Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 29
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
December 2009
Print publication year:
2004
Online ISBN:
9780511610943

Book description

Andrea Wiley investigates the ecological, historical, and socio-cultural factors that contribute to the peculiar pattern of infant mortality in Ladakh, a high-altitude region in the western Himalayas of India. Ladakhi newborns are extremely small at birth, smaller than those in other high-altitude populations, smaller still than those in sea level regions. Factors such as hypoxia, dietary patterns, the burden of women's work, gender, infectious diseases, seasonality, and use of local health resources all affect a newborn's birth weight and raise the likelihood of infant mortality. An Ecology of High-Altitude Infancy is unique in that it makes use of the methods of human biology but strongly emphasizes the ethnographic context that gives human biological measures their meaning. It is an example of a new genre of anthropological work: 'ethnographic human biology'.

Reviews

"A welcome addition for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in medical anthropology, as well as for public health and other professionals interested in maternal and infant health." American Journal of Biology

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References
Abelson, Andrew E., Baker, Thelma S., and Baker, Paul T. 1974. Altitude, migration, and fertility in the Andes. Social Biology 21: 12–27
Adair, Linda S. 1987. Nutrition in the reproductive years. In Johnston, Francis E. (ed.), Nutritional Anthropology. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 119–154
Adair, Linda S., and Pollitt, Ernesto 1985. Outcome of maternal nutrition supplementation: A comprehensive review of the Bacon Chow study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41: 948–978
Agarwal, D. K., and Agarwal, K. N. 1987. Early childhood mortality in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Indian Pediatrics 24: 627–632
Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter. 1965. Further research into the adverse effects of maternal deprivation. In Bowlby, John (ed.), Child Care and the Growth of Love. Baltimore: Penguin Books, pp. 205–211
Airede, A. I. 1992. Neonatal septicaemia in an African city of high altitude. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 38: 189–191
Albalak, Rachel. 1997. Cultural Practices and Exposure to Particulate Pollution from Indoor Biomass Cooking: Effects on Respiratory Health and Nutritional Status among the Aymara of the Bolivian Highlands. PhD dissertation, University of Michigan
Alexander, G. R., and Korenbrot, C. C. 1995. The role of prenatal care in preventing low birth weight. The Future of Children 5: 103–120
Appadurai, Arjun. 1986. Theory in anthropology: Center and periphery. Comparative Studies in Society and History 28: 356–361
Armelagos, George J., Goodman, Alan, and Jacobs, Kenneth H. 1978. The ecological perspective in disease. In Logan, Michael H., and Hunt, Edward E. (eds.), Health and the Human Condition: Perspectives on Medical Anthropology. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press, pp. 71–84
Ashworth, A. 1998. Effects of intrauterine growth retardation on mortality and morbidity in infants and young children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52: S34–S42
Attenborough, Robert. 1994. The population of Stongde, Zangskar. In Crook, John, and Osmaston, Henry (eds.), Himalayan Buddhist Villages: Environment, Resources, Society, and Religious Life in Zangskar. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol, pp. 295–330
Attenborough, Robert, Attenborough, M., and Leeds, A. R. 1994. Nutrition in Stongde. In Crook, John, and Osmaston, Henry (eds.), Himalayan Buddhist Villages: Environment, Resources, Society, and Religious Life in Zangskar. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol, pp. 383–404
Aziz, Barbara Nimri. 1978. Tibetan Frontier Families: Reflections on Three Generations from D'ing-ri. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press
Baer, Hans A., Singer, Merrill, and Johnsen, John H. 1986. Introduction: Toward a critical medical anthropology. Social Science & Medicine 23: 95–98
Baker, Paul T., ed. 1978. The Biology of High-altitude Peoples. New York: Cambridge University Press
Baker, Paul T., and Dutt, J. S. 1972. Demographic variables as measures of biological adaptation: A case study of high altitude populations. In Harrison, G. A., and Boyce, A. J. (eds.), The Structure of Human Populations. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, pp. 352–378
Baker, Paul T., and Little, Michael A., eds. 1976. Man in the Andes: A Multidisciplinary Study of High-Altitude Quechua. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross
Barker, David J. P. 1995. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. British Medical Journal 311: 171–174
Beall, Cynthia M. 1976. The effects of high altitude on growth, morbidity, and mortality of Peruvian infants. PhD Dissertation, Pennsylvania State University
Beall, Cynthia M. 1981. Optimal birth weights in Peruvian populations at high and low altitudes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 56: 209–216
Beall, Cynthia M. 2000. Tibetan and Andean patterns of adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. Human Biology 72: 201–228
Beall, Cynthia M., Almasy, Laura A., Blangero, John, Williams-Blangero, Sarah, Brittenham, Gary M., Strohl, Kingman P., Decker, Michael J., Vargas, Enrique, Villena, Mercedes, Soria, Rudy, Alarcon, Ana Maria, and Gonzales, Cristina. 1999. Percent of oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin among Bolivian Aymara at 3,900–4,000 m. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 108: 41–51
Beall, Cynthia M., Blangero, John, Williams-Blangero, Sarah, and Goldstein, Melvyn C. 1994. Major gene for percent oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin in Tibetan highlanders. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 95: 271–276
Beall, Cynthia M., Strohl, Kingman P., Blangero, John, Williams-Blangero, Sarah, Almasy, Laura A., Decker, Michael J., Worthman, Carol M., Goldstein, Melvyn C., Vargas, Enrique, Villena, Mercedes, Soria, Rudy, Alarcon, Ana Maria, and Gonzales, Cristina. 1997. Ventilation and hypoxic ventilatory response of Tibetan and Aymara high altitude natives. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104: 427–447
Belsky, Jay. 1997. Attachment, mating, and parenting: An evolutionary interpretation. Human Nature 8: 361–381
Berman, P., Kendall, C., and Bhattacharyya, K. 1994. The household production of health: Integrating social science perspectives on micro-level health determinants. Social Science & Medicine 38: 205–215
Berti, Peter R., Leonard, William R., and Berti, Wilma J. 1998. Stunting in an Andean community: Prevalence and etiology. American Journal of Human Biology 10: 229–240
Bogin, Barry. 1998. The tall and the short of it. Discover 19: 40–44
Bongaarts, J., and Potter, R. G. 1983, Fertility, Biology, and Behavior: An Analysis of the Proximate Determinants. New York: Academic Press
Bongaarts, John. 1978. A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. Population and Development Review 4: 105–132
Bowlby, John. 1982. Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books
Braun, Peter, Lee, Yhu-Hsiung, and O'Klein, Jerome, et al. 1971. Birth weight and genital mycoplasmas in pregnancy. New England Journal of Medicine 284: 167–171
Buck, Alfred A., Sasaki, Tom T., and Anderson, Robert I. 1968. Health and Disease in Four Peruvian Villages: Contrasts in Epidemiology. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press
Buth, G. M., and Navchoo, Irshad A. 1988. Ethnobotany of Ladakh (India): Plants used in health care. Journal of Ethnobiology 8: 185–194
Campbell, Kenneth L., and Wood, James W. 1988. Fertility in traditional societies. In Diggory, Peter, Potts, Malcolm, and Teper, Sue (eds.), Natural Human Fertility: Social and Biological Determinants. London: Macmillan Press, pp. 39–69
Carey, James W. 1990. Social system effects on local level morbidity and adaptation in the rural Peruvian Andes. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 4: 266–295
Carrasco, Pedro. 1959. Land and Polity in Tibet. Seattle: University of Washington Press
Caulfield, L. E. 1991. Birth weight as an indicator of fetal nutritional status. In Himes, J. H. (ed.), Anthropometric Assessment of Nutritional Status. New York: Wiley-Liss, pp. 259–271
Chang, K.-C. 1986. The Archeology of Ancient China. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Chase, Helen C. 1969. Infant mortality and weight at birth: 1960 United States birth cohort. American Journal of Public Health 59: 1618–1628
Chattopadhya, D., Chatterjee, R., Anand, V. K., Kumari, S., and Patwari, A. K. 1992. Lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children due to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus during a suspected epidemic period of RS virus in Delhi. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 38: 68–73
Chen, Lincoln C. 1983. Child survival: Levels, trends, and determinants. In Bulatao, Rodolfo, and Lee, Ronald D. (eds.), Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries. New York: Academic Press, pp. 199–232
Chen, Lincoln C., Huq, Emdadul, and D'Souza, Stan. 1981. Sex bias in the family allocation of food and health care in rural Bangladesh. Population and Development Review 7: 55–70
Chin, Nancy Perini. 1992. Child growth in three Tibetan villages: An assessment of environmental, biological, and social determinants. Master's Thesis, University of Rochester
Chisholm, J. 1993. Death, Hope, and Sex: Life-history theory and the development of reproductive strategies. Current Anthropology 34: 1–24
Chisholm, James S. 1996. The evolutionary ecology of attachment organization. Human Nature 7: 1–38
Clegg, E. J. 1978. Fertility and early growth. In Baker, P. T. (ed.), The Biology of High-altitude Peoples. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 65– 115
Clifford, Terry. 1984. Tibetan Buddhist Medicine and Psychiatry: The Diamond Healing. York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser
Cogswell, Mary E., and Yip, Ray, 1995. The influence of fetal and maternal factors on the distribution of birthweight. Seminars in Perinatology 19: 222–240
Conlisk, Elizabeth Ann. 1987. The effect of high altitude on birthweight and mortality in Bolivia, Master's Thesis, Cornell University
Crook, John, and Crook, Stamati. 1994. Explaining Tibetan polyandry: Socio-cultural, demographic and biological perspectives. In Crook, John, and Osmaston, Henry (eds.), Himalayan Buddhist Villages: Environment, Resources, Society, and Religious Life in Zangskar. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol, pp. 735–786
Crook, John H., and Shakya, T. 1983. Six families of Leh. In Kantowsky, Detlef, and Sander, Reinhard (eds.), Recent Research on Ladakh. London: Weltforum Verlag, pp. 195–216
Cunningham, Alexander. 1854. Ladák: Physical, Statistical, and Historical. London: Wm. H. Allen
Cunningham, Allan S. 1995. Breastfeeding: Adaptive behavior for child health and longevity. In Stuart-Macadam, Patricia, and Dettwyler, Katherine A. (eds.), Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 243–264
Cvejic, Elizabeth, Ades, Steven, Flexer, William, and Gray-Donald, Katherine. 1997. Breastfeeding practices and nutritional status of children at high altitude in Ladakh. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 43: 376
Das Gupta, Monica. 1987. Selective discrimination against female children in India. Population and Development Review 13: 77–100
Das Gupta, Monica. 1995. Life course perspectives on women's autonomy and health outcomes. American Anthropologist 97: 481–491
Meer, Kees. 1988. Mortality in children among the Aymara Indians of southern Peru. Social Science & Medicine 26: 253–258
Meer, Kees, Bergman, Roland, and Kusner, John S. 1993. Socio-cultural determinants of child mortality in southern Peru, including some methodological considerations. Social Science & Medicine 36: 317–331
Onis, M., Blossner, M., and Villar, J. 1998. Levels and patterns of intrauterine growth retardation in developing countries. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52: S5–S15
Dennell, R. W., Rendell, H. M., and Hailwood, E. 1988. Late Pliocene artefacts from northern Pakistan. Current Anthropology 29: 495–498
Desowitz, Robert S. 1981. New Guinea Tapeworms and Jewish Grandmothers. New York: W. W. Norton
DeSweemer, Cecile, Kielmann, Arnfried A., and Parker, Robert L. 1983. Indicators of nutrition risk. In Kielmann, Arnfried A. et al. (eds.), Child and Maternal Health Services in Rural India: The Narangwal Experiment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 126–156
Dhonden, Yeshi. 1980a. Childbirth in Tibetan medicine. Tibetan Medicine 1: 36–40
Dhonden, Yeshi. 1980b. Embryology in Tibetan medicine. Tibetan Medicine 1: 43–48
Diamond, Jared. 1991. Curse and blessing of the ghetto. Discover, March: 60–65
Directorate of Economics & Statistics Planning and Development Department. 1987. Statistical Handbook, District: Leh 1985–1986. Srinagar, India: Government Press
Durham, William. 1991. Coevolution: Genes, Culture and Human Diversity. Stanford: Stanford University Press
Dutt, James S. 1980. Altitude and fertility: The confounding effect of childhood mortality – a Bolivian example. Social Biology 27: 101–114
Edmonston, B., and Andes, N. 1983. Community variations in infant and child mortality in Peru. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 37: 121–126
Elford, Jonathan. 1994. Kumik: A demographic profile. In Crook, John, and Osmaston, Henry (eds.), Himalayan Buddhist Villages: Environment, Resources, Society, and Religious Life in Zangskar. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol, pp. 331–360
Ellison, Peter T. 1994. Advances in Reproductive Ecology. Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 255–275
Ellison, Peter T. 1995. Breastfeeding, fertility, and maternal condition. In Stuart-Macadam, Patricia, and Dettwyler, Katherine A. (eds.), Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 305–345
Escudero, F., Gonzales, G. F., and Gonez, C. 1996. Hormone profile during the menstrual cycle at high altitude. International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 55: 49–58
Farmer, Paul. 1999. Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues. Berkeley: University of California Press
Fiscella, K. 1995. Does prenatal care improve birth outcomes? A critical review. Obstetrics and Gynecology 85: 468–479
Fisher, Margaret W., Rose, Leo E., and Huttenback, Robert A. 1963. Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh. London: Pall Mall Press
Frappell, P. B., Leon-Velarde, F., Aguero, L., and Mortola, J. P. 1998. Response to cooling temperature in infants born at an altitude of 4,330 meters. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 158: 1751–1756
Frisancho, A. Roberto. 1993. Human Adaptation and Accommodation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Frisancho, A. Roberto, and Baker, Paul T. 1970. Altitude and growth: A study of the patterns of physical growth of a high-altitude Peruvian Quechua population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 32: 279–292
Frisancho, A.Roberto, Frisancho H. G., Albalak, R., Villena, M., Vargas, E., and Soria, R. 1997. Developmental, genetic, and environmental components of lung volumes at high altitude. American Journal of Human Biology 9: 191–203
Gabriel, Sherif E., Brigman, Kristen N., Koller, Beverly H., Boucher, Richard C., and Stutts, M. Jackson. 1994. Cystic fibrosis heterozygote resistance to cholera toxin in the cystic fibrosis mouse model. Science 266: 107–109
Geetha, T., Chenoy, Rashna, Stevens, D., and Johanson, R. B. 1995. A multicentre study of perinatal mortality in Nepal. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 9: 74–89
Goldstein, Melvyn C. 1971. Stratification, polyandry, and family structure in central Tibet. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 27: 64–74
Goldstein, Melvyn C. 1976. Fraternal polyandry and fertility in a high Himalayan valley in northwest Nepal. Human Ecology 4: 223–233
Goldstein, Melvyn C. 1981. New perspectives on Tibetan fertility and population decline. American Ethnologist 8: 721–738
Goldstein, Melvyn C., Tsarong, Paljor, and Beall, Cynthia M. 1983. High altitude hypoxia, culture, and human fecundity/fertility: A comparative study. American Anthropologist 85: 28–49
Goodman, Alan H., and Leatherman, Thomas L., eds. 1998a. Building a New Biocultural Synthesis: Political-Economic Perspectives on Human Biology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Goodman, Alan H., and Leatherman, Thomas L. 1998b. Traversing the chasm between biology and culture: An introduction. In Goodman, Alan H., and Leatherman, Thomas L. (eds.), Building a New Biocultural Synthesis: Political-Economic Perspectives on Human Biology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 3–41
Government of India. 1961a. Census of India 1961, Vol. VI, Jammu and Kashmir, Part IX, Census Atlas. New Delhi: Government of India Press
Government of India. 1961b. Jammu and Kashmir District Census Handbook 4: Ladakh District. New Delhi: Government of India
Government of India. 1983. Census of India 1981. Series 8. Jammu and Kashmir. Part IVA, Social and Cultural Tables. New Delhi: Government of India Press
Grahn, D., and Kratchman, J. 1963. Variation in neonatal death rate and birth weight in the United States and possible relations to environmental radiation, geology and altitude. American Journal of Human Genetics 15: 329–352
Greene, Lawrence S. 1977, Hyperendemic goiter, cretinism, and social organization in highland Ecuador. In Greene, Lawrence S. (ed.), Malnutrition, Behavior, and Social Organization. New York: Academic Press, pp. 55–94
Greene, Lawrence S. 1980. Social and biological predictors of physical growth and neurological development in an area where iodine and protein-energy malnutrition are endemic. In Greene, Lawrence S., and Johnston, F. (eds.), Social and Biological Predictors of Nutritional Status, Physical Growth, and Neurological Development. New York: Academic Press, pp. 223–256
Greksa, Larry P., Spielvogel, H., and Caceres, E. 1985. Effect of altitude on the physical growth of upper-class children of European ancestry. Annals of Human Biology 12: 225–232
Gupta, Ranjan, Basu, Amitabha, Pawson, I. G., Bharati, Premananda, Mukhopadhyay, Barun, Mukhopadhyay, Susmita, Roy, Subrata K., Majumder, Partha P., Bhattacharya, Sanat K., Bhattacharya, Kalyan K., and Das, Swapan K. 1989. Altitude and human biology: A comparative study of Himalayan, Andean and Ethiopian data. In Basu, Amitabha, and Gupta, Ranjan (eds.), Human Biology of Asian Highland Populations in the Global Context. Calcutta, India: The Indian Anthropological Society, pp. 1–80
Gutschow, Kim Irmgard. 1998. An economy of merit: Women and Buddhist monasticism in Zangskar, northwest India, PhD Dissertation, Harvard University
Haas, J. D., Moreno-Black, G., Frongillo, E. A., Pabon, J., Pareja, G., Ybarnegaray, J., and Hurtado, L. 1982. Altitude and infant growth in Bolivia: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 59: 251–262
Haas, Jere D. 1980, Maternal adaptation and fetal growth at high altitude in Bolivia. In Greene, L. S., and Johnston, F. (eds.), Social and biological predictors of nutritional status, physical growth, and neurological development. New York: Academic Press, pp. 257–290
Haas, Jere D. 1981. Maternal-fetal responses to pregnancy as indicators of human adaptability at high altitude. In L'homme et son Environnement à Haute Altitude. Paris: Seminaire CNRS/NSF
Haas, Jere D. 1990. Mortality and morbidity consequences of variation in early childhood growth. In Swedlund, Alan C., and Armelagos, George J. (eds.), Disease in Populations in Transition: Anthropological and Epidemiological Perspectives. New York: Bergin and Garvey, pp. 223–247
Haas, Jere D., Baker, Paul T., and Hunt, Edward E. Jr. 1977. The effects of high altitude on body size and composition of the newborn infant in southern Peru. Human Biology 49: 611–628
Haas, Jere D., Balcazar, Hector, and Caulfield, Laura. 1987. Variation in early neonatal mortality for different types of fetal growth retardation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 73: 467–473
Haas, Jere D., Frongillo, Edward A. Jr., Stepick, Carol D., Beard, John. L., and Hurtado, G. Luis. 1980. Altitude, ethnic and sex difference in birth weight and length in Bolivia. Human Biology 52: 459–477
Habicht, Jean-Pierre, Lechtig, Aarón, Yarbrough, Charles, and Klein, Robert E. 1974. Maternal nutrition, birth weight and infant mortality. Size at Birth Ciba Foundation Symposium No 27 (NS). New York: American Elsevier, pp. 353–370
Haig, David. 1993. Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. Quarterly Review of Biology 68: 495–532
Hare, E. H., Moran, P. A., and Macfarlane, A. 1981. The changing seasonality of infant deaths in England and Wales 1912–78 and its relation to seasonal temperature. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 35: 77–82
Harkness, S., and Super, C. M. 1994. The developmental niche: A theoretical framework for analyzing the household production of health. Social Science & Medicine 38: 217–226
Harrison, G. Ainsworth. 1966. Human adaptability with reference to the IBP proposals for high-altitude research. In Baker, Paul T., and Weiner, J. S. (eds.), The Biology of Human Adaptability. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, pp. 509–519
Harrison, G. Ainsworth. 1997. The role of the Human Adaptability International Biological Programme in the development of human population biology. In Ulijaszek, Stanley J., and Huss-Ashmore, Rebecca A. (eds.), Human Adaptability Past, Present, and Future. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 17–25
Hinde, Robert A. 1982. Attachment: Some conceptual and biological issues. In Parkes, Colin Murray, and Stevenson-Hinde, Joan (eds.), The Place of Attachment in Human Behavior. New York: Basic Books, pp. 60–76
Hirve, Siddhi S., and Ganatra, Bela R. 1994. Determinants of low birth weight: A community based prospective cohort study. Indian Pediatrics 31: 1221–1225
Hoff, Charles J., and Abelson, Andrew E. 1976. Fertility. In Baker, Paul T., and Little, Michael A. (eds.), Man in the Andes: A Multidisciplinary Study of High Altitude Quechua. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, pp. 128–146
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. 1999. Mother Nature: A History of Mothers, Infants, and Natural Selection. New York: Pantheon Books
Huss-Ashmore, R., and Thomas, R. B. 1988. A framework for analysing uncertainty in highland areas. In de Garine, I., and Harrison, G. A. (eds.), Coping with Uncertainty in Food Supply. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 452–468
Huss-Ashmore, Rebecca, and Thomas, R. Brooke. 1997. The future of human adaptability research. In Ulijaszek, Stanley J., and Huss-Ashmore, Rebecca A. (eds.), Human Adaptability Past, Present, and Future. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 295–319
Jeffery, Patricia, Jeffery, Roger, and Lyon, Andrew. 1988. Labour Pains and Labour Power: Women and Childbearing in India. London: Zed Books
Jejeebhoy, Shireen J., and Rao, Saumya Rama. 1995. Unsafe motherhood: A review of reproductive health. In Das Gupta, Monica, Chen, Lincoln C., and Krishnan, T. N. (eds.), Women's Health in India: Risk and Vulnerability. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 122–152
Jensen, Gwenn M., and Moore, Lorna G. 1997. The effect of high altitude and other risk factors on birthweight: Independent or interactive effects?American Journal of Public Health 87: 1003–1007
Justice, Judith. 1986. Policies, Plans, and People: Foreign Aid and Health Development. Berkeley: University of California Press
Kashiwazaki, H., Dejima, Y., Orias-Rivera, J., and Coward, W. A. 1995. Energy expenditure determined by the doubly labeled water method in Bolivian Aymara living in a high altitude agropastoral community. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62: 901–910
Kielmann, Arnfried A., DeSweemer, Cecile, Parker, Robert L., and Taylor, Carl E. 1983. Analysis of morbidity and mortality. In Kielmann, Arnfried A., et al. (eds.), Child and Maternal Health Services in Rural India: The Narangwal Experiment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 172–214
Kishor, Sunita. 1995. Gender differentials in child mortality: A review of the evidence. In Das Gupta, Monica, Chen, Lincoln C., and Krishnan, T. N. (eds.), Women's Health in India: Risk and Vulnerability. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 19–54
Kuhn, Alice. S. 1988. Heiler und Ihre Patienten auf dem dach der welt: Ladakh aus ethnomedizinischer sicht. New York: Verlag Peter Lang
Laderman, Carol. 1983. Wives and Midwives: Childbirth and Nutrition in Rural Malaysia. Berkeley: University of California Press
Lamb, M. E., Thompson, R. A., Gardner, W. P., and Charnov, E. L. 1985. Infant-Mother Attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Lang, S. D. R., and Lang, Ann. 1971. The Kunde Hospital and a demographic survey of the Upper Khumbu, Nepal. The New Zealand Medical Journal 74: 1–8
Leatherman, Thomas L. 1998. Illness, social relations, and household production and reproduction in the Andes of southern Peru. In Goodman, Alan H., and Leatherman, Thomas L. (eds.), Building a New Biocultural Synthesis: Political-Economic Perspectives on Human Biology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 245–267
Leatherman, Thomas L. 1996. A biocultural perspective on health and household economy in southern Peru. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 10: 476–495
Lechtig, Aarón. 1982. Studies of nutrition intervention in pregnancy. Birth 9: 115–119
Lechtig, Aarón, Delgado, Hernán, Martorell, Reynaldo, Richardson, Douglas, Yarbrough, Charles, and Klein, Robert E. 1977. Effect of maternal nutrition on infant mortality. In Mosley, W. Henry (ed.), Nutrition and Human Reproduction. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 147–174
Lechtig, Aarón, Habicht, Jean-Pierre, Delgado, Hernán, Klein, Robert E., Yarbrough, Charles, and Martorell, Reynaldo. 1975. Effect of food supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight. Pediatrics 56: 508–520
Lechtig, Aarón, Martorell, Reynaldo, Delgado, Hernán, Yarbrough, Charles, and Klein, Robert E. 1978. Food supplementation during pregnancy, maternal anthropometry and birthweight in a Guatemala rural population. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 24: 217–222
Leibson, C., Brown, M., Thibodeau, S., Stevenson, D., Vreman, H., Cohen, R., Clemons, G., Callen, W., and Moore, L. G. 1989. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia at high altitude. American Journal of Diseases of Children 143: 983–987
Leonard, William R. 1989. Nutritional determinants of high-altitude growth in Nuñoa, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80: 341–352
Leonard, William R., Katzmarzyk, Peter T., Stephen, Merrill A., and Ross, Allen G. P. 1995. Comparison of the heart rate-monitoring and factorial methods: Assessment of energy expenditure in highland and coastal Ecuadoreans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61: 1146–1152
Levine, Nancy E. 1987. Differential child care in three Tibetan communities: Beyond son preference. Population and Development Review 13: 281–304
Levine, Nancy E. 1988a. The Dynamics of Polyandry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Levine, Nancy E. 1988b. Women's work and infant feeding: A case from rural Nepal. Ethnology 27: 231–251
LeVine, Robert A. 1998. Child psychology and anthropology: An environmental view. In Panter-Brick, Catherine (ed.), Biosocial Perspectives on Children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 102–130
Lichty, John A., Ting, Rosalind Y., Bruns, Paul D., and Dyar, Elizabeth. 1957. Studies of babies born at high altitude. American Journal of Diseases of Children 93: 666–678
Little, Michael A. 1989. Human biology of African pastoralists. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 32: 215–247
Lubchenco, L. O., Searls, D. T., and Brazie, J. V. 1972. Neonatal mortality rate: Relationship to birth weight and gestational age. Journal of Pediatrics 81: 814–822
Lubchenco, Lula O., Hansman, Charlotte, Dressler, Miriam, and Boyd, Edith. 1963. Intrauterine growth as estimated from liveborn birth-weight data at 24 to 42 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 32: 793–800
MacNeish, R. S., and Berger, R. P. 1970. Megafauna and man from Ayacucho, highland Peru. Science 166: 8975–8977
Main, Mary. 1990. Cross-cultural studies of attachment organizations: Recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies. Human Development 33: 48–61
Majumdar, D. N. 1960. Himalayan Polyandry. New York: Asia Publishing House
Malik, S. L., and Singh, Indera P. 1984. Ecology and human physiology in Ladak. In Lukacs, John R. (ed.), The People of South Asia: The Biological Anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 421–439
Mani, Anna. 1981. The climate of the Himalaya. In Lall, J. S. (ed.), The Himalaya: Aspects of Change. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–15
Mann, R. S. 1986. The Ladakhi: A Study in Ethnography and Change. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India
Manshande, J. P, Eeckels, R., Manshande-Desmet, V., and Vlietinck, R. 1987. Rest versus heavy work during the last weeks of pregnancy: Influence on fetal growth. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 94: 1059–1067
Martorell, Reynaldo. 1980. Interrelationship between diet, infectious disease, and nutritional status. In Greene, Lawrence S., and Johnston, F. (eds.), Social and Biological Predictors of Nutritional Status, Physical Growth, and Neurological Development. New York: Academic Press, pp. 81–106
Mathai, Saramma T. 1989. Women and the health system. In Gopalan, C., and Kaur, Suminder (eds.), Women and Nutrition in India. New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India, pp. 247–295
Mavalankar, D. V., Trivedi, C. C., and Gray, R. H. 1994. Maternal weight, height and risk of poor pregnancy outcome in Ahmedabad, India. Indian Pediatrics 31: 1205–1211
Mazess, Richard B. 1978. Adaptation: A conceptual framework. In Meier, R. J., Otten, C. M., and Abdel-Hameed, F. (eds.), Evolutionary Models and Studies in Human Diversity. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 9–18
Mazess, Richard B. 1965. Neonatal mortality and altitude in Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 23: 209–214
Mazess, Richard B. 1975. Human adaptation to high altitude. In Damon, Albert (ed.), Physiological Anthropology. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 167–209
McClung, Jean. 1969. Effects of High Altitude on Human Birth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
McCormick, Marie C. 1985. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. New England Journal of Medicine 312: 82–90
McKeown, Thomas. 1976. The Modern Rise of Population. New York: Academic Press
Meyer, Fernand. 1981. Populations de haute altitude et santéen Himalaya. L'homme et son environnement à haute altitude. Paris: Seminaire CNRS/NSF, pp. 97–100
Meyer, Mary B. 1977. Effects of maternal smoking and altitude on birth weight and gestation. In Reed, Dwayne M., and Stanley, Fiona J. (eds.), The Epidemiology of Prematurity. Baltimore: Urban and Schwarzenberg, pp. 81–101
Millard, Ann V. 1994. A causal model of high rates of child mortality. Social Science & Medicine 38: 253–268
Miller, Barbara D. 1981. The Endangered Sex: Neglect of Female Children in Rural North India. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Miller, Barbara D. 1984. Daughter neglect, women's work, and marriage: Pakistan and Bangladesh compared. Medical Anthropology 8: 109–126
Miller, Barbara D. 1987. Female infanticide and child neglect in rural north India. In Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (ed.), Child Survival: Anthropological Perspectives on the Treatment and Maltreatment of Children. Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, pp. 95–112
Miller, Herbert C. and Hassanein, Khatab. 1971. Diagnosis of impaired fetal growth in newborn infants. Pediatrics 48: 511–522
Molbak, K., Gottschau, A., Aaby, P., Hojlyng, N., Ingholt, L., and da Silva, A. P. J. 1994. Prolonged breast feeding, diarrhoeal disease, and survival of children in Guinea-Bissau. British Medical Journal 308: 1403–1406
Moore, L. G., Hershey, Douglas W., Jahnigen, Dennis, and Bowes, W. 1982. The incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension is increased among Colorado residents at high altitude. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 144: 423–429
Moore, Lorna G., Niermeyer, Susan, and Zamudio, Stacy. 1998. Human adaptation to high altitude: Regional and life-cycle perspectives. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 41: 25–64
Moore, Lorna G., Young, David A., McCullough, Robert E., Droma, Tarshi, and Zamudio, Stacy. 2001a. Tibetan protection from intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and reproductive loss at high altitude. American Journal of Human Biology 13: 635–644
Moore, Lorna G., Zamudio, Stacy, Zhuang, Jianguo, Sun, Shinfu, and Droma, Tarshi. 2001b. Oxygen transport in Tibetan women during pregnancy at 3,658 m. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 114: 42–53
Moore, Lorna Grindlay. 1990. Maternal O2 transport and fetal growth in Colorado, Peru, and Tibet high-altitude residents. American Journal of Human Biology 2: 627–637
Mora, José O., Sanchez, Ricardo, Paredes, Belen, et al. 1981. Sex related effects of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy on fetal growth. Early Human Development 5: 243–251
Nesse, Randolph M., and Williams, George C. 1994. Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine. New York: Times Books
Neufield, Lynnette, Pelletier, David L., and Haas, Jere D. 1999. The timing hypothesis and body proportionality of the intra-uterine growth retarded infant. American Journal of Human Biology 11: 638–646
Nichter, M., and Kendall, C. 1991. Beyond child survival: Anthropology and international health in the 1990s. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 5: 195–203
Niermeyer, Susan, Shaffer, E. M., Thilo, E., Corbin, C., and Moore, L. G. 1993. Arterial oxygenation and pulmonary arterial pressure in healthy neonates and infants at high altitude. Journal of Pediatrics 123: 767–772
Niermeyer, Susan, Yang, P., Shanmina, Drolkar, Zhuang, J., and Moore, Lorna G. 1995. Arterial oxygen saturation in Tibetan and Han infants born in Lhasa, Tibet. New England Journal of Medicine 333: 1248–1252
Norberg-Hodge, Helena. 1991. Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books
Norberg-Hodge, Helena, and Palden, Gyelong Thupstan, eds. 1991. Ladakhi-English; English-Ladakhi Dictionary. Leh, Ladakh: Ladakh Ecological Development Group
Norberg-Hodge, Helena, and Russell, Hazel. 1994. Birth and child-rearing in Zangskar. In Crook, John, and Osmaston, Henry (eds.), Himalayan Buddhist Villages: Environment, Resources, Society, and Religious Life in Zangskar. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol, pp. 519–532
Norboo, Tsering, and Yahya, M. 1988. Health problems in Ladakh. Voice of the Himalaya 1: 5–9
Norboo, Tsering, Yahya, M., Bruce, N. G., Heady, J. A., and Ball, K. P. 1991. Domestic pollution and respiratory illness in a Himalayan village. International Journal of Epidemiology 20: 749–757
Obert, P., Fellmann, N., Falgairette, G., Bedu, M., Praagh, E., Kemper, H., Post, B., Spielvogel, H., Tellez, V., Qintelas, A., and Coudert, J. 1994. The importance of socioeconomic and nutritional conditions rather than altitude on the physical growth of prepubertal Andean highland boys. Annals of Human Biology 21: 145–154
Ortner, Sherry B. 1978. Sherpas through Their Rituals. New York: Cambridge University Press
Ortner, Sherry B. 1989. High Religion: A Cultural and Political History of Sherpa Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Osmaston, Henry. 1994. The farming system. In Crook, John, and Osmaston, Henry (eds.), Himalayan Buddhist Villages: Environment, Resources, Society, and Religious Life in Zangskar. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol, pp. 139–198
Osmaston, Henry, and Crook, John. 1994. Sha-de: meagre subsistence or garden of eden? In Crook, John, and Osmaston, Henry (eds.), Himalayan Buddhist Villages: Environment, Resources, Society, and Religious Life in Zangskar. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press, pp. 249–284
Osmaston, Henry, Frazer, Janet, and Crook, Stamati. 1994. Human adaptation to environment in Zangskar. In Crook, John, and Osmaston, Henry (eds.), Himalayan Buddhist Villages: Environment, Resources, Society and Religious Life in Zangskar, Ladakh. Bristol, UK: University of Bristol
PAHO. 1994. Health Conditions in the Americas. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization
Palmer, Susan K., Moore, Lorna G., Young, David A., Cregger, Betsy, Berman, Jonathan, and Zamudio, Stacy. 1999. Altered blood pressure course during normal pregnancy and increased preeclampsia at high altitude (3100 meters) in Colorado. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 180: 1161–1168
Palriwala, R. 1988. Leh Development Plan 1989–2009. Leh, Ladakh: INTAC
Panter-Brick, C. 1989. Motherhood and subsistence work: The Tamang of rural Nepal. Human Ecology 17: 205–228
Panter-Brick, Catherine. 1993. Seasonality of energy expenditure during pregnancy and lactation for rural Nepali women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57: 620–628
Panter-Brick, Catherine, ed. 1998. Biosocial Perspectives on Children, New York: Cambridge University Press
Patwari, A. K, Bisht, S., Srinivasan, A., Deb, M., and Chattopadhya, D. 1996. Aetiology of pneumonia in hospitalized children. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 42: 15–20
Paul, Benjamin D., ed. 1955. Health, Culture, & Community. New York: Russell Sage Foundation
Pawson, I. G., and Jest, Corneille. 1978. The high-altitude areas of the world and their cultures. In Baker, P. T. (ed.), The Biology of High-altitude Peoples. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17–45
Peter, Prince. 1963. A Study of Polyandry. The Hague: Mouton & Co
Prentice, A. M., Whitehead, R. G., Roberts, S. B. G., and Paul, A. A. 1981. Long-term energy balance in child-bearing Gambians. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34: 2790–2799
Prentice, Andrew M., Cole, Timothy J., Ford, Frances A., Lamb, William H., and Whitehead, Roger G. 1987. Increased birthweight after prenatal dietary supplementation of rural African women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46: 912–925
Puffer, Ruth Rice, and Serrano, Carlos V. 1973. Patterns of Mortality in Childhood. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization
Quandt, Sara A. 1987. Methods for determining dietary intake. In Johnston, Francis E. (ed.), Nutritional Anthropology. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 67–84
Rabgias, Tashi. 1988. Salient features of history of Ladakh. Voice of the Himalaya 1: 1–4
Ramachandran, Prema. 1989. Nutrition in pregnancy. In Gopalan, C., and Kaur, Suminder (eds.), Women and Nutrition in India. New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India, pp. 153–193
Rechung, Rinpoche Jampal Kunzang. 1973. Tibetan Medicine. Berkeley: University of California Press
Rizvi, Janet. 1983. Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press
Ross, J. L. 1984. Culture and fertility in the Nepal Himalayas: A test of a hypothesis. Human Ecology 12: 163–181
Sahlins, Marshall. 1968. Notes on the original affluent society. In Lee, Richard B., and DeVore, Irven (eds.), Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine, pp. 85– 88
Sakamoto-Momiyama, Masako. 1977. Seasonality in Human Mortality: A Medico-Geographical Study. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press
Sander, Reinhard. 1983. Three generations in the Wanla Valley. In Kantowsky, Detlef, and Sander, Reinhard (eds.), Recent Research on Ladakh. London: Weltforum Verlag, pp. 183–194
Sangay, Thubten. 1984. Tibetan traditions of childbirth and childcare. Tibetan Medicine 7: 3–24
SAS Institute Inc. 1991. SAS Technical Report P-217 SAS/STAT Software: The PHREG Procedure Version 6. Cary, NC: SAS Institute
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. 1992. Death without Weeping. Berkeley: University of California Press
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, and Sargent, Carolyn. 1998. Introduction: The cultural politics of childhood. In Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, and Sargent, Carolyn (eds.), Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 1–33
Schuler, Sidney Ruth. 1987. The Other Side of Polyandry. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
Scrimshaw, Susan C. M. 1978. Infant mortality and behavior in the regulation of family size. Population and Development Review 4: 383–403
Scrimshaw, Susan C. M. 1983. Infanticide as deliberate fertility regulation. In Bulatao, Rudolfo, and Lee, Ronald D. (eds.), Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries. New York: Academic Press, pp. 245–266
Scrimshaw, Susan C. M. 1984. Infanticide in human populations: Societal and individual concerns. In Hausfater, Glenn and Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer (eds.), Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives. New York: Aldine, pp. 439–462
Secker-Walker, R. H., Vacek, P. M., Flynn, B. S., and Mead, P. B. 1997. Smoking in pregnancy, exhaled carbon monoxide, and birth weight. Obstetrics and Gynecology 5: 648–653
Sethi, G. R., Sachdev, H. P. S., and Puri, R. K. 1991. Women's health and fetal outcome. Indian Pediatrics 28: 1379–1393
Sever, John L., Ellenberg, Jonas H., and Edmonds, Dorothy. 1977. Maternal urinary tract infections and prematurity. In Reed, Dwayne M., and Stanley, Fiona J. (eds.), The Epidemiology of Prematurity. Baltimore: Urban and Schwarzenberg, pp. 193–196
Silbert, J. R., Jadhav, Malati, and Inbaraj, S. G. 1978. Maternal and fetal nutrition in South India. British Medical Journal 1: 1517–1518
Singer, Merrill. 1989. The limitations of medical ecology: The concept of adaptation in the context of social stratification and social transformation. Medical Anthropology 10: 223–234
Singh, Jyoti Shankar. 1998. Creating a New Consensus on Population: The International Conference on Population and Development. London: Earthscan
Singh, Meharban. 1986. Hospital-based data on perinatal and neonatal mortality in India. Indian Pediatrics 23: 579–584
Singh, Meharban, and Paul, V. K. 1988. Strategies to reduce perinatal and neonatal mortality. Indian Pediatrics 25: 499–509
Singh, S. P. 1989. Variation in adult anthropometry, child growth and development in the Western Himalayas – A review. In Basu, Amitabha, and Gupta, Ranjan (eds.), Human Biology of Asian Highland Populations in the Global Context. Calcutta: Indian Anthropological Society, pp. 81–104
Smith, Chery. 1997. The effect of maternal nutritional variables on birthweight outcomes of infants born to Sherpa women at low and high altitudes in Nepal. American Journal of Human Biology 9: 751–763
Spector. R. M. 1971. Mortality Characteristics of a High-altitude Peruvian Population. Master's Thesis, Pennsylvania State University
Spielvogel, Hilde, and Vitzthum, Virginia J 2003. Rates of fetal loss in Bolivian women indigenous to high altitude. American Journal of Human Biology 15:286
Srikantia, S. G. 1989. Pattern of growth and development of Indian girls and body size of adult Indian women. In Gopalan, C., and Kaur, Suminder (eds.), Women and Nutrition in India. New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India, pp. 108–152
Srinivasan, K., and Kanitkar, Tara. 1989. Demographic consequences of low status of women in Indian society. In Gopalan, C., and Kaur, Suminder (eds.), Women and Nutrition in India. New Delhi: Nutrition Foundation of India, pp. 17–62
Sroufe, L. Alan, and Rutter, M. 1984. The domain of developmental psychopathology. Child Development 55: 17–29
Stini, William A. 1969. Nutritional stress and growth: Sex difference in adaptive response. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31: 417–426
Stinson, Sarah. 1982. The effect of high altitude on the growth of children of high socioeconomic status in Bolivia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 59: 61–71
Stobdan, Phuntsog. 1990. Ecology of disease in Ladakh. In Icke-Schwalbe, Lydia, and Meier, Gudran (eds.), Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Gegenwartige Forschungen in Nordwest-Indien. Dresden Forschungsstelle: Staatliches Musem fur Volkerkunde, pp. 164–170
Stuart-Macadam, Patricia, and Dettwyler, Katherine, eds. 1995. Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter
Tafari., N., Naeye, R. L., and Gobezie, A. 1980. Effects of maternal undernutrition and heavy physical work during pregnancy on birth weight. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 87: 222–226
Thaddeus, Sereen, and Maine, Deborah. 1994. Too far to walk: Maternal mortality in context. Social Science & Medicine 38: 1091–1110
Thomas, R. Brooke. 1976. Energy flow at high altitude. In Baker, Paul T., and Little, Michael A. (eds.), Man in the Andes. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, pp. 379–404
Thomas, R. Brooke. 1998. The evolution of human adaptability paradigms: Toward a biology of poverty. In Goodman, Alan H., and Leatherman, Thomas L. (eds.), Building a New Biocultural Synthesis: Political-Economic Perspectives on Human Biology. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 43–73
Thomas, R. Brooke, Winterhalder, Bruce, and McRae, Stephen D. 1979. An anthropological approach to human ecology and adaptive dynamics. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 22: 1–46
Thomas, R. Brooke, and Winterhalder, Bruce P. 1976. Physical and biotic environment of southern highland Peru. In Baker, Paul T., and Little, Michael A. (eds.), Man in the Andes: A Multidisciplinary Study of High-altitude Quechua. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, pp. 21–59
Tronick, E. Z., Thomas, R. B., and Daltabuit, M. 1994. The Quechua manta pouch: A caretaking practice for buffering the Peruvian infant against the multiple stressors of high altitude. Child Development 65: 1005–1013
Ulijaszek, Stanley J., and Huss-Ashmore, Rebecca A., eds. 1997. Human Adaptability Past, Present, and Future. New York: Oxford University Press
Unger, Cynthia, Weiser, Jane K., McCullough, Robert E., Keefer, Sharon, and Moore, Lorna Grindlay. 1988. Altitude, low birth weight, and infant mortality in Colorado. Journal of the American Medical Association 259: 3427–3432
United Nations. 2001a. 1998 Statistical Yearbook. New York: United Nations
United Nations. 2001b. 1999 Demographic Yearbook. New York: United Nations
Van Esterik, Penny. 1989. Beyond the Breast-Bottle Controversy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
Victora, C. G., Smith, P. G., Vaghan, J. P., Nobre, L. C., Lombard, C., Telxeira, A. M. B., Fuchs, S. M., Moreira, L. B., Gigante, L. P., and Barros, F. C. 1988. Influence of birth weight on mortality from infectious diseases: A case-control study. Pediatrics 81: 807–811
Vitzthum, V. J. 1989. Nursing behaviour and its relation to duration of post-partum amenorrhoea in an Andean community, Journal of Biosocial Science 21: 145–160
Vitzthum, V. J. 1992. Infant nutrition and the consequences of differential market access in Nuñoa, Peru. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 28: 45–63
Vitzthum, V. J. 2001. The home team advantage: Reproduction in women indigenous to high altitude. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 3141–3150
Vitzthum, V. J., Ellison, P. T., Sukalich, S., Caceres, E., and Spielvogel, H. 2000a. Does hypoxia impair ovarian function in Bolivian women indigenous to high altitude?High Altitude Medicine and Biology 1: 39–49
Vitzthum, V. J., Spielvogel, Hilde, and Caceres, Esperanza. 2000b. Prospective longitudinal study of menstrual patterns in an agropastoralist Aymara population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 30: 312
Vitzthum, Virginia J., and Wiley, Andrea S. 2003. The proximate determinants of fertility in populations exposed to chronic hypoxia. High Altitude Medicine and Biology 4:125–139
Vobecky, Jitka S. 1986. Nutritional aspects of preconceptional period as related to pregnancy and early infancy. Progress in Food and Nutrition Science 10: 205–236
Weinstein, R. S., and Haas, Jere D. 1977. Early stress and later reproductive performance under conditions of malnutrition and high altitude hypoxia. Medical Anthropology 1: 25–54
Weisner, Thomas S. 1987. Socialization for parenthood in sibling caretaking societies. In Lancaster, Jane B., Altmann, Jeanne, Rossi, Alice S., and Sherrod, Lonnie R. (eds.), Parenting across the Lifespan: Biosocial Dimensions. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 237–270
Wilcox, Allen J. 1993. Birthweight and perinatal mortality: The effect of maternal smoking. American Journal of Epidemiology 137: 1098–1104
Wilcox, Allen J. 2001. On the importance – and the unimportance – of birthweight. International Journal of Epidemiology 30: 1233–1241
Wiley, Andrea S. 1992a. Adaptation and the biocultural paradigm in medical anthropology: A critical review. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 6: 216–236
Wiley, Andrea S. 1992b. High Altitude Adaptation and Maternal-Infant Health: Neonatal Characteristics and Infant Survival in the Himalaya. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco
Wiley, Andrea S. 1994. Neonatal and maternal anthropometric characteristics in a high-altitude Himalayan population. American Journal of Human Biology 6: 499–510
Wiley, Andrea S. 1998. The ecology of low natural fertility in Ladakh. Journal of Biosocial Science 30: 457–480
Wiley, Andrea S. 1999. Demographic transition in Ladakh. Paper presented at the American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL
Wiley, Andrea S. 2002. Increasing usage of prenatal care in Ladakh: The roles of cultural and ecological factors. Social Science & Medicine 55: 1089–1102
Wiley, Andrea S., and Carlin, Leslie E. 1999. Demographic contexts and the adaptive role of mother-infant attachment: A hypothesis. Human Nature 10: 135–161
Wiley, Andrea S., and Pike, Ivy L. 1998. An alternative method for assessing early mortality in contemporary populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 107: 315–330
Wilkinson, Richard G. 1996. Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality. New York: Routledge
Wilson, Jane M., Campbell, M. J., and Afzal, M. 1990. Heights and weights of children in Ladakh, north India. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 36: 271–272
Windham, G. C., Eaton, A., and Hopkins, B. 1999. Evidence for an association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and birthweight: A meta-analysis and new data. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 13: 35–57
Wood, J. W., Johnson, P. L., and Campbell, K. 1985. Demographic and endocrinological aspects of low natural fertility in highland New Guinea. Journal of Biosocial Science 17: 57–79
Wood, James W. 1994. Dynamics of Human Reproduction. New York: Aldine de Gruyter
World Health Organization. 1977. International Classification of Disease. Geneva: WHO
Yip, Ray. 1987. Altitude and birth weight. Journal of Pediatrics 111: 869–876
Zamudio, S., Palmer, S. K., Droma, T., Stamm, E., Coffin, C., and Moore, L. G. 1995. Effect of altitude on uterine artery blood flow during normal pregnancy. Journal of Applied Physiology 79: 7–14
Zamudio, S., Droma, T., Norkyel, K. Y., Acharya, G., Zamudio, J. A., Niermeyer, S. N., and Moore, L. G. 1993. Protection from intrauterine growth retardation in Tibetans at high altitude. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 91: 215–224
Zamudio, Stacy, and Moore, Lorna G. 2000. Altitude and fetal growth: Current knowledge and future directions. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 16: 6–8
Zeitlin, M. F., Ahmed, N. U., Beiser, A. S., Zeitlin, J. A., Super, C. M., and Guldan, G. S. 1995. Developmental, behavioural, and environmental risk factors for diarrhoea among rural Bangladeshi children of less than two years. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research 13: 99–105
Zhiman, An, et al. 1982. Palaeoliths and microliths from Shenja and Shuanghu, Northern Tibet. Current Anthropology 23: 493–499

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.