150). New York: Peter Lang Publishing.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×