Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Home
Hostname: page-component-55597f9d44-fnprw Total loading time: 7.404 Render date: 2022-08-19T09:34:54.081Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, "shouldUseHypothesis": true, "isUnsiloEnabled": true, "useRatesEcommerce": false, "useNewApi": true } hasContentIssue true
Synopsis of Neurology, Psychiatry and Related Systemic Disorders Synopsis of Neurology, Psychiatry and Related Systemic Disorders
Buy print or eBook[Opens in a new window]

Book contents

C

from Section 1 - Diagnostics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2019

Edited by
Alan B. Ettinger ,
Deborah M. Weisbrot  and
Casey E. Gallimore
Alan B. Ettinger
Affiliation:
Safe Passage Diagnostics, New York
Deborah M. Weisbrot
Affiliation:
State University of New York, Stony Brook
Casey E. Gallimore
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Synopsis of Neurology, Psychiatry and Related Systemic Disorders , pp. 78 - 140
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Purchase

Buy Book

Buy print or eBook[Opens in a new window]

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Campylobacter. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2017. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/index.html. Accessed Oct 10, 2018.
Nyati, K, Nyati, R. Role of Campylobacter jejuni infection in the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré syndrome: an update. Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013: 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfaller, M, Diekema, D. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007; 20(1): 133–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henao, N, Vagner, B. Infections of the central nervous system by candida. J Infect Dis Immun. 2011; 3(5): 79–84.Google Scholar
Coleman, JH, Tacker, HL, Evans, WE, Lemmi, H, Britton, EL. Neurological manifestations of chronic marihuana intoxication. Part I: paresis of the fourth cranial nerve. Dis Nerv Syst. 1976; 37(1): 29.Google ScholarPubMed
Macleod, J, Oakes, R, Copello, A, et al. Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: a systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies. Lancet. 2004; 363(9421): 1579–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solowij, N, Battisti, R. The chronic effects of cannabis on memory in humans: a review. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2008; 1(1): 81–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinherz, K, Vissing, T. The medical effects of marijuana on the brain. 21st Century. 1997–1998(Winter): 59–69.Google Scholar
Herning, RI, Better, W, Cadet, JL. EEG of chronic marijuana users during abstinence: relationship to years of marijuana use, cerebral blood flow and thyroid function. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008; 119(2): 321–31. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2234454/CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tracey, N. Marijuana withdrawal and managing marijuana withdrawal symptoms. Healthy Place. 2016. Available from www.healthyplace.com/addictions/marijuana-addiction/marijuana-withdrawal-and-managing-marijuana-withdrawal-symptoms/. Accessed Oct 10, 2018.
Fontaine, B. CANOMAD syndrome. Orphanet. March 2007.Google Scholar
Barr, RM, Dillon, WP, Wilson, CB. Slow-flow vascular malformations of the pons: capillary telangiectasias? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996; 17(1): 71–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Lee, RR, Becher, MW, Benson, ML, Rigamonti, D. Brain capillary telangiectasia: MR imaging appearance and clinicohistopathologic findings. Radiology. 1997; 205(3): 797–805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarwar, M, McCormick, WF. Intracerebral venous angioma. Case report and review. Arch Neurol. 1978; 35(5): 323–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sayama, CM, Osborn, AG, Chin, SS, Couldwell, WT. Capillary telangiectasias: clinical, radiographic, and histopathological features. Clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2010; 113(4): 709–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, D, Valentine, WM. Carbon disulfide. In Spencer, PS, Schaumburg, HH, eds. Experimental and clinical neurotoxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. pp. 315–7.Google Scholar
Pulley, M, Berger, AR. Disorders of the peripheral nervous system (carbon disulfide). In Rosenstock, L, Cullen, MR, Brodkin, CA, Redlich, CA, eds. Textbook of clinical occupational and environmental medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. pp. 674–5.Google Scholar
Crystal, HA, Ginsberg, MD. Carbon monoxide. In Spencer, PS, Schaumburg, HH, eds. Experimental and clinical neurotoxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. pp. 318–29.Google Scholar
Kao, LW, Nañagas, KA. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2004; 22(4): 985–1018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buda, A, Giuliani, D, Montano, N, Perego, P, Milani, R. Primary insular carcinoid of the ovary with carcinoid heart disease: unfavourable outcome of a case. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2012; 3(2): 59–61. Available from http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijscr.2011.10.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, JK. Carcinoid syndrome and the APUD concept. Semin Anesth. 1987; 3: 228–37.Google Scholar
Palaniswamy, C, Frishman, WE, Aronow, WS. Carcinoid heart disease. Cardiol Rev. 2012; 20: 1167–76. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22314145CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, MJ, Willis, RA, Saram, GSW. Argentaffin carcinoma arising in ovarian teratomas – a report of two cases. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1939; 49: 207–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Telerman, A. Germ cell tumor of the ovary. In Kurman, RJ, ed. Blaunstein's pathology of the female genital tract. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002. pp. 1006–8.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, MC. Combined-modality treatment of leptomeningeal gliomatosis. Neurosurgery. 2003; 52: 324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chamberlain, MC, Tsao-Wei, D, Groshen, S. Neoplastic meningitis-related encephalopathy: prognostic significance. Neurology. 2004; 63: 2159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, SH, Kong, DS, Seol, HJ, et al. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus caused by central nervous system metastasis. J Neurooncol. 2011; 104: 545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Rhun, E, Taillibert, S, Chamberlain, MC. Carcinomatous meningitis: Leptomeningeal metastases in solid tumors. Surg Neurol Int. 2013; 4(Suppl 4): S265–88. Available from http://doi.org/10.4103/2152-7806.111304Google ScholarPubMed
Omuro, AM, Lallana, EC, Bilsky, MH, DeAngelis, LM. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt in patients with leptomeningeal metastasis. Neurology. 2005; 64: 1625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chow, GV, Marine, JE, Fleg, JL. Epidemiology of arrhythmias and conduction disorders in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2012; 28(4): 539–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morady, F. Radio-frequency ablation as treatment for cardiac arrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sekar, RP. Epidemiology of arrhythmias in children. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2008; 8(Suppl 1): S8–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Turner, CJ, Wren, C. The epidemiology of arrhythmia in infants: A population-based study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2013; 49: 278–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zoom, M, Smith, KS. The aetiology of complete heart-block. Br Med J. 1963; 2: 1149.Google Scholar
Arboix, A, Alio, J. Cardioembolic stroke: clinical features, specific cardiac disorders and prognosis. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2010; 6(3): 150–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornung, M, Franke, J, Gafoor, S, Sievert, H. Cardioembolic stroke and postmyocardial infarction stroke. Cardiol Clin. 2016; 34(2): 207–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, WC, Hartman, GS. Neurologic dysfunction in cardiac surgery. New Horiz. 1999; 7: 504.Google Scholar
Cheung, AT, Stecker, MM. Neurologic complications of cardiac surgery. Prog Anaesthesiol. 1998; 12: 3.Google Scholar
Gardner, TJ, Horneffer, PJ, Manolio, TA, et al. Stroke following coronary artery bypass grafting: a tenyear study. Ann Thorac Surg. 1985; 40: 574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen-Scarabelli, C. Neurocardiogenic syncope. BMJ. 2004; 329(7461): 336–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grubb, BP. Neurocardiogenic syncope and related disorders of orthostatic intolerance. Circulation. 2005; 111(22): 2997–3006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonobe, M, Yamazaki, T, Yonekura, M, Kikuchi, H. Small unruptured intracranial aneurysm verification study: SUAVE Study, Japan. Stroke. 2010; 41: 1969.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vlak, MH, Algra, A, Brandenburg, R, Rinkel, GJ. Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, comorbidity, country, and time period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2011; 10: 626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, VH, Brown, RD Jr, Mandrekar, JN, Mokri, B. Incidence and outcome of cervical artery dissection: a population-based study. Neurology. 2006; 67: 1809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitsias, P, Ramadan, NM. Headache in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Part I: Clinical features. Cephalalgia. 1992; 12: 269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müller, BT, Luther, B, Hort, W, et al. Surgical treatment of 50 carotid dissections: indications and results. J Vasc Surg. 2000; 31: 980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abou-Chebl, A, Yadav, JS, Reginelli, JP, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage and hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid artery stenting: risk factors, prevention, and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43: 1596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, WJ, Lanzino, G, Brott, TG. Carotid Stenting vs Endarterectomy: New Results in Perspective. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010; 85: 1101–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenfield, K, Matsumura, JS, Chaturvedi, S, et al. Randomized trial of stent versus surgery for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374: 10113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silver, FL, Mackey, A, Clark, WM, et al. Safety of stenting and endarterectomy by symptomatic status in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial (CREST). Stroke. 2011; 42: 6754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, JA, Goldstein, H, Connolly, ES Jr., Meyers, PM. Carotid-cavernous fistulas. Neurosurg Focus. 2012; 32: E9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, W, Xiaofeng, Y, Weiguo, L, et al. Traumatic carotid cavernous fistula accompanying basilar skull fracture: a study on the incidence of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula in the patients with basilar skull fracture and the prognostic analysis about traumatic carotid cavernous fistula. J Trauma. 2007; 63: 1014–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyers, PM, Halbach, VV, Dowd, CF, et al. Dural carotid cavernous fistula: definitive endovascular management and long-term follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002; 134: 85–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amin, V, Pavri, BB. Carotid sinus syndrome. Cardiol Rev. 2015; 23: 130–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Connolly, SJ, Sheldon, R, Roberts, RS, Gent, M. The North American Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS). A randomized trial of permanent cardiac pacing for the prevention of vasovagal syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 16–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutton, R. Carotid sinus syndrome: Progress in understanding and management. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2014; 2014: 1–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Kothari, M. Carpal tunnel syndrome: etiology and epidemiology. In Post, TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA. Accessed Jan 21, 2016.Google Scholar
Ropper, A, Samuels, M. Disease of the peripheral nervous system. In Adams and Victor's principles of neurology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education/Medical; 2009. pp. 1314–5.Google Scholar
Howlet, WP, Brubaker, GR, Mlingi, N, Rosling, H. Konzo, an epidemic upper motor neuron disease studied in Tanzania. Brain. 1990; 113: 223–35.Google Scholar
Rosling, H, Tyklesklar, T. Cassava. In Spencer, PS, Schaumburg, HH, eds. Experimental and clinical neurotoxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. pp. 338–43.Google Scholar
Brian, G, Taylor, H. Cataract blindness – challenges for the 21st century. Bull World Health Org. 2001; 79(3): 249–56.Google ScholarPubMed
Frick, KD, Foster, A. The magnitude and cost of global blindness: an increasing problem that can be alleviated. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013; 135(4): 471–6.Google Scholar
Pascolini, D, Mariotti, SP. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012; 96(5): 614–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shiels, A, Bennett, TM, Fielding Hejtmancik, J. Cat-map: putting cataract on the map. Mol Vis. 2010; 16: 2007–15.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
Bush, G, Fink, M, Petrides, G, et al. Catatonia. I. Rating scale and standardized examination. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996; 93: 129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fink, M, Taylor, MA. Catatonia: a clinician's guide to diagnosis and treatment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fink, M, Taylor, MA. The catatonia syndrome: forgotten but not gone. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009; 66(11): 1173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nervi, SJ. Cat scratch disease (cat scratch fever) clinical presentation. Updated Jul 24, 2017. Available from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214100-clinical. Accessed Oct 16, 2018.
Lamas, C, Curi, A, Bóia, M, Lemos, E. Human bartonellosis: seroepidemiological and clinical features with an emphasis on data from Brazil – a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008; 103(3).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breitschwerdt, E, Sontakke, S, Hopkins, S. Neurological manifestations of bartonellosis in immunocompetent patients: a composite of reports from 2005–2012. J Neuroparasitol. 2012; 3: 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gitelman, A, Hishme, S, Morelli, BN, et al. Cauda equina syndrome: a comprehensive review. Am J Orthop. 2008; 37(11): 556–62.Google ScholarPubMed
Al-Holou, WN, O'Lynnger, TM, Pandey, AS, et al. Natural history and imaging prevalence of cavernous malformations in children and young adults. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2012; 9: 198–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maraire, JN, Awad, IA. Intracranial cavernous malformations: lesion behavior and management strategies. Neurosurgery. 1995; 37: 591–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poorthuis, MH, Klijn, CJ, Algra, A, Rinkel, GJ, Al-Shahi Salman, R. Treatment of cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; 85: 1319–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agostoni, E, Aliprandi, A, Longoni, M. Review. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009; 9: 553–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bousser, M-G, Barnett, HJM. Cerebral venous thrombosis. In Mohr, J, Grotta, J, Wolf, P, Choi, D, Weir, B, eds. Stroke. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2004. pp. 301–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Cockerham, KP. Orbital and ocular manifestations of neurological disease. In Aminoff, MJ, ed. Neurology and general medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2008. pp. 483–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebright, JR, Pace, MT, Niazi, AF. Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161: 2671–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keane, JR. Cavernous sinus syndrome. Analysis of 151 cases. Arch Neurol. 1996; 53: 967–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuo, JS, Chen, JC, Yu, C, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for benign cavernous sinus tumors: quantitative analysis of treatment outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2004; 54: 1385–93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, S. A prospective study of cavernous sinus surgery for meningiomas and resultant common ophthalmic complications (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2007; 105: 392–447.Google Scholar
Briani, C, Zara, G, Alaedini, A, et al. Neurological complications of celiac disease and autoimmune mechanisms: a prospective study. J Neuroimmunol. 2008; 195(1–2): 171–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fasano, A, Catassi, C. Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease: an evolving spectrum. Gastroenterology. 2001; 120(3): 636–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadjivassiliou, M, Grünewald, RA, Chattopadhyay, AK, et al. Clinical, radiological, neurophysiological, and neuropathological characteristics of gluten ataxia. Lancet. 1998; 352: 1582–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hadjivassiliou, M, Grünewald, RA, Davies-Jones, GA. Gluten sensitivity as a neurological illness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002; 72(5): 560–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, JR, Eaton, WW, Cascella, NG, Fasano, A, Kelly, DL. Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. Psychiatr Q. 2012; 83(1): 91–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Musana, A, Yale, SH. Central pontine myelinolysis: case series and review. WMJ. 2005; 104(6): 56–60.Google ScholarPubMed
Singh, TD, Fugate, JE, Rabinstein, AA. Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: a systematic review. Eur J Neurol. 2014; 21: 1443–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vermetten, E. Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological manifestations of central pontine myelinolysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2005; 21(4): 296–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leavitt, JA, Larson, TA, Hodge, DO, Gullerud, RE. The incidence of central retinal artery occlusion in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011; 152: 820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudkin, AK, Lee, AW, Aldrich, E, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of current standard management of central retinal artery occlusion. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010; 38: 496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, R, Klein, BE, Moss, SE, Meuer, SM. The epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2000; 98: 133–43.Google ScholarPubMed
The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Risk factors for central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996; 114: 545–54.
Burumcek, E, Mudun, A, Karacorlu, S, Arslan, MO. Laser photocoagulation for persistent central serous retinopathy: results of long-term follow-up. Ophthalmology. 1997; 104: 616–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitzmann, AS, Pulido, JS, Diehl, NN, Hodge, DO, Burke, JP. The incidence of central serous chorioretinopathy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980–2002. Ophthalmology. 2008; 115: 169–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liew, G, Quin, G, Gillies, M, Fraser-Bell, S. Central serous chorioretinopathy: a review of epidemiology and pathophysiology. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012; 41: 201–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Eckert, DJ, Jordan, AS, Merchia, P, et al. Central sleep apnea: pathophysiology and treatment. Chest. 2005; 131: 595–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jahaveri, S. Central sleep apnea. Clin Chest Med. 2010; 31: 235–48.Google Scholar
Jahaveri, S, Dempsey, JA. Central sleep apnea. Compr Physiol. 2013; 3: 141–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Küpper, T, Schöffl, V, Netzer, N. Cheyne Stokes breathing at high altitude: a helpful response or a troublemaker? Sleep Breath. 2008; 12(2): 123–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sateia, M, Berry, RB, Bornemann, MC, et al. International classification of sleep disorders. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.Google ScholarPubMed
Tellez, HF, MacDonald-Nethercott, E, Neyte, X, et al. Sleep-related periodic breathing does not acclimatize to chronic hypobaric hypoxia: a 1-year study at high altitude in Antarctica. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014; 190: 114–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alattar, MA, Scharf, SM. Opioid-associated central sleep apnea: a case series. Sleep Breath. 2009; 13: 201–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correa, D, Farney, RJ, Chung, F, et al. Chronic opioid use and central sleep apnea: a review of the prevalence, mechanisms, and perioperative considerations. Anesth Analg. 2015; 120: 1273–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, MJ, Livingston, M, Scharf, SM. Reversal of central sleep apnea following discontinuation of opioids. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012; 8(5): 579–80.Google ScholarPubMed
Jahaveri, S, Dempsey, JA. Central sleep apnea. Compr Physiol. 2013; 3: 141–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sateia, M, Berry, RB, Bornemann, MC, et al. International classification of sleep disorders. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.Google ScholarPubMed
Walker, JM, Farney, RJ, Rhondeau, SM, et al. Chronic opioid use is a risk factor for the development of central sleep apnea and ataxic breathing. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007; 3(5): 455–61.Google ScholarPubMed
Bradley, TD, Logan, AG, Kimoff, RJ, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 2025–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowie, MR, Woehrle, H, Wegscheider, K, et al. Adaptive servo-ventilation for central sleep apnea in systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 1095–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dempsey, JA, Smith, CA, Przybylowski, T, et al. The ventilator responsiveness to CO2 below eupnoea as a determinant of ventilator stability in sleep. J Physiol. 2004; 560: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, DJ, Jordan, AS, Merchia, P, et al. Central sleep apnea: pathophysiology and treatment. Chest. 2007; 131: 595–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jahaveri, S, Dempsey, JA. Central sleep apnea. Compr Physiol. 2013; 3: 141–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sateia, M, Berry, RB, Bornemann, MC, et al. International classification of sleep disorders. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.Google ScholarPubMed
Fazzi, E, Signorini, SG, Bova, SM, et al. Spectrum of visual disorders in children with cerebral visual impairment. J Child Neurol. 2007; 22(3): 294–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amato, AA, Russell, JA. Neuromuscular disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008. pp. 578, 582–3.Google Scholar
Mah, JK, Joseph, JT. An overview of congenital myopathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016; 22(6): 1932–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Izumihara, A, Ishihara, T, Iwamoto, N, Yamashita, K, Ito, H. Postoperative outcome of 37 patients with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Stroke. 1999; 30(1): 29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maxwell, SS, Jackson, CA, Paternoster, L, et al. Genetic associations with brain microbleeds: systematic review and meta-analyses. Neurology. 2011; 77(2): 158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamada, M. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: emerging concepts. J Stroke. 2015; 17(1): 17–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adib-Samii, P, Brice, G, Martin, RJ, Markus, HS. Clinical spectrum of CADASIL and the effect of cardiovascular risk factors on phenotype: study in 200 consecutively recruited individuals. Stroke. 2010; 41(4): 630–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Razvi, SS, Davidson, R, Bone, I, Muir, KW. The prevalence of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL) in the west of Scotland. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005; 76(5): 739–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capute, AJ, Accardo, PJ. Developmental disabilities in infancy and childhood. Vol 2. 2nd ed. EDS. Baltimore, MD; Brooks Publishing; 2001.Google Scholar
Monster, D, Wilcox, AJ, Vollset, SE, Markestad, T, Lie, RT. Cerebral palsy long-term and post-term births. JAMA. 2010; 304(9): 976–82.Google Scholar
Shevell, MI, Bodensteiner, JB. Cerebral palsy: defining the problem. Semin Pediatric Neurol. 2004; 11(1): 2–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volpe, JJ. Neurology of the newborn. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2001. p. 41.Google Scholar
Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J, eds. Stroke syndromes. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunbar, K. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: a treatable genetic disease not to be missed. J Clin Rheumatol. 2016; 22(2): 92–3.Google Scholar
Lorincz, MT, Rainier, S, Thomas, D, Fink, JK. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: possible higher prevalence than previously recognized. Arch Neurol. 2005; 62: 1459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leffert, LR, Clancy, CR, Bateman, BT, et al. Treatment patterns and short-term outcomes in ischemic stroke in pregnancy or postpartum period. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 214(6): 723.e1–723.e11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mas, JL, Lamy, C. Stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium. Neurology. 1998; 245(6–7): 305–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Tang, SC, Jeng, JS. Management of stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010; 10(2): 205–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Praemer, A, Furner, S, Rice, D. Musculoskeletal conditions in the United States. Rosemont, IL: AAOS; 1992. p 23.Google Scholar
Amato, AA, Russell, JA. Neuromuscular disorders. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education/Medical; 2015.Google Scholar
Carette, F, Fehlings, MG. Clinical practice: Cervical radiculopathy. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353(4): 392–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bledsoe, IO, Comella, CL. Botulinum toxin treatment of cervical dystonia. In Seminars in neurology. Stuttgart: Thieme Medical; 2016.Google Scholar
Contarino, MF, Smit, M, van den Dool, J, Volkmann, J, Tijssen, MAJ. Unmet needs in the management of cervical dystonia. Front Neurol. 2016; 7: 165.Google ScholarPubMed
Klingelhoefer, L, Martino, D, Martinez-Martin, P, et al. Nonmotor symptoms and focal cervical dystonia: observations from 102 patients. Basal Ganglia. 2014; 4: 117–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeDoux, MS, Vemula, SR, Xiao, J, et al. Clinical and genetic features of cervical dystonia in a large multicenter cohort. Neurol Genet. 2016; 2: e69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, S, Martino, D. Cervical dystonia: from pathophysiology to pharmacotherapy. Behav Neurol. 2013; 26: 275–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bovim, G, Schrader, H, Sand, T. Neck pain in the general population. Spine. 1994; 19(12): 1307–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedenberg, ZB, Miller, WT. Degenerative disc disease of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963; 45: 1171–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Travell, JG, Simons, DG. Myofascial pain and dysfunction. Vol. 2. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1992.Google Scholar
Trafton, PG. Spinal cord injuries. Surg Clin North Am. 1982; 62(1): 61–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aminoff, MJ, Greenberg, DA, Simon, RP. Motor disorders. In Aminoff, MJ, Greenberg, DA, Simon, RP, eds. Clinical neurology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2015.Google Scholar
Radhakrishnan, K, Litchy, WJ, O'Fallon, WM, Kurland, LT. Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy. A population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. Brain. 1994; 117(Pt 2): 325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormack, BM, Weinstein, PR. Cervical spondylosis. An update. West J Med. 1996; 165(1–2): 43–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Hu, R, Mustard, CA, Burns, C. Epidemiology of incidental CT spinal fracture in a complete population. Spine. 1996; 21: 492–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torretti, JA, Sengupta, DK. Cervical spine trauma. Indian J Orthop. 2007; 41(4): 255–67.Google ScholarPubMed
Finsterer, J, Auer, H. Parasitoses of the human central nervous system. J Helminthol. 2013; 87(3): 257–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salvana, EMT, Salata, RA, King, CH. Parasitic infections of the central nervous system. In Aminoff, MJ, Josephson, SA, eds. Aminoff's neurology and general medicine. 5th ed. London: Academic Press; 2014: pp. 947–68.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis). www.who.int/chagas/epidemiology/en/. Accessed Oct 11, 2018.
Cherniack, NS, Longobardo, G, Evangelista, CJ. Causes of Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Neurocrit Care. 2005; 3(3): 271–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giannoni, A, Emdin, M, Passino, C. Cheyne-Stokes respiration, chemoreflex, and ticagrelor-related dyspnea. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375(10): 1004–6. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1601662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naughton, MT. Pathophysiology and treatment of Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Thorax. 1998; 53: 514–8. DOI: 10.1136/thx.53.6.514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orr, JE, Malhotra, A, Sands, SA. Pathogenesis of central and complex sleep apnoea. Respirology. 2017; 22(1): 43–52. DOI: 10.1111/resp.12927. Epub 2016 Oct 31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y, Cao, J, Feng, J, Chen, BY. Cheyne-Stokes respiration during sleep: mechanisms and potential interventions. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2015; 76(7): 390–6. DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2015.76.7.390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
Ferrara, P, Guadagno, C, Sbordone, A, et al. Child abuse and neglect: A review of the literature. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2016; 12(4): 301–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Clinical Guideline. Child maltreatment: when to suspect maltreatment in under 18s. July 2009. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg89. Accessed Aug 15, 2018.
Kirkland, L. Cholesterol embolism clinical presentation. Medscape. Oct 5, 2017.Google Scholar
Kronzon, I. Cholesterol embolization syndrome. Circulation. 2010; 122: 631–41. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.886465CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardoso, F. Chorea gravidarum. Arch Neurol. 2002; 59(5): 868–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kranick, SM, Mowry, EM, Colcher, A, Horn, S, Golbe, L.I. Movement disorders and pregnancy: a review of the literature. Mov Disord. 2010; 25(6): 665–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maia, DP, Fonseca, PG, Camargos, ST, et al. Pregnancy in patients with Sydenham's chorea. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012; 18(5): 458–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robottom, BJ, Weiner, WJ. Chorea gravidarum. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011; 100: 231–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laughlin, RS, Dyck, PJ, Melton, LJ III, et al. Incidence and prevalence of CIDP and the association of diabetes mellitus. Neurology. 2009; 73: 39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotan, I, Hellman, MA, Steiner, I. Diagnostic criteria of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in diabetes mellitus. Acta Neurol Scand. 2015; 132: 278–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ropper, AH, Samuels, MA, Klein, JP. Diseases of the peripheral nerves. In Adams & Victor's principles of neurology. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2014.Google Scholar
Bojrab, DI, Smouha, E. Tympanic membrane perforation and tympanoplasty. In Lalwani, A, ed. Sataloff's comprehensive textbook of otolaryngology. Philadelphia, PA: JP Medical; 2015.Google Scholar
Smouha, EE, Bojrab, DI. Cholesteatoma. New York: Thieme; 2011. Chapter 1.Google Scholar
Smouha, E, Bojrab, DI. Cholesteatoma. In Lalwani, A, ed. Sataloff's comprehensive textbook of otolaryngology. Philadelphia, PA: JP Medical; 2015.Google Scholar
Butterworth, RF. Hypercapnic encephalopathy. In Siegel, GJ, Agranoff, BW, Albers, RW, et al., eds. Basic neurochemistry: molecular, cellular and medical aspects. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1999. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28164/Google Scholar
Incalzi, RA, Gemma, A, Marra, C, et al. Verbal memory impairment in COPD. Chest. 1997; 112(6): 1506–13. DOI: 10.1378/chest.112.6.1506CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ropper, AH, Samuels, MA, Klein, JP. The acquired metabolic disorders of the nervous system. In Adams & Victor's principles of neurology, 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014. pp. 1132–60.Google Scholar
Rycroft, CE, Heyes, A, Lanza, L, Becker, K. Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a literature review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012; 7: 457–94. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S32330.Google ScholarPubMed
Scala, R. Hypercapnic encephalopathy syndrome: A new frontier for non-invasive ventilation? Respir Med. 2011; 105(8): 1109–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.02.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thakur, N, Blanc, PD, Julian, LJ, et al. COPD and cognitive impairment: the role of hypoxemia and oxygen therapy. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2010; 5: 263–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Friedman, MA, Fleming, LE, Fernandez, M, et al. Ciguatera fish poisoning: treatment, prevention and management. Mar Drugs. 2008; 6(3): 456–79. PMCID: PMC2579736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, JG. Ciguatoxin. In Spencer, PS, Schaumburg, HH, eds. Experimental and clinical neurotoxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. pp. 386–90.Google Scholar
Plakkal, N, Soraisham, A, Amin, H. Citrobacter freundii brain abscess in a preterm infant: a case report and literature review. Pediatr Neonatol. 2013; 54(2): 137–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, H, Chang, C, Hsieh, C. Brain abscess caused by Citrobacter koseri infection in an adult. Neurosciences. 2015; 20(2): 170–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marecos, C, Ferreira, M, Ferreira, M, Barroso, M. Sepsis, meningitis and cerebral abscesses caused by Citrobacter koseri. BMJ Case Rep. 2012; 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goonetilleke, A. Clostridial neurotoxins. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004; 75(Suppl 3): iii35–iii39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finsterer, J, Hess, B. Neuromuscular and central nervous system manifestations of Clostridium perfringens infections. Infection. 2007; 35(6): 396–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bahra, A, May, A, Gaodsby, PJ. Cluster headache: a prospective clinical study with diagnostic implications. Neurology. 2002; 58: 354–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kudrow, L. Cluster headache: mechanisms and management. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1980.Google Scholar
Manzoni, GC. Gender ratio of cluster headache over the years: a possible role of changes in lifestyle. Cephalalgia. 1998; 18: 138–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lancé, MD. A general review of major global coagulation assays: thrombelastography, thrombin generation test and clot waveform analysis. Thomb J. 2015; 13: 1.Google ScholarPubMed
Agarwal, P. Neurologic effects of cocaine. Medscape. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1174408-overview#a6. Accessed Aug 15, 2018.
Enevoldson, TP. Recreational drugs and their neurological consequences. http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/75/suppl_3/iii9.full. Accessed Aug 15, 2018.CrossRef
Kuriyama, H, Suyama, A. Multiple actions of cocaine on neuromuscular transmission and smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig mesenteric artery. J Physiol. 1983; 337: 631–54. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014646/pdf.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, BG, Rezkalla, S, Kloner, RA. Cardiovascular effects of cocaine. Circulation. 2010; 122: 2558–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, AJ, Sholar, MB, Mendelson, JH, et al. Cocaine-induced erythrocytosis and increase in von Willebrand factor: evidence for drug-related blood doping and prothrombotic effects. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159(16): 1925–9. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.159.16.1925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venton, BJ, Seipel, AT, Phillips, PEM, et al. Cocaine increases dopamine release by mobilization of a synapsin-dependent reserve pool. J Neurosci. 2006; 26(12): 3206–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galgiani, J, Ampel, N, Blair, J, et al. Coccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41(9): 1217–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DynaMed Plus [Internet]. Record No. 116164, Coccidioidomycosis. Updated Oct 26, 2015. Ipswich,MA: EBSCO InformationServices. 1995. Available from www.dynamed.com/login.aspxdirect=true&site=DynaMed&id=116164. Accessed Jan 29, 2016. Registration and login required.
Zunt, J, Baldwin, K. Chronic and subacute meningitis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2012; 18: 1290–318.Google ScholarPubMed
Bussa, M, Gutilla, D, Lucia, M, et al. Complex regional pain syndrome type 1: a comprehensive review Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015; 59(6): 685–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guthmiller, K, Dulebohn, S. Pain, complex regional pain syndrome (reflex sympathetic dystrophy, RSD, CRPS). In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430719/Google Scholar
Sandroni, P, Benrud-Larson, LM, McClelland, RL, Low, PA. Complex regional pain syndrome type I: incidence and prevalence in Olmsted county, a population-based study. Pain. 2003; 103(1–2): 199–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brant, WE, Helmes Clyde, A. Benign compression fracture. Fundamentals of diagnostic radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p. 302.Google Scholar
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.
Howell, MJ. Parasomnias: an updated review. Neurotherapeutics. 2012; 9: 753–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahowald, M. Non-REM arousal parasomnias. In Kryger, MH, Roth, T, Dement, WC, eds. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2010. pp. 1075–82.Google Scholar
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.
Paton, JY, Swaminathan, S, Sargent, CW, Hawksworth, A, Keens, TG. Hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses in awake children with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989; 140: 368–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, TJ. Congestive heart failure. In Practical electrophysiology. Malvern, PA: HMP Communications; 2009. pp. 207–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Emory Healthcare. Heart failure statistics. 2015. Available from www.emoryhealthcare.org/heart-failure/learn-about-heart-failure/statistics.html. Accessed July 6, 2015.
Mayo Clinic Staff. Heart failure. 2015. Available from www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/basics/complications/con-20029801. Accessed July 7, 2015.
PubMed Health. Heart failure. June 11, 2014. Available from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0063056/. Accessed July 6, 2015.
Danks, DM. Copper deficiency in humans. Annu Rev Nutr. 1988; 8: 235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaiser, SR, Winston, GP. Copper deficiency myelopathy. J Neurol. 2010; 257: 869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, N, Gross, JB Jr, Ahlskog, JE. Copper deficiency myelopathy produces a clinical picture like subacute combined degeneration. Neurology. 2004; 63: 33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naismith, RT, Shepherd, JB, Weihl, CC, et al. Acute and bilateral blindness due to optic neuropathy associated with copper deficiency. Arch Neurol. 2009; 66: 1025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crino, PB. Focal cortical dysplasia. Semin Neurol. 2015; 35(3): 201–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Gaitanis, JN, Donahue, J. Focal cortical dysplasia. Pediatr Neurol. 2013; 49(2): 79–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, SK, Kim, DW. Focal cortical dysplasia and epilepsy surgery. J Epilepsy Res. 2013; 3(2): 43–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, MJ, et al. Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration. Neurology. 2013; 80: 496–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarland, NR. Diagnostic approach to atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016; 22: 1117–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Ling, H, et al. Does corticobasal degeneration exist? A clinicopathological re-evaluation. Brain. 2010; 133: 2045–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickson, DW, et al. Office of Rare Diseases neuropathologic criteria for corticobasal degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002; 61(11): 935–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeve, BF, et al. Pathologic heterogeneity in clinically diagnosed corticobasal degeneration. Neurology. 1999; 53: 795–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, SK, et al. Validation of the new consensus criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; 85(8): 925–9. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-307035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DynaMed Plus [Internet]. Record No. 901254, Coxsackie virus B (CVB) infection. Ipswich, MA: EBSCO Information Services. 1995. Updated Nov 20, 2015 [about 5 screens]. Available from direct=true&site=DynaMed&id=901254. Accessed Jan 21, 2016. Registration and login required.
Berger, J, Chumley, W, Pittman, T, Given, C, Nuovo, G. Persistent Coxsackie B encephalitis: Report of a case and review of the literature. J Neurovirol. 2006; 12(6): 511–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balasubramaniam, R, Ram, S. Orofacial movement disorders. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2008; 20(2): 273–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evidente, VGH, Adler, CH. Hemifacial spasm and other craniofacial movement disorders. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998; 73(1): 67–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraft, SP, Lang, AE. Cranial dystonia, blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: clinical features and treatment, including the use of botulinum toxin. CMAJ. 1988; 139(9): 837–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Geschwind, M. Prion diseases. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015; 21: 1612–38.Google ScholarPubMed
DynaMed Plus [Internet]. Record No. 114980, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ipswich, MA: EBSCO Information Services. 1995. Updated May 01, 2015 [about 17 screens]. Available from www.dynamed.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=DynaMed&id=114980. Accessed Jan 18, 2016. Registration and login required.
Rabinovici, G, Wang, P, Levin, J, et al. First symptom in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology. 2006; 66(2): 286–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolton, CF. Neuromuscular manifestations of critical illness. Muscle Nerve. 2005; 32: 140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latronico, N, Shehu, I, Seghelini, E. Neuromuscular sequelae of critical illness. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005; 11: 381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preston, DC, Shapiro, BE. Electromyography and neuromuscular disorders: clinical-electrophysiologic correlations. 3rd ed. New York: Saunders; 2013. pp. 556–61.Google Scholar
Hermans, G, De Jonghe, B, Bruyninckx, F, Van den Berghe, G. Clinical review: Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Crit Care. 2008; 12(6): 238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhou, C, Wu, L, Ni, F, et al. Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. a systematic review. Neural Regen Res. 2014; 9: 101–10.Google ScholarPubMed
Gondim, FA, Brannagan, TH III, Sander, HW, Chin, RL, Latov, N. Peripheral neuropathy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Brain. 2005; 128: 867–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gupta, G, Gelfand, JM, Lewis, JD. Increased risk for demyelinating diseases in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 819–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leibowitz, G, Eliakim, R, Amir, G, Rachmilewitz, D. Dermatomyositis associated with Crohn's disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1994; 18: 48–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lossos, A, River, Y, Eliakim, A, Steiner, I. Neurologic aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. Neurology. 1995; 45: 416–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molodecky, NA, Soon, IS, Rabi, DM, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2012; 142: 46–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, S, Kumar, N, Loftus, EV, Kane, SV. Neurologic complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: increasing relevance in the era of biologics. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013; 19: 864–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, IT, Depold Holder, A. Bilateral radial nerve compression (crutch palsy): a case report. J Neurol Neurophysiol. 2012; 3: 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raikin, S, Froimson, MI. Bilateral brachial plexus compressive neuropathy (crutch palsy). J Orthop Trauma. 1997; 11: 136–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos-Casals, M, Stone, JH, Cid, MC, Bosch, X. The cryoglobulinaemias. Lancet. 2012; 379: 348–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tedeschi, A, Baratè, C, Minola, E, Morra, E. Cryoglobulinemia. Blood Rev 2007; 21: 183–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zunt, J, Baldwin, K. Chronic and subacute meningitis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2012; 18: 1290–318.Google ScholarPubMed
Panackal, A, Williamson, P. Fungal infections of the central nervous system. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015; 21: 1662–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Dobbs, M. Clinical neurotoxicology. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2009.Google Scholar
Ordúñez-García, PO, Nieto, FJ, Espinosa-Brito, AD, Caballero, B. Cuban epidemic neuropathy, 1991 to 1994: history repeats itself a century after the “amblyopia of the blockade.” Am J Public Health. 1996; 86: 738–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haskett, R. Diagnostic categorization of psychiatric disturbance in Cushing's syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1985; 142(8): 911.Google ScholarPubMed
Loosen, P, Chambliss, B, DeBold, C, Shelton, R, Orth, D. Psychiatric phenomenology in Cushing's disease. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1992; 25(4): 192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newell-Price, J, Bertagna, X, Grossman, A, Nieman, L. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet. 2006; 367(9522): 1605–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nieman, L, Biller, B, Findling, J, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93(5): 1526–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abell, TL, et al. Cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008; 20(4): 269–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abu-Arafeh, I, Russell, G. Cyclical vomiting syndrome in children: a population-based study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1995; 21(4): 454–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, BU, et al. North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of cyclic vomiting syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008; 47(3): 379–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
Regeer, EJ, ten Have, M, Rosso, ML, et al. Prevalence of bipolar disorder in the general population: a reappraisal study of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004; 110(5): 374–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Brutto, OH. Neurocysticercosis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2012; 18: 1392–416.Google ScholarPubMed
El-Beshbishi, S, Ahmed, N, Mostafa, S, El-Ganainy, G. Parasitic infections and myositis. Parasitol Res. 2011; 110(1): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia, H, Nash, T, Del Brutto, O. Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis. Lancet Neurol. 2014; 13(12): 1202–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DynaMed Plus [Internet]. Record No. 906245, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in immunocompetent patients. Ipswich, MA: EBSCO Information Services. 1995. Updated Mar 9, 2015 [about 9 screens]. Available from www.dynamed.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=DynaMed&id=906245. Accessed Jan 20, 2016. Registration and login required.
Mamidi, A, DeSimone, J, Pomerantz, R. Central nervous system infections in individuals with HIV-1 infection. J Neurovirol. 2002; 8(3): 158–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anders, H, Goebel, F. Neurological manifestations of cytomegalovirus infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Int J STD AIDS. 1999; 10(3): 151–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed