Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- 1 Global change and plant water relations
- 2 Cavitation. A review: past, present and future
- 3 Effect of cavitation on the status of water in plants
- 4 Stomatal control of xylem cavitation
- 5 Refilling of embolized xylem
- 6 Interpretation of the dynamics of plant water potential
- 7 A proposed mechanism of freezing and thawing in conifer xylem
- 8 Winter xylem embolism and spring recovery in Betula cordifolia, Fagus grandifolia, Abies balsamea and Picea rubens
- 9 Drought resistance strategies and vulnerability to cavitation of some Mediterranean sclerophyllous trees
- 10 Relations between sap velocity and cavitation in broad-leaved trees
- 11 NMR and water transport in plants
- 12 The symplast radial-axial water transport in plants: a NMR approach
- 13 Reproductive adaptation by polyembryony of coniferous forest trees under climatic stress as revealed by the metabolism of tritiated water
- 14 A heat balance method for measuring sap flow in small trees
- 15 Heat pulse measurements on beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in relation to weather conditions
- 16 Extremely fast changes of xylem water flow rate in tall trees caused by atmospheric, soil and mechanic factors
- 17 Water relations and water transport in coppice vs. single stem Quercus cerris L. trees
- 18 Environmental control of water flux through Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait).
- 19 Evaluation of transpiration of apple trees and measurement of daily course of water flow within the main branches of walnut trees
- 20 Estimating citrus orchard canopy resistance from measurements of actual and potential transpiration
- 21 Stomatal conductance in tomato responds to air humidity
- 22 Water relations of Canarian laurel forest trees
- 23 Watering regime and photosynthetic performance of Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirbel.
- 24 Water relations and ultrasound emissions in Douglas-fir seedlings infected with xylem pathogens
- 25 Diurnal fruit shrinkage: a model
- 26 Analysis of pressure-volume curves by non-linear regression
- 27 Determination of the amount of apoplastic water and other water relations parameters in conifer needles
- 28 The assessment of water status in chilled plants
- 29 An artificial osmotic cell: a model system for studying phenomena of negative pressure and for determining concentrations of solutes
- 30 Measurement of water and solute uptake into excised roots at positive and negative root pressures
- Index
14 - A heat balance method for measuring sap flow in small trees
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- 1 Global change and plant water relations
- 2 Cavitation. A review: past, present and future
- 3 Effect of cavitation on the status of water in plants
- 4 Stomatal control of xylem cavitation
- 5 Refilling of embolized xylem
- 6 Interpretation of the dynamics of plant water potential
- 7 A proposed mechanism of freezing and thawing in conifer xylem
- 8 Winter xylem embolism and spring recovery in Betula cordifolia, Fagus grandifolia, Abies balsamea and Picea rubens
- 9 Drought resistance strategies and vulnerability to cavitation of some Mediterranean sclerophyllous trees
- 10 Relations between sap velocity and cavitation in broad-leaved trees
- 11 NMR and water transport in plants
- 12 The symplast radial-axial water transport in plants: a NMR approach
- 13 Reproductive adaptation by polyembryony of coniferous forest trees under climatic stress as revealed by the metabolism of tritiated water
- 14 A heat balance method for measuring sap flow in small trees
- 15 Heat pulse measurements on beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in relation to weather conditions
- 16 Extremely fast changes of xylem water flow rate in tall trees caused by atmospheric, soil and mechanic factors
- 17 Water relations and water transport in coppice vs. single stem Quercus cerris L. trees
- 18 Environmental control of water flux through Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait).
- 19 Evaluation of transpiration of apple trees and measurement of daily course of water flow within the main branches of walnut trees
- 20 Estimating citrus orchard canopy resistance from measurements of actual and potential transpiration
- 21 Stomatal conductance in tomato responds to air humidity
- 22 Water relations of Canarian laurel forest trees
- 23 Watering regime and photosynthetic performance of Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirbel.
- 24 Water relations and ultrasound emissions in Douglas-fir seedlings infected with xylem pathogens
- 25 Diurnal fruit shrinkage: a model
- 26 Analysis of pressure-volume curves by non-linear regression
- 27 Determination of the amount of apoplastic water and other water relations parameters in conifer needles
- 28 The assessment of water status in chilled plants
- 29 An artificial osmotic cell: a model system for studying phenomena of negative pressure and for determining concentrations of solutes
- 30 Measurement of water and solute uptake into excised roots at positive and negative root pressures
- Index
Summary
SUMMARY
The heat balance method of Sakuratani (1981) was adapted and improved for measuring sap flow in fruit trees of high density orchards. In this technique the trunk is surrounded by a heating jacket operating at constant power. Thermocouples are used to measure conductive and convective heat flux and therefore the sap flow rate from the heat balance. This method does not require any calibration before the setting up of the sap flow sensor.
INTRODUCTION
Several thermal methods have been used for measuring sap flow in the trunk of trees: heat pulse methods (Marshall, 1958; Swanson & Whitfield, 1981) and those that depend on the temperature of a linear heat source inserted in the xylem (Granier, 1985). These methods give the sap flux density (kg s−1 m−2). The estimation of the sap flow rate (kg s−1) involves the measurement of the cross-sectional area of the functional xylem. An improvement of the heat pulse method (Cohen, Fuchs & Green, 1981) avoids this additional measurement by estimating the radial profile of sap velocity, but assembling the sensor is very difficult. Heat balance methods were applied also on sectors of tree trunks by Daum (1967), Cermák, n, Kucera & Penka (1976). With all these methods, there is a question of how representative the measurements are of the overall flow rate in the trunk.
Here we propose a direct measurement of the sap flow rate in the whole section of the stems or trunks as an improvement of the heat balance method (Sakuratani, 1981; Valancogne & Nasr, 1989a, 1989b).
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- Information
- Water Transport in Plants under Climatic Stress , pp. 166 - 173Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1993
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