Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T01:00:56.071Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - The Bipolar Spectrum

from Section 1 - Domain Chapters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2018

By
Chris B. Aiken
Edited by
Gordon Parker
Gordon Parker
Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Bipolar II Disorder
Modelling, Measuring and Managing
 , pp. 16 - 32
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Further Reading

For professionals: Phelps, J. (2016). A Spectrum Approach to Mood Disorders: Not Fully Bipolar but Not Unipolar – Practical Management. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
For patients: Aiken, C. and Phelps, J. (2017). Bipolar, Not So Much: Understanding Your Mood Swings and Depression. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Online: www.psycheducation.orgGoogle Scholar

References

Aiken, C. B. (2007). Pramipexole in psychiatry: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 1230–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Aiken, C. B., Weisler, R. H. and Sachs, G. S. (2015). The Bipolarity Index: a clinician-rated measure of diagnostic confidence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 177, 59–64.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. (2005). Searching for behavioral indicators of bipolar II in patients presenting with major depressive episodes: the ‘red sign,’ the ‘rule of three’ and other biographic signs of temperamental extravagance, activation and hypomania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 84, 279–90.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. and Akiskal, K. K. (2011). Overview of principles of caring for bipolar patients. In Bipolar Psychopharmacotherapy: Caring for the Patient, 2nd ed., ed. Akiskal, H. S. and Tohen, M., pp. 487–508. West Sussex, UK: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. and Benazzi, F. (2003). Family history validation of the bipolar nature of depressive mixed states. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 113–22.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. and Pinto, O. (1999). The evolving bipolar spectrum. Prototypes I, II, III, and IV. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22, 517–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akiskal, H. S., Hantouche, E. G. and Allilaire, J. F. (2003). Bipolar II with and without cyclothymic temperament: ‘dark’ and ‘sunny’ expressions of soft bipolarity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 49–57.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., Maser, J. D., Zeller, P. et al. (1995). Switching from ‘unipolar’ to bipolar II: an 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 114–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., Walker, P., Puzantian, V. R. et al. (1983). Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness. Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 5, 115–28.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. revised. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Angst, J. and Dobler-Mikola, A. (1984). The Zurich study. II. The continuum from normal to pathological depressive mood swings. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 234, 21–9.Google Scholar
Angst, J. and Marneros, A. (2001). Bipolarity from ancient to modern times: conception, birth and rebirth. Journal of Affective Disorders, 67, 3–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angst, J., Azorin, J. M., Bowden, C. L., Perugi, G. et al. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of undiagnosed bipolar disorders in patients with a major depressive episode: the BRIDGE study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 791–8.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Gamma, A., Benazzi, F. et al. (2003). Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar–II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 133–46.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Gamma, A., Bowden, C. L. et al. (2012). Diagnostic criteria for bipolarity based on an international sample of 5,635 patients with DSM-IV major depressive episodes. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 262, 3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansgt, J. (1978). The course of affective disorders. II. Typology of bipolar manic-depressive illness. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 226, 65–73.Google Scholar
Ansgt, J., (2006). Do many patients with depression suffer from bipolar disorder? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 3−5.Google Scholar
Apfelbaum, S., Regalado, P., Herman, L. et al. (2013). Comorbidity between bipolar disorder and Cluster B personality disorders as indicator of affective dysregulation and clinical severity. Actas Espanolas De Psiquiatria, 41, 269–78.Google Scholar
Barbuti, M., Pacchiarotti, I., Vieta, E. et al. (2017). Antidepressant-induced hypomania/mania in patients with major depression: evidence from the BRIDGE–II–MIX study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 219, 187–92.Google Scholar
Benazzi, F. (2003). Bipolar II disorder and major depressive disorder: continuity or discontinuity? World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 4, 166–71.Google Scholar
Bromundt, V., Wirz-Justice, A., Kyburz, S. et al. (2013). Circadian sleep-wake cycles, well-being, and light therapy in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27, 680–96.Google Scholar
Cassano, G. B., Rucci, P., Frank, E. et al. (2004). The mood spectrum in unipolar and bipolar disorder: arguments for a unitary approach. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1264–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correa, R., Akiskal, H. S., Gilmer, W. et al. (2010). Is unrecognized bipolar disorder a frequent contributor to apparent treatment resistant depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 127, 10–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Aguiar Ferreira, A., Vasconcelos, A. G., Neves, F. S. and Correa, H. (2014). Affective temperaments and antidepressant response in the clinical management of mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 155, 138–41.Google Scholar
de Aguiar Ferreira, A., Vasconcelos, A. G., Neves, F. S. et al. (2013). Affective temperaments: familiality and clinical use in mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148, 53–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeGeorge, D. P., Walsh, M. A., Barrantes-Vidal, N. and Kwapil, T. R. (2014). A three-year longitudinal study of affective temperaments and risk for psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164, 94–100.Google Scholar
Del Debbio, A., Blais, M. A., Dias, R. et al. (2007). Use of factor analysis to type bipolar disorder by correspondence to classic phenotype: bipolarity index. Bipolar Disorders, 9 (Suppl.), S32–3.Google Scholar
Diler, R. S., Goldstein, T. R., Hafeman, D. et al. (2017). Characteristics of depression among offspring at high and low familial risk of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 19, 344–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunner, D. L., Fleiss, J. L. and Fieve, R. R. (1976), The course of development of mania in patients with recurrent depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 905–8.Google Scholar
Elias, L. R., Köhler, C.A., Stubbs, B. et al. (2017). Measuring affective temperaments: a systematic review of validation studies of the Temperament Evaluation in Memphis Pisa and San Diego (TEMPS) instruments. Journal of Affective Disorders, 212, 25–37.Google Scholar
Evans, L., Akiskal, H. S., Keck, P. E. et al. (2005). Familiality of temperament in bipolar disorder: support for a genetic spectrum. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 153–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fassino, S., Amianto, F., Gastaldi, F. et al. (2009). Personality trait interactions in parents of patients with borderline personality disorder: a controlled study using the Temperament and Character Inventory. Psychiatry Research, 165, 128–36.Google Scholar
Fava, G. A., Rafanelli, C., Tomba, E. et al. (2011). The sequential combination of cognitive behavioral treatment and well-being therapy in cyclothymic disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80, 136–43.Google Scholar
Ferentinos, P., Fountoulakis, K. N., Lewis, C. M. et al. (2017). Validating a two-dimensional bipolar spectrum model integrating DSM-5's mixed features specifier for Major Depressive Disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77, 89–99.Google Scholar
Fleischer, M., Schäfer, M., Coogan, A. et al. (2012). Sleep disturbances and circadian CLOCK genes in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna), 119, 1105–10.Google Scholar
Fornaro, M., Orsolini, L., Marini, S. et al. (2016). The prevalence and predictors of bipolar and borderline personality disorders comorbidity: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 195, 105–18.Google Scholar
Gamma, A., Angst, J., Ajdacic-Gross, V. and Rössler, W. (2008). Are hypomanics the happier normals? Journal of Affective Disorders, 111, 235–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gandotra, S., Ram, D., Kour, J. and Praharaj, S. K. (2011). Association between affective temperaments and bipolar spectrum disorders: preliminary perspectives from a controlled family study. Psychopathology, 44, 216–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gassab, L., Mechri, A., Bacha, M. et al. (2008). Affective temperaments in the bipolar and unipolar disorders: distinctive profiles and relationship with clinical features. Encephale, 34, 477–82.Google Scholar
Ghaemi, S. N., Ko, J. Y. and Goodwin, F. K. (2001). The bipolar spectrum and the antidepressant view of the world. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 7, 287–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonda, X. and Vázquez, G. H. (2014). Theoretical and clinical overview of affective temperaments in mood disorders. Psicodebate, 14, 39–57.Google Scholar
Guerreiro, D. F., Sampaio, D., Rihmer, Z. et al. (2013). Affective temperaments and self-harm in adolescents: a cross-sectional study from a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 891–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hafeman, D. M., Merranko, J., Goldstein, T. R. et al. (2017). Assessment of a person-level risk calculator to predict new-onset bipolar spectrum disorder in youth at familial risk. JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 841–7.Google Scholar
Hancock-Johnson, E., Griffiths, C. and Picchioni, M. (2017). A focused systematic review of pharmacological treatment for borderline personality disorder. CNS Drugs, 31, 345–56.Google Scholar
Henry, C., Lacoste, J., Bellivier, F. et al. (1999). Temperament in bipolar illness: impact on prognosis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 56, 103–8.Google Scholar
Henry, C., Sorbara, F., Lacoste, J. et al. (2001). Antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar patients: identification of risk factors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 249–55.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M., Lewis, L. and Vornik, L. A. (2003). Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 161–74.Google Scholar
Kapczinski, F., Magalhães, P. V., Balanzá-Martinez, V. et al. (2014). Staging systems in bipolar disorder: an International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force Report. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130, 354–63.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J. and Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2011). Borderline personality disorder traits and their relationship with dimensions of normative personality: a web-based cohort and twin study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 123, 349–59.Google Scholar
Kessing, L. V., Willer, I., Andersen, P. K. and Bukh, J. D. (2017). Rate and predictors of conversion from unipolar to bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bipolar Disorders, 19, 324–35.Google Scholar
Klerman, G. L. (1981). The spectrum of mania. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 22, 11–20.Google Scholar
Koukopoulos, A., Faedda, G., Proietti, R. et al. (1992). Mixed depressive syndrome. Encephale, Spec No. 1, 19–21.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1921). Manic-depressive Insanity and Paranoia. Edinburgh: E&S Livingstone.Google Scholar
Kumar, M., Saha, P. K. and Mondal, A. (2017). The mood spectrum and temperamental instability in unipolar and bipolar disorder. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 39, 336–41.Google Scholar
Lara, D. R., Bisol, L. W., Ottoni, G. L. et al. (2015). Validation of the ‘rule of three’, the ‘red sign’ and temperament as behavioral markers of bipolar spectrum disorders in a large sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 183, 195–204.Google Scholar
Leonhard, K. (1957). Aufteilung der Endogenen Psychosen. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.Google Scholar
Links, P. S., Steiner, M., Boiago, I. and Irwin, D. (1990). Lithium therapy for borderline patients: preliminary findings. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4, 173–81.Google Scholar
Ma, Y., Gao, H., Yu, X. et al. (2016). Bipolar diagnosis in China: evaluating diagnostic confidence using the Bipolarity Index. Journal of Affective Disorders, 202, 247–53.Google Scholar
Manning, J. S., Haykal, R. F., Connor, P. D. et al. (2005). Sustained remission with lamotrigine augmentation or monotherapy in female resistant depressives with mixed cyclothymic-dysthymic temperament. Journal of Affective Disorders, 84, 259–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maremmani, I., Akiskal, H. S., Signoretta, S. et al. (2005). The relationship of Kraepelian affective temperaments (as measured by TEMPS-I) to the tridimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ). Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 17–27.Google Scholar
McCraw, S. and Parker, G. (2016). The comparative short-term outcome of bipolar II disorder patients variably meeting or not meeting DSM-5 duration criteria following lamotrigine treatment. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30, 554–8.Google Scholar
Mendlowicz, M. V., Jean-Louis, G., Kelsoe, J. R. and Akiskal, H. S. (2005). A comparison of recovered bipolar patients, healthy relatives of bipolar probands, and normal controls using the short TEMPS-A. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 147–51.Google Scholar
Miller, S., Dennehy, E. B. and Suppes, T. (2016). The prevalence and diagnostic validity of short-duration hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, B., Camacho, A., Lara, D. R. et al. (2008). A case series on the hypothesized connection between dementia and bipolar spectrum disorders: bipolar type VI? Journal of Affective Disorders, 107, 307–15.Google Scholar
Nusslock, R. and Frank, E. (2011). Subthreshold bipolarity: diagnostic issues and challenges. Bipolar Disorders, 13, 587–603.Google Scholar
Paris, J. (2012). The Bipolar Spectrum: Diagnosis or Fad? New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Perlis, R. H., Uher, R., Ostacher, M. et al. (2011). Association between bipolar spectrum features and treatment outcomes in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 351–61.Google ScholarPubMed
Perugi, G., Angst, J., Azorin, J. M. et al. (2015). Mixed features in patients with a major depressive episode: the BRIDGE-II-MIX study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76, e351–8.Google Scholar
Perugi, G., Hantouche, E. and Vannucchi, G. (2017). Diagnosis and treatment of cyclothymia: the ‘primacy’ of temperament. Current Neuropharmacology, 15, 372–9.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. L. and Kupfer, D. J. (2013). Bipolar disorder diagnosis: Challenges and future directions. Lancet, 381, 1663–71.Google Scholar
Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., Clarke, D. E. et al. (2013). DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: test–retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 59–70.Google Scholar
Reid, J. G., Gitlin, M. J. and Altshuler, L. L. (2013). Lamotrigine in psychiatric disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74, 675–84.Google Scholar
Riemann, G., Weisscher, N., Goossens, P. J. et al. (2014). The addition of STEPPS in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder and comorbid borderline personality features: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 172.Google Scholar
Ripoll, L. H. (2012). Clinical psychopharmacology of borderline personality disorder: an update on the available evidence in light of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–5. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25, 52–8.Google Scholar
Robins, E. and Guze, S. B. (1970). Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 983–7.Google Scholar
Röttig, D., Röttig, S., Brieger, P. and Marneros, A. (2007). Temperament and personality in bipolar I patients with and without mixed episodes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 104, 97–102.Google Scholar
Rózsa, S., Rihmer, Z., Gonda, X. et al. (2008). A study of affective temperaments in Hungary: internal consistency and concurrent validity of the TEMPS-A against the TCI and NEO-PI-R. Journal of Affective Disorders, 106, 45–53.Google Scholar
Schneck, C. D., Chang, K. D., Singh, M. K. et al. (2017). A pharmacologic algorithm for youth who are at high risk for bipolar disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 27, 796–805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serra, G., Koukopoulos, A., De Chiara, L. et al. (2015). Features preceding diagnosis of bipolar versus major depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 134–42.Google Scholar
Sit, D. K., McGowan, J., Wiltrout, C., et al. (2017). Adjunctive bright light therapy for bipolar depression: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16101200.Google Scholar
Soloff, P. H., George, A., Nathan, R. S. et al. (1987). Behavioral dyscontrol in borderline patients treated with amitriptyline. Psychopharmacol Bulletin, 23, 177–81.Google Scholar
Soloff, P. H., George, A., Nathan, R. S. et al. (1986). Paradoxical effects of amitriptyline on borderline patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1603–5.Google Scholar
Stahl, S. M., Morrissette, D. A., Faedda, G., et al. (2017). Guidelines for the recognition and management of mixed depression. CNS Spectrums, 22, 203–19.Google Scholar
Stoffers, J., Völlm, B. A., Rücker, G. et al. (2010). Pharmacological interventions for borderline personality disorder. The Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, 6, CD005653.Google Scholar
Strober, M. and Carlson, G. (1982). Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: clinical, genetic, and psychopharmacologic predictors in a three- to four-year prospective followup investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 549–55.Google Scholar
Takeshima, M. and Oka, T. (2013). A comprehensive analysis of features that suggest bipolarity in patients with a major depressive episode: which is the best combination to predict soft bipolarity diagnosis? Journal of Affective Disorders, 147, 150–5.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. A. and Abrams, R. (1980a). Reassessing the bipolar–unipolar dichotomy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2, 195–217.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. A., Abrams, R. and Hayman, M. A. (1980b). The classification of affective disorders – a reassessment of the bipolar–unipolar dichotomy. A clinical, laboratory, and family study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2, 95–109.Google Scholar
Tondo, L., Baldessarini, R. J., Vázquez, G. et al. (2013). Clinical responses to antidepressants among 1036 acutely depressed patients with bipolar or unipolar major affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 127, 355–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vázquez, G. H., Kahn, C., Schiavo, C. E. et al. (2008). Bipolar disorders and affective temperaments: a national family study testing the ‘endophenotype’ and ‘subaffective’ theses using the TEMPS-A Buenos Aires. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108, 25–32.Google Scholar
Vázquez, G. H., Lolich, M., Cabrera, C. et al. (2018). Mixed symptoms in major depressive and bipolar disorders: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 756–60.Google Scholar
Vázquez, G. H., Tondo, L., Mazzarini, L. and Gonda, X. (2012). Affective temperaments in general population: a review and combined analysis from national studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 139, 18–22.Google Scholar
Vöhringer, P. A., Whitham, E. A., Thommi, S. B. et al. (2012). Affective temperaments in clinical practice: a validation study in mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 577–80.Google Scholar
Walsh, M. A., Royal, A. M., Barrantes-Vidal, N. et al. (2012). The association of affective temperaments with impairment and psychopathology in a young adult sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141, 373–81.Google Scholar
Woo, Y. S., Shim, I. H., Wang, H. R. et al. (2015). A diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder predicts diagnostic conversion from unipolar depression to bipolar disorder: a 5-year retrospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 83–8.Google Scholar
Zaravinos-Tsakos, P., Kupka, R. and Draisma, S. (2017). The Bipolarity Index: exploring the dimensional profile of diagnostic confidence. International Society of Bipolar Disorders Annual Meeting (Poster Presentation).Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Galione, J. N., Ruggero, C. J. et al. (2011). Are screening scales for bipolar disorder good enough to be used in clinical practice? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52, 600–6.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×