[1] M. M., Abdul-Razzak, B. A., Hardwick, G. L., Hey-Shipton, P. A., Matthews, J. R. T., Monson, and R. C., Kester, “Microwave thermography for medical applications,” Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education – Reviews, IEE Proceedings A, vol. 134, no. 2, pp. 171–74, February 1987.Google Scholar

[2] acam-messelectronic GmbH, “TDC-GPX: Ultra-high Performance 8 Channel Time-to-Digital Converter,” http://www.acam.de/fileadmin/Download/pdf/English/DBGPXe.pdf, 2007.

[3] G., Adamiuk, Methoden zur Realisierung von dual-orthogonal, linear polarisierten Antennen für die UWB-Technik, ser. Karlsruher Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik; 61. Karlsruhe: KIT Scientific Publishing, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/1000019874.Google Scholar

[4] G., Adamiuk, S., Beer, W., Wiesbeck, and T., Zwick, “Dual-orthogonal polarized antenna for UWB-IR technology,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 8, pp. 981–84, 2009.Google Scholar

[5] G., Adamiuk, C., Heine, W., Wiesbeck, and T., Zwick, “Antenna array system for UWB-monopulse-radar,” in International Workshop on Antenna Technology, iWAT, March 2010.Google Scholar

[6] G., Adamiuk, M., Janson, T., Zwick, and W., Wiesbeck, “Dual-polarized UWB antenna array,” in International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, ICUWB, September 2009.Google Scholar

[7] G., Adamiuk, M., Pauli, and T., Zwick, “Principle for the realization of dual-orthogonal linearly polarized antennas for UWB techniques,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2011.Google Scholar

[8] G., Adamiuk, J., Timmermann, C., Roblin, W., Dullaert, P., Gentner, K., Witrisal, T., Fügen, O., Hirsch, and G., Shen, “Chapter 6: RF Aspects in Ultra-WideBand Technology,” in Verdone, R. and Zanella, A.: Pervasive Mobile and Ambient Wireless Communications, COST Action 2100. Springer, 2012, pp. 249–300.Google Scholar

[9] G., Adamiuk, J., Timmermann, W., Wiesbeck, and T., Zwick, “A novel concept of a dual-orthogonal polarized ultra wideband antenna for medical applications,” in 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP, March 2009.Google Scholar

[10] G., Adamiuk, W., Wiesbeck, and T., Zwick, “Multi-mode antenna feed for ultra wideband technology,” in IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, RWS, January 2009.Google Scholar

[11] G., Adamiuk, T., Zwick, and W., Wiesbeck, “Dual-orthogonal polarized Vivaldi antenna for ultra wideband applications,” in 17th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications, MIKON, May 2008.Google Scholar

[12] G., Adamiuk, T., Zwick, and W., Wiesbeck, “Compact, Dual-Polarized UWB-Antenna, Embedded in a Dielectric,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, pp. 279–86, February 2010.Google Scholar

[13] G., Adamiuk, T., Zwick, and W., Wiesbeck, “UWB antennas for communication systems,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, pp. 2308–21, 2012.Google Scholar

[14] G., Adamiuk, L., Żwirełło, S., Beer, and T., Zwick, “Omnidirectional dual-orthogonal polarized UWB antenna,” in European Microwave Week, EuMW, September 2010.Google Scholar

[15] Agilent Technology, “Advanced Design System (ADS),” http://www.home.agilent.com/en/pc-1297113/advanced-design-system-ads, 2009.

[16] B., Ahmed and M., Ramon, “Coexistence between UWB and other communication systems–tutorial review,” International Journal Ultra Wideband Communications and Systems, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 67–80, 2009.Google Scholar

[17] O., Albert and C., Mecklenbräuker, “An 8-bit programmable fine delay circuit with step size 65 ps for an ultrawideband pulse position modulation testbed,” in 15th European Signal Processing Conference, September 2007.Google Scholar

[18] B., Allen and M., Dohler, Ultra-wideband antennas and propagation for communications, radar and imaging. Arizona State University: Wiley, 2007.Google Scholar

[19] M., Anis and R., Tielert, “Design of UWB pulse radio transceiver using statistical correlation technique in frequency domain,” in Advances in Radio Science – An Open Access Journal of the U.R.S.I. Landesausschuss in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland e.V., pp. 297–304, 2007.Google Scholar

[20] C., Ascher, L., Żwirełło, T., Zwick, and G., Trommer, “Integrity monitoring for UWB/INS tightly coupled pedestrian indoor scenarios,” in International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, IPIN, September 2011.Google Scholar

[21] S., Bagga, L., Zhang, W., Serdijin, J., Long, and E., Busking, “A quantized analog delay for an IR-UWB quadrature downconversion autocorrelation receiver,” in IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, ICU, September 2005.Google Scholar

[22] P., Bahl and V.N., Padmanabhan, “RADAR: an in-building RF-based user location and tracking system,” IEEE 19th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, vol. 2, pp. 775–84, 2000.Google Scholar

[23] C., Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics. New York: Wiley, 1989.Google Scholar

[24] C., Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. Wiley-Interscience, 2005.Google Scholar

[25] N. S., Barker and G. M., Rebeiz, “Distributed MEMS true-time delay phase shifters and wide-band switches,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 46, issue 11, part 2, pp. 1881–90, 1998.Google Scholar

[26] N., Behdad and K., Sarabandi, “A compact antenna for ultrawide-band applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, pp. 2185–92, July 2005.Google Scholar

[27] H., Booker, “Slot aerials and their relation to complementary wire aerials (Babinet's principle),” Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers – Part IIIA: Radiolocation, vol. 93, pp. 620–26, 1946.Google Scholar

[28] B. H., Burdine, “The spiral antenna,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research Lab. Tech. Rep., April 1955.Google Scholar

[29] M., Cavallaro, E., Ragonese, and G., Palmisano, “An ultra-wideband transmitter based on a new pulse generator,” in IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC, April 2008.Google Scholar

[30] S., Chang, “CMOS 5th derivative Gaussian impulse generator for UWB application,” Master's thesis, Graduate School of University of Texas, Arlington, December 2005.Google Scholar

[31] S., Chang, S., Jung, S., Tjuatja, J., Gao, and Y., Joo, “A CMOS 5th derivative impulse generator for an IR-UWB,” in 49th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), August 2006.Google Scholar

[32] Y., Chao and R., Scholtz, “Optimal and suboptimal receivers for ultra-wideband transmitted reference systems,” in IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, GLOBECOM, December 2003.Google Scholar

[33] Z., Chen and Y., Zhang, “A modified synchronization scheme for impulse-based UWB,” in 6th International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing, December 2007.Google Scholar

[34] C. C., Chong, F., Watanabe, and H., Inamura, “Potential of UWB technology for the next generation wireless communications,” in IEEE Ninth International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, pp. 422–29, August 2006.Google Scholar

[35] A., Christ, A., Klingenböck, and N., Kuster, “Exposition durch koerpernahe Sender im Rumpfbereich, Arbeitspaket I: Bestandsaufnahme,” Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Swiss Federal of Technology, ETHZ, Zurich, Tech. Rep., 2004.Google Scholar

[36] D. C., Daly, P. P., Mercier, M., Bhardwaj, A. L., Stone, Z. N., Aldworth, T. L., Daniel, J., Voldman, J. G., Hildebrand, and A. P., Chandrakasan, “A pulsed UWB receiver SoC for insect motion control,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 45, pp. 153–66, 2010.Google Scholar

[37] P. K., Datta, X., Fan, and G., Fischer, “A transceiver front-end for ultra-wide-band applications,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 54, pp. 362–66, 2007.Google Scholar

[38] A., De Angelis, M., Dionigi, A., Moschitta, R., Giglietti, and P., Carbone, “Characterization and modeling of an experimental UWB pulse-based distance measurement system,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 58, pp. 1479–86, May 2009.Google Scholar

[39] G., Deschamps, “Impedance properties of complementary multiterminal planar structures,” IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 7, pp. 371–78, December 1959.Google Scholar

[40] S., Duenas, “Design of a DS-UWB transmitter,” Master's thesis, KTH Stockholm, March 2005.Google Scholar

[41] H., Dunger, “World-wide regulation and standardisation overview,” in Integrated Project EUWB, http://www.euwb.eu/deliverables/EUWBD9.1_v1.0_2008-09-15.pdf, September 2009.Google Scholar

[42] J., Dyson, “The equiangular spiral antenna,” IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 7, pp. 181–87, April 1959.Google Scholar

[43] M., Eisenacher, “Optimierung von Ultra-Wideband-Signalen (UWB),” PhD dissertation, Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Nachrichtentechnik der Universität Karlsruhe (TH), August 2006.Google Scholar

[44] European Commission, “Commission decision on allowing the use of the radio spectrum for equipment using ultra-wideband technology in a harmonised manner in the community,” Official Journal of the European Union, vol. 55, February 2007.

[45] E. G., Farr and C. E., Baum, “Time domain characterization of antennas with TEM feeds,” Sensor and Simulation Notes, vol. 426, pp. 1–16, October 1998.Google Scholar

[46] Federal Communications Commission and others, “Revision of part 15 of the commission's rules regarding ultra-wideband transmission systems,” ET Docket 98–153. FCC 02-48, 2002.

[47] J., Ferlay, P., Autier, M., Boniol, M., Heanue, M., Colombet, and P., Boyle, “Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006,” Ann Oncol., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 581–92, 2007.Google Scholar

[48] G., Fischer, O., Klymenko, D., Martynenko, and H., Luediger, “An impulse radio UWB transceiver with high-precision TOA measurement unit,” in International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, IPIN, September 2010.Google Scholar

[49] A., Fort, C., Desset, P., De Doncker, P., Wambacq, and L., Van Biesen, “An ultra-wideband body area propagation channel model – from statistics to implementation,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 54, pp. 1820–26, June 2006.Google Scholar

[50] R. E., Fromm, J., Varon, and L., Gibbs, “Congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema for the emergency physician,” Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 13, pp. 71–87, 1995.Google Scholar

[51] T., Fügen, J., Maurer, T., Kayser, and W., Wiesbeck, “Capability of 3-D ray tracing for defining parameter sets for the specification of future mobile communications systems,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 54, pp. 3125–37, November 2006.Google Scholar

[52] C., Gabriel, S., Gabriel, and E., Corthout, “The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 41, pp. 2231–49, November 1996.Google Scholar

[53] S., Gabriel, R. W., Lau, and C., Gabriel, “The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 41, pp. 2251–69, November 1996.Google Scholar

[54] S., Gabriel, R. W., Lau, and C., Gabriel, “The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 41, pp. 2271–93, November 1996.Google Scholar

[55] N., Geng and W., Wiesbeck, Planungsmethoden für die Mobilkommunikation – Funknetzplanung unter realen physikalischen Ausbreitungsbedingungen. Springer, 1998.Google Scholar

[56] S., Gezici, “A survey on wireless position estimation,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 44, pp. 263–82, 2007.Google Scholar

[57] S., Gezici, Z., Tian, G., Giannakis, H., Kobayashi, A., Molisch, H., Poor, and Z., Sahinoglu, “Localization via ultra-wideband radios: a look at positioning aspects for future sensor networks,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 22, pp. 70–84, July 2005.Google Scholar

[58] E., Gschwendtner and W., Wiesbeck, “Ultra-broadband car antennas for communications and navigation applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, pp. 2020–27, August 2003.Google Scholar

[59] M., Guardiola, L., Jofre, and J., Romeu, “3D UWB tomography for medical imaging applications,” in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, APSURSI, July 2010.Google Scholar

[60] M., Hamalainen, A., Taparugssanagorn, R., Tesi, and J., Iinatti, “Wireless medical communications using UWB,” in IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB), September 2009.Google Scholar

[61] S., Hantscher, “Comparison of UWB target identification algorithms for through-wall imaging applications,” in 3rd European Radar Conference, EuRAD, September 2006.Google Scholar

[62] S., Hantscher, A., Reisenzahn, and C., Diskus, “Analysis of imaging radar algorithms for the identification of targets by their surface shape,” in IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, ICUWB, October 2006.Google Scholar

[63] C., Harrison, and C., Williams, “Transients in wide-angle conical antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 13, pp. 236–46, March 1965.Google Scholar

[64] J., Hightower and G., Borriello, “Location systems for ubiquitous computing,” Computer, vol. 34, pp. 57–66, August 2001.Google Scholar

[65] Hittite, , “Wideband LNA module HMC-C022,” http://www.hittite.com/content/documents/data_sheet/hmc-c022.pdf, 2012.

[66] R., Hoctor and H., Tomlinson, “Delay-hopped transmitted-reference RF communications,” in IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, 2002.Google Scholar

[67] IEEE Std 149-1979:IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Antennas, IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1979.

[68] IEEE Std 145-1993:IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas, IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1993.

[69] IHP, “http://www.ihp-microelectronics.com/en/services/mpw-prototyping/sigec-bicmos-technologies.html,” 2013.

[70] I., Immoreev and T. H., Tao, “UWB radar for patient monitoring,” IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol. 23, pp. 11–18, November 2008.Google Scholar

[71] M., Jalilvand, T., Zwick, W., Wiesbeck, and E., Pancera, “UWB synthetic aperture-based radar system for hemorrhagic head-stroke detection,” in Radar Conference (RADAR), May 2011.Google Scholar

[72] M., Janson, J., Pontes, T., Fuegen, and T., Zwick, “A hybrid deterministic-stochastic propagation model for short-range MIMO-UWB communication systems,” FREQUENZ, vol. 66, no. 7–8, pp. 193–203, 2012.Google Scholar

[73] A., Jha, R., Gharpurey, and P., Kinget, “A 3 to 5-GHz UWB pulse radio transmitter in 90 nm CMOS,” in IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC, April 2008.Google Scholar

[74] E. B., Joy and D. T., Paris, “A practical method for measuring the complex polarization ratio of arbitrary antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 21, pp. 432–35, March 1973.Google Scholar

[75] T., Kaiser, F., Zheng, and E., Dimitrov, ”An overview of ultra-wide-band systems with MIMO,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 97, pp. 285–312, February 2009.Google Scholar

[76] P., Keranen, K., Maatta, and J., Kostamovaara, “Wide-range time-to-digital converter with 1-ps single-shot precision,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 3162–72, September 2011.Google Scholar

[77] M., Klemm, I., Craddock, J., Leendertz, A., Preece, and R., Benjamin, “Radar-based breast cancer detection using a hemispherical antenna array – experimental results,” IEEETrans-actions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, pp. 1692–704, June 2009.Google Scholar

[78] O., Klymenko, G., Fischer, and D., Martynenko, “A high band non-coherent impulse radio UWB receiver,” in IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, ICUWB, 2008.Google Scholar

[79] J., Kolakowski, “Application of ultra-fast comparator for UWB pulse time of arrival measurement,” in IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, ICUWB, September 2011.Google Scholar

[80] T., Kürner, M., Jacob, R., Piesiewicz, and J., Schöbel, “An integrated simulation environment for the investigation of future THz communication systems,” in International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS), July 2007.Google Scholar

[81] A., Kuthi, M., Behrend, T., Vernier, and M., Gundersen, “Bipolar nanosecond pulse generation using transmission lines for cell electro-manipulation,” in 26th International Power Modulator Symposium, May 2004.Google Scholar

[82] D.H., Kwon, “Effect of antenna gain and group delay variations on pulse-preserving capabilities of ultrawideband antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 54, pp. 2208–15, August 2006.Google Scholar

[83] D., Lachartre, B., Denis, D., Morche, L., Ouvry, M., Pezzin, B., Piaget, J., Prouvee, and P., Vincent, “A 1.1nJ/b 802.15.4a-compliant fully integrated UWB transceiver in 0.13 μmCMOS,”in IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference – Digest of Technical Papers, ISSCC, 2009.Google Scholar

[84] R., Lakes, H. S., Yoon, and J. L., Katz, “Ultrasonic wave propagation and attenuation in wet bone,” Journal of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 143–48, April 1986. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/014154258690049X.Google Scholar

[85] A., Lambrecht, P., Laskowski, S., Beer, and T., Zwick, “Frequency invariant beam steering for short-pulse systems with a Rotman lens,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2010.Google Scholar

[86] J.D.D., Langley, P.S., Hall, and P., Newham, “Novel ultrawide-bandwidth Vivaldi antenna with low crosspolarisation,” Electronic Letters, vol. 29, no. 23, 1993.Google Scholar

[87] A., Lecointre, D., Dragomirescu, and R., Plana, “Channel capacity limitations versus hardware implementation for UWB impulse radio communications,” CoRR, vol. abs/1002.0574, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/corr/corr1002.html#abs-1002-0574.Google Scholar

[88] W., Lee, S., Kunaruttanapruk, and S., Jitapunkul, “Optimal pulse shape design for UWB systems with timing jitter,” IEICE Transactions on Communications, vol. E91-B, no. 3, pp. 772–83, March 2008.Google Scholar

[89] M., Leib, W., Menzel, B., Schleicher, and H., Schumacher, “Vital signs monitoring with a UWB radar based on a correlation receiver,” in IEEE European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP, April 2010.Google Scholar

[90] X., Li, “Anwendung von dual-orthogonal polarisierten Antennen in UWB-Imaging-Systemen,” Master's thesis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, May 2009.Google Scholar

[91] X., Li, G., Adamiuk, M., Janson, and T., Zwick, “Polarization diversity in ultra-wideband imaging systems,” in International Conference on Ultra Wideband, ICUWB, September 2010.Google Scholar

[92] X., Li, G., Adamiuk, E., Pancera, and T., Zwick, “Physics-based propagation characterisations of UWB signals for the urine detection in human bladder,” International Journal on Ultra Wideband Communications and Systems, vol. 2, pp. 94–103, December 2011.Google Scholar

[93] X., Li, S. K., Davis, S. C., Hagness, D. W., van der Weide, and B. D., Van Veen, “Microwave imaging via space-time beamforming: experimental investigation of tumor detection in multilayer breast phantoms,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 52, pp. 1856–65, August 2004.Google Scholar

[94] X., Li, L., Żwirełło, M., Jalilvand, and T., Zwick, “Design and near-field characterization of a planar on-body UWB slot-antenna for stroke detection,” in IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, iWAT, March 2012.Google Scholar

[95] G., Lim, Y., Zheng, W., Yeoh, and Y., Lian, “A novel low power UWB transmitter IC,” in IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, June 2006.Google Scholar

[96] S., Lin and T., Chiueh, “Performance analysis of impulse radio under timing jitter using M-ary bipolar pulse waveform and position modulation,” in IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, November 2003.Google Scholar

[97] H., Liu, H., Darabi, P., Banerjee, and J., Liu, “Survey of wireless indoor positioning techniques and systems,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, vol. 37, pp. 1067–80, November 2007.Google Scholar

[98] D., Lochmann, Digitale Nachrichtentechnik. Verlag Technik Berlin, 1995.Google Scholar

[99] D., Martynenko, G., Fischer, and O., Klymenko, “A high band impulse radio UWB transmitter for communication and localization,” in IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, ICUWB, 2009.Google Scholar

[100] “Maxima, a Computer Algebra System,” http://maxima.sourceforge.net, 2012.

[101] P., Mayes, “Frequency-independent antennas and broad-band derivatives thereof,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 80, pp. 103–12, January 1992.Google Scholar

[102] C., Mensing and S., Plass, “Positioning algorithms for cellular networks using TDOA,” in IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP, May 2006.Google Scholar

[103] P.P., Mercier, D. C., Daly, and A. P., Chandrakasan, “A 19pJ/pulse UWB transmitter with dual capacitively-coupled digital power amplifiers,” in IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, RFIC, April 2008.Google Scholar

[104] S.M., Metev and V.P., Veiko, Laser Assisted Microtechnology, 2nd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 1998.Google Scholar

[105] R., Meys, “A summary of the transmitting and receiving properties of antennas,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 42, pp. 49–53, June 2000.Google Scholar

[106] E.K., Miller and F. J., Deadrick, “Visualizing near-field energy flow and radiation,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 42, pp. 46–54, December 2000.Google Scholar

[107] W., Mitchell, “Avalanche transistors give fast pulses,” in Electronic Design, 1968.Google Scholar

[108] A.F., Molisch, Wireless communications, 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley, 2011.Google Scholar

[109] A., Molisch, K., Balakrishnan, D., Cassioli, C., Chong, S., Emami, A., Fort, J., Karedal, J., Kunisch, H., Schantz, U., Schuster, and K., Siwiak, “IEEE 802.15.4a channel model – final report,” IEEE 802.15-04-0662-00-0004a, San Antonio, Texas, USA, Tech. Rep., November 2004.

[110] A.F., Molisch, J. R., Foerster, and M., Pendergrass, “Channel models for ultrawideband personal area networks,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 10, pp. 14–21, December 2003.Google Scholar

[111] C., Müller, S., Zeisberg, H., Seidel, and A., Finger, “Spreading properties of time hopping codes in ultra wideband systems,” in IEEE7th Symposium on Spread-Spectrum Techniques and Applications, September 2002.Google Scholar

[112] S.A.Z., Murad, R. K., Pokharel, A. I. A., Galal, R., Sapawi, H., Kanaya, and K., Yoshida, “An excellent gain flatness 3.0–7.0 GHz CMOS PA for UWB applications,” Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 510–12, 2010.Google Scholar

[113] Y., Mushiake, “Self-complementary antennas,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 34, pp. 23–29, December 1992.Google Scholar

[114] M., Neinhus, S., Held, and K., Solobach, “FIR-filter based equalization of ultra wideband mutual coupling on linear antenna arrays,” in 2nd International ITG Conference on Antennas, INICA, 2007.Google Scholar

[115] N.K., Nikolova, “Microwave imaging for breast cancer,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 12, pp. 78–94, December 2011.Google Scholar

[116] R., Nilavalan, I.J., Craddock, A., Preece, J., Leendertz, and R., Benjamin, “Wideband Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for Breast Cancer Tumour Detection,” IET Antennas Propagation Microwaves, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 277–81, April 2007.Google Scholar

[117] T., Norimatsu, R., Fujiwara, M., Kokubo, M., Miyazaki, A., Maeki, Y., Ogata, S., Kobayashi, N., Koshizuka, and K., Sakamura, “A UWB-IR transmitter with digitally controlled pulse generator,” IEEE Journal ofSolid-State Circuits, vol. 42, pp. 1300–09, June 2007.Google Scholar

[118] U., Onunkwo, “Timing jitter in ultra wideband (UWB) systems,” PhD dissertation, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, May 2006.Google Scholar

[119] A., Oppenheim, Discrete-Time Signal Processing. Prentice Hall, Inc., 1989.Google Scholar

[120] I., Oppermann, M., Hamalainen, and J., Iinatti, UWB Theory and Applications. J. Wiley & Sons, 2006.Google Scholar

[121] J., Padgett, J., Koshy, and A., Triolo, “Physical-layermodeling of UWB interference effects,” Wireless Systems and Networks Research, Telcordia Technologies Inc., Arlington, Tech. Rep., 2003.Google Scholar

[122] K., Pahlavan, X., Li, and J., Mäkelä, “Indoor geolocation science and technology,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 112–18, February 2002.Google Scholar

[123] E., Pancera, Strategies for time domain characterization of UWB components and systems, ser. Karlsruher Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik; 57. Karlsruhe: Universitätsverlag, 2009. [Online]. Available: http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/1000012414.Google Scholar

[124] E., Pancera and W., Wiesbeck, “Correlation properties of the pulse transmitted by UWB antennas,” in International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, ICEAA, September 2009.Google Scholar

[125] E., Pancera, T., Zwick, and W., Wiesbeck, “Correlation properties of UWB radar target impulse responses,” in IEEE Radar Conference, RadarCon, May 2009.Google Scholar

[126] E., Pancera, T., Zwick, and W., Wiesbeck, “Full polarimetric time domain calibration for UWB radar systems,” in European Radar Conference, EuRAD 2009, October 2009.Google Scholar

[127] E., Pancera, T., Zwick, and W., Wiesbeck, “Spherical fidelity patterns of UWB antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, pp. 2111–19, June 2011.Google Scholar

[128] R., Pantoja, A., Sapienza, and F., Filho, “A microwave printed planar log-periodic dipole array antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 35, pp. 1176–78, October 1987.Google Scholar

[129] S., Paquelet, L., Aubert, and B., Uguen, “An impulse radio asynchronous transceiver for high data rates,” in Conference on Ultrawideband Systems and Technologies, September 2004.Google Scholar

[130] C.N., Paulson, J. T., Chang, C.E., Romero, J., Watson, F.J., Pearce, and N., Levin, “Ultrawideband radar methods and techniques of medical sensing and imaging,” in SPIE International Symposium on Optics, October 2005.Google Scholar

[131] C., Peixeiro, “Design of log-periodic dipole antennas,” IEE Proceedings Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 135, pp. 98–102, April 1988.Google Scholar

[132] M., Persson, “UWB inmedical diagnostics and treatment,” in IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications, APWC, September 2011.Google Scholar

[133] A., Phan, J., Lee, V., Krizhanovskii, Q., Le, S.-K., Han, and S.-G., Lee, “Energy-efficient low-complexity CMOS pulse generatorfor multiband UWB impulse radio,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 55, pp. 3552–63, December 2008.Google Scholar

[134] M., Porebska, G., Adamiuk, C., Sturm, and W., Wiesbeck, “Accuracy of algorithms for UWB localization in NLOS scenarios containing arbitrary walls,” in The Second European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, EuCAP, November 2007.Google Scholar

[135] M., Porebska, T., Kayser, and W., Wiesbeck, “Verification of a hybrid ray-tracing/FDTD model for indoor ultra-wideband channels,” in European Conference on Wireless Technologies, October 2007.Google Scholar

[136] D., Pozar, Microwave Engineering. John Wiley, second edition, ISBN 0-471-17096-8, 1998.Google Scholar

[137] P., Prasithsangaree, P., Krishnamurthy, and P., Chrysanthis, “On indoor position location with wireless LANs,” in 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, September 2002.Google Scholar

[138] S., Promwong and J., Takada, “Free space link budget estimation scheme for ultra wideband impulse radio with imperfect antennas,” IEICE Electronics Express, vol. 1, pp. 188–92, 2004.Google Scholar

[139] A., Rabbachin, “Low complexity UWB receivers with ranging capabilities,” PhD dissertation, Faculty of Technology, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Finland, March 2008.Google Scholar

[140] A., Rabbachin, J., Montillet, P., Cheong, G., De Abreu, and I., Oppermann, “Non-coherent energy collection approach for TOA estimation in UWB systems,” in 14th IST Mobile and Wireless Communications Summit, June 2005.Google Scholar

[141] J., Reed, An Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems. Prentice Hall Communications Engineering and Emerging Technologies Series, 2005.Google Scholar

[142] J., Reed, An Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems, 1st ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall Press, 2005.Google Scholar

[143] A., Reisenzahn, “Hardwarekomponenten für Ultra-Wideband Radio,” Master's thesis, Institut für Nachrichtentechnik/Informationstechnik, University of Linz, Austria, 2003.Google Scholar

[144] H., Rohling, Ed., OFDM: Concepts for Future Communication Systems. Wiesbaden: Springer, 2011.

[145] Z., Rudolf, S., Juergen, and T., Reiner, “Imaging of propagation environment by channel sounding,” in XXVIIIth General Assembly of URSI, October 2005.Google Scholar

[146] V., Rumsey, Frequency independent antennas. Electrical science series. Academic Press, 1966.Google Scholar

[147] Z., Sahinoglu, S., Gezici, and I., Guvenc, Ultra-wideband Positioning Systems: Theoretical Limits, Ranging Algorithms, and Protocols. Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar

[148] S., Sato and T. T., Kobayashu, “Path-loss exponents of ultra wideband signals in line-of-sight environments,” in In Proceedings of the IEEE 8th International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, pp. 488–92, September 2004.Google Scholar

[149] H.G., Schantz, “A brief history of UWB antennas,” IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol. 19, pp. 22–26, April 2004.Google Scholar

[150] D., Schaubert, E., Kollberg, T., Korzeniowski, T., Thungren, J., Johansson, and K., Yngvesson, “Endfire tapered slot antennas on dielectric substrates,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 33, pp. 1392–1400, December 1985.Google Scholar

[151] B., Scheers, M., Acheroy, and A. V., Vorst, “Time-domain simulation and characterisation of TEM horns using a normalised impulse response,” IEE Proceedings – Microwaves, Antennas Propagation, vol. 147, pp. 463–68, December 2000.Google Scholar

[152] B., Schleicher, J., Dederer, M., Leib, I., Nasr, A., Trasser, W., Menzel, and H., Schumacher, “Highly compact impulse UWB transmitter for high-resolution movement detection,” in IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, ICUWB, September 2008.Google Scholar

[153] I., Sharp, K., Yu, and Y. J., Guo, “GDOP analysis for positioning system design,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, pp. 3371–82, September 2009.Google Scholar

[154] A., Shlivinski, E., Heyman, and R., Kastner, “Antenna characterization in the time domain,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 45, pp. 1140–49, July 1997.Google Scholar

[155] B., Sklar, Digital Communications – Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-084788-7, 2000.Google Scholar

[156] M.I., Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.Google Scholar

[157] A.A., Smith, “Received voltage versus antenna height,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. EMC-11, pp. 104–11, August 1969.Google Scholar

[158] W., Sörgel, Charakterisierung von Antennen für die Ultra-Wideband-Technik, ser. Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik und Elektronik der UniversitätKarlsruhe (TH); 51. IHE, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/1000007210.Google Scholar

[159] W., Sörgel and W., Wiesbeck, “Influence of the antennas on the ultra-wideband transmission,” EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, pp. 296–305, 2005.Google Scholar

[160] E., Staderini, “UWB radars in medicine,” IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol. 17, pp. 13–18, January 2002.Google Scholar

[161] L., Stoica, “Non-coherent energy detection transceivers for ultra wideband impulse radio systems,” PhD dissertation, Faculty of Technology, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Oulu, 2008, ISBN 978-951-42-8717-6.Google Scholar

[162] L., Stoica and I., Oppermann, “Modelling and simulation of a non-coherent IR UWB transceiver architecture with TOA estimation,” in 17th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), September 2006.Google Scholar

[163] M.L., Stowell, B. J., Fasenfest, and D. A., White, “Investigation of radar propagation in buildings: A 10-billion element cartesian-mesh FDTD simulation,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 2241–50, 2008.Google Scholar

[164] A., Tamtrakarn, H., Ishikuro, K., Ishida, M., Takamiya, and T., Sakurai, “A 1-V 299μW flashing UWB transceiver based on double thresholding scheme,” in Symposium on VLSI Circuits, Digest of Technical Papers, 2006.Google Scholar

[165] J.-Y., Tham, B. L., Ooi, and M., Leong, “Diamond-shaped broadband slot antenna,” in IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small Antennas and Novel Metamaterials, IWAT, March 2005.Google Scholar

[166] J.Y., Tham, B. L., Ooi, and M. S., Leong, “Novel design of broadband volcano-smoke antenna,” in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, July 2005.Google Scholar

[167] R.S., Thomä, H.-I., Willms, T., Zwick, R., Knöchel, and J., Sachs, Eds., UKoLoS Ultra-Wideband Radio Technologies for Communications, Localization and Sensor Applications. Intech, September 2012.

[168] J., Timmermann, Systemanalyse und Optimierung der Ultrabreitband-Übertragung, ser. Karlsruher Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik; 58. Karlsruhe: KIT Scientific Publishing, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/1000014984.Google Scholar

[169] J., Timmermann, P., Walk, A., Rashidi, W., Wiesbeck, and T., Zwick, “Compensation of a non-ideal UWB antenna performance,” Frequenz, Journal of RF-Engineering and Telecommunications, vol. 63, pp. 183–86, 2009.Google Scholar

[170] Ubisense Group, “Ubisense series 7000 IP rated sensor,” http://www.ubisense.net/en/media/pdfs/factsheets_pdf/56505_jubisense-series-7000-ip-rated-sensor-en090624.pdf, 2009.

[171] N., Van Helleputte and G., Gielen, “A 70 pJ/pulse analog front-end in 130 nm CMOS for UWB impulse radio receivers,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 44, pp. 1862–71, 2009.Google Scholar

[172] M., Verhelst and W., Dehaene, “Analysis of the QAC IR-UWB receiver for low energy, low data-rate communication,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 55, pp. 2423–32, September 2008.Google Scholar

[173] H.J., Visser, Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics. John Wiley & Sons, 2005.Google Scholar

[174] X., Wang, A., Young, K., Philips, and H., de Groot, “Clock accuracy analysis for a coherent IR-UWB system,” in IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB), 2011.Google Scholar

[175] D., Ward, “No more breast cancer campaign,” http://www.nomorebreastcancer.org.uk/index.html, 2008.

[176] X., Wei, K., Saito, M., Takahashi, and K., Ito, “Performances of an Implanted Cavity Slot Antenna Embeddedin the Human Arm,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 894–99, April 2009.Google Scholar

[177] Wentzloff, , “Pulse-based ultra-wideband transmitters for digital communication,” Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tech. Rep., June 2007.Google Scholar

[178] D., Werner, R., Haupt, and P., Werner, “Fractal antenna engineering: the theory and design of fractal antenna arrays,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 41, pp. 37–58, October 1999.Google Scholar

[179] W., Wiesbeck, G., Adamiuk, and C., Sturm, “Basic properties and design principles of UWB antennas,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 97, pp. 372–85, February 2009.Google Scholar

[180] W., Wiesbeck and F., Jondral, Ultra-Wide-Band Kommunikationssysteme – Skriptum zum CCG Seminar DK 2.15. University of Karlsruhe, 2006.Google Scholar

[181] M., Win and R., Scholtz, “Ultra-wide bandwidth time-hopping spread-spectrum impulse radio for wireless multiple-access communications,” IEEE Transactions on Communication, vol. 48, pp. 679–89, April 2000.Google Scholar

[182] Z., Wu, F., Zhu, and C. R., Nassar, “High performance ultra-wide bandwidth systems via novel pulse shaping and frequency domain processing,” in IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, pp. 53–58, 2002.Google Scholar

[183] Z., Xiao, G. H., Tan, R. F., Li, and K. C., Yi, “A joint localization scheme based on IR-UWB for sensor network,” in International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, WiCOM, September 2011.Google Scholar

[184] L., Yang and G., Giannakis, “Ultra-wideband communications: An idea whose time has come, 21(6),” in IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp. 26–54, December 2004.Google Scholar

[185] T., Yang, S. Y., Suh, R., Nealy, W. A., Davis, and W. L., Stutzman, “Compact antennas for UWB applications,” IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol. 19, pp. 16–20, May 2004.Google Scholar

[186] R., Ye and H., Liu, “UWB TDOA localization system: Receiver configuration analysis,” in International Symposium on Signals Systems and Electronics, ISSSE, September 2010.Google Scholar

[187] X., Zeng, A., Fhager, M., Persson, P., Linner, and H., Zirath, “Accuracy evaluation of ultrawideband time domain systems for microwave imaging,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, pp. 4279–85, November 2011.Google Scholar

[188] R., Zetik, J., Sachs, and R. S., Thoma, “UWB short-range radar sensing,” IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine, vol. 10, pp. 39–45, April 2007.Google Scholar

[189] F., Zhang, A., Jha, R., Gharpurey, and P., Kinget, “An agile, ultra-wideband pulse radio transceiver with discrete-time wideband-IF,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 44, pp. 1336–51, 2009.Google Scholar

[190] K., Zhang and D., Li, Electromagnetic Theory for Microwaves and Optoelectronics, 2nd ed. Tsinghua University, Beijing: Springer, 2007.Google Scholar

[191] S., Zhao, “Pulsed ultra-wideband: Transmission, detection, and performance,” PhD dissertation, Oregon State University, 2007.Google Scholar

[192] Y., Zheng, M. A., Arasu, K. W., Wong, Y. J., The, A. P. H., Suan, D. D., Tran, W. G., Yeoh, and D. L., Kwong, “A 0.18 μm CMOS 802.15.4a UWB transceiver for communication and localization,” in IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, ISSCC, 2008.Google Scholar

[193] X., Zhuge and A. G., Yarovoy, “A sparse aperture MIMO-SAR-based UWB imaging system for concealed weapon detection,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 49, pp. 509–18, January 2011.Google Scholar

[194] T., Zwick, C., Fischer, and W., Wiesbeck, “A stochastic multipath channel model including path directions for indoor environments,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1178–92, 2002.Google Scholar

[195] L., Żwirełło, C., Ascher, G., Trommer, and T., Zwick, “Study on UWB/INS integration techniques,” in 8th Workshop on Positioning Navigation and Communication, WPNC, April 2011.Google Scholar

[196] L., Żwirełło, M., Harter, H., Berchtold, J., Schlichenmaier, and T., Zwick, “Analysis of the measurement results performed with an ultra-wideband indoor locating system,” in 7th German Microwave Conference, GeMiC, March 2012.Google Scholar

[197] L., Żwirełło, C., Heine, X., Li, T., Schipper, and T., Zwick, “SNR performance verification of different UWB receiver architectures,” in European Microwave Conference, EuMC, October 2012.Google Scholar

[198] L., Żwirełło, C., Heine, X., Li, and T., Zwick, “An UWB correlation receiver for performance assessment of synchronization algorithms,” in IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, ICUWB, September 2011.Google Scholar

[199] L., Żwirełło, M., Hesz, L., Sit, and T., Zwick, “Algorithms for synchronization of coherent UWB receivers and their application,” in IEEE International Conference on Ultra Wideband, ICUWB, September 2012.Google Scholar

[200] L., Żwirełło, M., Janson, C., Ascher, U., Schwesinger, G., Trommer, and T., Zwick, “Localization in industrial halls via ultra-wideband signals,” in 7th Workshop on Positioning Navigation and Communication, WPNC, March 2010.Google Scholar

[201] L., Żwirełło, M., Janson, C., Ascher, U., Schwesinger, G. F., Trommer, and T., Zwick, “Accuracy considerations of UWB localization systems dedicated to large-scale applications,” in International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, IPIN, September 2010.Google Scholar

[202] L., Żwirełło, M., Janson, and T., Zwick, “Ultra-wideband based positioning system for applications in industrial environments,” in European Wireless Technology Conference, EuWIT, September 2010.Google Scholar

[203] L., Żwirełło, L., Reichardt, X., Li, and T., Zwick, “Impact of the antenna impulse response on accuracy of impulse-based localization systems,” in 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, March 2012.Google Scholar

[204] L., Żwirełło, T., Schipper, M., Harter, and T., Zwick, “UWB localization system for indoor applications: Concept, realization and analysis,” Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2012.Google Scholar

[205] L., Żwirełło, J., Timmermann, G., Adamiuk, and T., Zwick, “Using periodic template signals for rapid synchronization of UWB correlation receivers,” in COST2100 TD(09)848, May 2009.Google Scholar