The origins of the state in Oaxaca lie in the founding of Monte Albán, which in turn led to consequences much in evidence by the Late Formative (100 BC): hierarchy development, warfare, urban and rural demographic growth, social stratification, local irrigation projects and other new agricultural strategies, and an inclusive religious cult associated with fertility. Economic behavior changed with marketplace exchange, more output by craft specialists, and increased spending on house construction and portable goods (standard of living, economic growth).