Book contents
- Reichel’s Care of the Elderly
- Reichel’s Care of the Elderly
- Copyright page
- In Memoriam
- Contents
- Contributors
- Section I General Approach to the Care of the Elderly
- Section II Geriatric Syndromes
- Section III Care of the Elderly by Organ System
- Section IV Principles of Care for the Elderly
- Index
- Plate Section (PDF Only)
- References
Section I - General Approach to the Care of the Elderly
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 June 2022
Book contents
- Reichel’s Care of the Elderly
- Reichel’s Care of the Elderly
- Copyright page
- In Memoriam
- Contents
- Contributors
- Section I General Approach to the Care of the Elderly
- Section II Geriatric Syndromes
- Section III Care of the Elderly by Organ System
- Section IV Principles of Care for the Elderly
- Index
- Plate Section (PDF Only)
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Reichel's Care of the ElderlyClinical Aspects of Aging, pp. 1 - 80Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2022
References
References
Administration on Aging. A profile of older Americans: 2020. US Department of Health and Human Services. https://acl.gov/sites/default/files/Aging%20and%20Disability%20in%20America/2020ProfileOlderAmericans.Final_.pdf. Accessed on 6/29/21.Google Scholar
Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Age-Friendly Health Systems: Guide to using the 4Ms in the care of older adults – July 2020. www.ihi.org/Engage/Initiatives/Age-Friendly-Health-Systems/Documents/IHIAgeFriendlyHealthSystems_GuidetoUsing4MsCare.pdf. Accessed on 6/29/21.Google Scholar
Engel, GL. The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977; 196:129–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fava, GA, Sonino, N. The biopsychosocial model thirty years later. Psychother Psychosom. 2008; 77:1–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braveman, P, Egerter, S, Williams, DR. The social determinants of health: Coming of age. Annual Review of Public Health. 2011; 32:381–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Academy of Family Physicians. Joint principles of the Patient-Centered Medical Home: 2007. www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/practice_management/pcmh/initiatives/PCMHJoint.pdf. Accessed on 6/29/21.Google Scholar
Ranjit, N, Diez-Roux, AV, Shea, S, Cushman, M, Seeman, T, Jackson, SA, Ni, H. Psychosocial factors and inflammation in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167:174–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, M, Katon, WJ, Wolf, FW. Depression and risk of mortality in individuals with diabetes: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013; 35(3):217–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costanzo, ES, Lutgendorf, SK, Sood, AK, Anderson, B, Sorosky, J, Lubaroff, DM. Psychosocial factors and interleukin-6 among women with advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer. 2005; 104(2):305–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, TH, Rahe, RH. The social readjustment rating scale. J. Psychosomatic Research. 1967; 11:213–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, EH, Coleman, K, Reid, RJ, Phillips, K, Abrams, MK, Sugarman, JR. The changes involved in patient-centered medical home transformation. Prim Care. 2012; 39(2):241–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fulmer, T, Gaines, M. Partnering with patients, families, and communities to link interprofessional practice and education. Proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation in April 2014. New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, 2014.Google Scholar
Jones, CD, Vu, MB, O’Donnell, CM, Anderson, ME, Patel, S, Wald, HL, Coleman, EA, DeWalt, DA. A failure to communicate: A qualitative exploration of care coordination between hospitalists and primary care providers around patient hospitalizations. JGIM. 2014; 30(4):417–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, CS, Flanders, SA. In the clinic: Transitions of care. Ann Intern Med. 2013 (Mar. 5); 158(5 Pt. 1):ITC3-1. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-5-201303050-01003. PMID: 23460071.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kripalani, S, Jackson, AT, Schnipper, JL, Coleman, EA. Promoting effective transitions of care at hospital discharge: A review of key issues for hospitalists. J Hosp Med. 2007 (Sept.); 2(5):314–323. doi: 10.1002/jhm.228. PMID: 17935242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grabowski, DC, Stevenson, DG, Cornell, PY. Assisted living expansion and the market for nursing home care. Health Services Research. 2012; 47(6):2296–2315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nkimbeng, M, Roberts, L, Thorpe, RJ Jr., Gitlin, LN, Delaney, A, Tanner, EK, Szanton, SL. Recruiting older adults with functional difficulties into a community-based research study: Approaches and costs. J Appl Gerontol. 2020 (Jun.); 39(6):644–650. doi: 10.1177/0733464818786612. Epub 2018 (Jul. 10).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meret-Hanke, LA. Effects of the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly on hospital use. Gerontologist. 2011; 51(6):774–785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belle, SH, Burgio, L, Burns, R, Coon, D, Czaja, SJ, Gallagher-Thompson, D, Gitlin, LN, Klinger, J, Koepke, KM, Lee, CC, Martindale-Adams, J, Nichols, L, Schulz, R, Stahl, S, Stevens, A, Winter, L, Zhang, S. Resources for enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health (REACH) II Investigators: Enhancing the quality of life of dementia caregivers from different ethnic or racial groups – A randomized, controlled trial. Ann of Int Med. 2006; 145(10):727–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AARP. Caregiving in the United States, 2020. www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/ppi/2020/05/full-report-caregiving-in-the-united-states. doi: 10.26419-2Fppi.00103.001.pdf. Accessed on 6/29/21.Google Scholar
Pinquart, M, Sorensen, S. Correlates of physical health of informal caregivers: A meta-analysis. J Gerontology Series B – Pysch Sci & Social Sci. 2007; 62(2):126–137.Google ScholarPubMed
Roth, DL, Fredman, L, Haley, WE. Informal caregiving and its impact on health: A reappraisal from population-based studies. Gerontologist. 2015 (Apr.); 55(2):309–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AARP. Valuing the invaluable: 2015 update. www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/ppi/2015/valuing-the-invaluable-2015-update-new.pdf. Accessed on 6/29/21.Google Scholar
Family Caregiver Alliance National Center on Caregiving. https://caregiver.org/selected-caregiver-statistics. Accessed on 4/18/15.Google Scholar
Frank, JD, Frank, JB. Persuasion and Healing: A Comparative Study of Psychotherapy. 3rd edition. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elon, R. Personal communication.Google Scholar
American Geriatrics Society and Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. Updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Ger Soc. 2019; 6(4):674–694.Google Scholar
Norman, DC. Fever in the elderly. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2000; 31(1):148–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, SJ, Helme, RD. Age-related differences in pain perception and report. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2001; 17(3):433–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cayea, D, Durso, C. Screening and prevention in geriatric medicine. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2018; 34(1).Google Scholar
Chou, C-H, Hwang, C-L, Wu, Y-T. Effect of exercise on physical function, daily living activities, and quality of life in the frail older adults: A meta-analysis. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2012; 93(2):237–244.Google ScholarPubMed
Seegal, D. The principle of minimal interference in the management of the elderly patient. J Chron Dis. 1964; 17:299–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichel, W. Complications in the care of 500 elderly hospitalized patients. JAGS. 1965; 13:973–981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, SJ, Brown, KF, Ames, D, Vincent, C. What is known about adverse events in older medical hospital inpatients? A systematic review of the literature. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2013; 25(5):542–554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berwick, DM, Nolan, TW, Whittington, J. The Triple Aim: Care, health, and cost. Health Affairs. 2008; 27(3):759–769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Board of Internal Medicine. Choosing Wisely: An initiative of the ABIM Foundation, 2015. www.choosingwisely.org. Accessed on 6/29/21.Google Scholar
American Geriatrics Society. Ten things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation. www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-geriatrics-society. Accessed on 6/29/21.Google Scholar
Zwarenstein, M, Goldman, J, Reeves, S. Interprofessional collaboration: Effects of practice-based interventions on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009; Issue 3. Art. No.: CD000072. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000072.pub2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopkins, D, editor. Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice (WHO/HRH/HPN/10.3). Health Professions Network Nursing and Midwifery Office, Department of Human Resources for Health, World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland, 2010.Google Scholar
Mather, M, Jacobson, LA, Pollard, KM. Aging in the United States. Population Bulletin. 2019; 70(2). www.prb.org/resources/fact-sheet-aging-in-the-united-states. Accessed on 6/29/21.Google Scholar
Mermin, GB, Johnson, RW, Murphy, DP. Why do boomers plan to work longer? J Gerontology Series B – Pysch Sci & Social Sci. 2007; 625:S286–S294.Google Scholar
Keeler, EB, Solomon, DH, Beck, JC, Mendenhall, RC, Kane, RL. Effect of patient age on duration of medical encounters with physicians. Med Care. 1982; 20:1101–1108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References
Goldman, DP, Cutler, D, Rowe, JW, Michaud, PC, Sullivan, J, Peneva, D, Olshansky, SJ. Substantial health and economic returns from delayed aging may warrant a new focus for medical research. Health Affairs. 2013; 32(10):1698–1705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hung, WW, Ross, JS, Boockvar, KS, Siu, AL. Recent trends in chronic disease, impairment and disability among older adults in the United States. BMC Geriatr. 2011; 11:47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontana, L, Partridge, L, Longo, VD. Extending healthy life span: From yeast to humans. Science. 2010; 328(5976):321–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkland, JL. Translating the science of aging into therapeutic interventions. Cold Spring Harb PerspectMed. 2016; 6(3):a025908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez-Otin, C, Blasco, MA, Partridge, L, Serrano, M, Kroemer, G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013; 153(6):1194–1217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tchkonia, T, Kirkland, JL. Aging, cell senescence, and chronic disease: Emerging therapeutic strategies. JAMA. 2018; 320(13):1319–1320.Google ScholarPubMed
Kirkland, JL, Tchkonia, T. Cellular senescence: A translational perspective. EBioMedicine. 2017; 21:21-28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Longo, VD, Antebi, A, Bartke, A, Barzilai, N, Brown-Borg, HM, Caruso, C, et al. Interventions to slow aging in humans: Are we ready? Aging Cell. 2015; 14(4):497–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christensen, K, Doblhammer, G, Rau, R, Vaupel, JW. Aging populations: The challenges ahead. Lancet. 2009; 374(9696):1196–1208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
St Sauver, JL, Boyd, CM, Grossardt, BR, Bobo, WV, Finney Rutten, LJ, Roger, VL, et al. Risk of developing multimorbidity across all ages in an historical cohort study: Differences by sex and ethnicity. BMJ Open. 2015; 5(2):e006413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, BK, Berger, SL, Brunet, A, Campisi, J, Cuervo, AM, Epel, ES, et al. Geroscience: Linking aging to chronic disease. Cell. 2014; 159(4):709–713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fried, LP, Xue, Q-L, Cappola, AR, Ferrucci, L, Chaves, P, Varadhan, R, et al. Nonlinear multisystem physiological dysregulation associated with frailty in older women: Implications for etiology and treatment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009; 64(10):1049–1057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olshansky, SJ, Carnes, BA, Cassel, C. In search of Methuselah: Estimating the upper limits to human longevity. Science. 1990; 250(4981):634–640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rockwood, K, Mitnitski, A, Song, X, Steen, B, Skoog, I. Long-term risks of death and institutionalization of elderly people in relation to deficit accumulation at age 70. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54(6):975–979.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andersen, SL, Sebastiani, P, Dworkis, DA, Feldman, L, Perls, TT. Health span approximates life span among many supercentenarians: Compression of morbidity at the approximate limit of life span. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012; 67(4):395–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ikeno, Y, Hubbard, GB, Lee, S, Dube, SM, Flores, LC, Roman, MG, Bartke, A. Do Ames dwarf and calorie-restricted mice share common effects on age-related pathology? Pathobiol Aging Age Relat Dis. 2013; 3.Google ScholarPubMed
Miller, RA. “Dividends” from research on aging: Can biogerontologists, at long last, find something useful to do? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009; 64(2):157–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olshansky, SJ, Perry, D, Miller, RA, Butler, RN. Pursuing the longevity dividend: Scientific goals for an aging world. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007; 1114:11–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurria, A, Carpenter, CR, McFarland, F, Lundebjerg, NE, de Cabo, R, Ferrucci, L. Models and studies of aging: Executive summary of a report from the U13 Conference Series. J Am Ger Soc. 2019; 67(3):428–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, H, Masoro, EJ, Nelson, JF, Strong, R, McMahan, CA, Richardson, A. Genetic mouse models of extended lifespan. Exp Gerontol. 2003; 38(11–12):1353–1364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkland, JL. Translating advances from the basic biology of aging into clinical application. Exp Gerontol. 2013; 48(1):1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontana, L, Partridge, L. Promoting health and longevity through diet: From model organisms to humans. Cell. 2015; 161(1):106–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattison, JA, Roth, GS, Beasley, TM, Tilmont, TM, Handy, AM, Herbert, RL, et al. Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study. Nature. 2012; 489(7415):318–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colman, RJ, Anderson, RM, Johnson, SC, Kastman, EK, Kosmatka, KJ, Beasley, TM, et al. Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science. 2009; 325(5937):201–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anson, RM, Guo, Z, de Cabo, R, Iyun, T, Rios, M, Hagepanos, A, et al. Intermittent fasting dissociates beneficial effects of dietary restriction on glucose metabolism and neuronal resistance to injury from calorie intake. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100(10):6216–6220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, RA, Buechner, G, Chang, Y, Harper, JM, Sigler, R, Smith-Wheelock, M. Methionine-deficient diet extends mouse lifespan, slows immune and lens aging, alters glucose, T4, IGF-I and insulin levels, and increases hepatocyte MIF levels and stress resistance. Aging Cell. 2005; 4(3):119–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solon-Biet, SM, McMahon, AC, Ballard, WO, Ruohonen, K, Wu, LE, Cogger, VC, et al. The ratio of macronutrients, not caloric intake, dictates cardiometabolic health, aging, and longevity in ad libitum-fed mice. Cell Metab. 2014; 19(3):418–430.Google Scholar
Newman, JC, Covarrubias, AJ, Zhao, M, Yu, X, Gut, P, Ng, C-P, et al. Ketogenic diet reduces midlife mortality and improves memory in aging mice. Cell Metab. 2017; 26(3):547–557 e8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandhorst, S, Longo, VD. Protein quantity and source, fasting-mimicking diets, and longevity. Adv Nutr. 2019; 10(Suppl. 4):S340–S350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, C, Raffaghello, L, Brandhorst, S, Safdie, FM, Bianchi, G, Martin-Montalvo, A, et al. Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy. Sci Transl Med. 2012; 4(124):124ra27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Nieuwenhove, Y, et al. Preoperative very low-calorie diet and operative outcome after laparoscopic gastric bypass: A randomized multicenter study. Arch Surg, 2011; 146(11):1300–1305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campisi, J. Senescent cells, tumor suppression, and organismal aging: Good citizens, bad neighbors. Cell. 2005; 120(4):513–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roos, CM, Zhang, B, Palmer, AK, Ogrodnik, MB, Pirtskhalava, T, Thalji, NM, et al. Chronic senolytic treatment alleviates established vasomotor dysfunction in aged or atherosclerotic mice. Aging Cell. 2016; 15(5):973–977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, M, Palmer, AK, Ding, H, Weivoda, MM, Pirtskhalava, T, White, TA. Targeting senescent cells enhances adipogenesis and metabolic function in old age. Elife. 2015; 4:e12997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, M, Pirtskhalava, T, Farr, JN, Weigand, BM, Palmer, AK, Weivoda, MM, et al. Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age. Nature Medicine. 2018; 24(8):1246–1256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhu, Y, Tchkonia, T, Pirtskhalava, T, Gower, AC, Ding, H, Giorgadze, N, et al. The Achilles’ heel of senescent cells: From transcriptome to senolytic drugs. Aging Cell. 2015; 14(4):644–658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, AK., Xu, M, Zhu, Y, Pirtskhalava, T, Weivoda, MM, Hachfeld, CM, et al. Targeting senescent cells alleviates obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction. Aging Cell. 2019:e12950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogrodnik, M, Zhu, Y, Langhi, LGP, Tchkonia, T, Kruger, P, Fielder, E. Obesity-induced cellular senescence drives anxiety and impairs neurogenesis. Cell Metabolism. 2019; 29(5):1061–1077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis-McDougall, FC, Ruchaya, PJ, Domenjo-Vila, E, Teoh, TS, Prata, L, Cottle, BJ, et al. Aged-senescent cells contribute to impaired heart regeneration. Aging Cell. 2019; 18(3):e12931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, SR, Jiang, K, Ogrodnik, M, Chen, X, Zhu, X-Y, Lohmeier, H, et al. Increased renal cellular senescence in murine high-fat diet: Effect of the senolytic drug quercetin. Transl Res. 2019; 213:112–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Musi, N, Valentine, JM, Sickora, KR, Baeuerle, E, Thompson, CS, Shen, Q, et al. Tau protein aggregation is associated with cellular senescence in the brain. Aging Cell. 2018; 17(6):e12840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, P, Kishimoto, Y, Grammatikakis, I, Gottimukkala, K, Cutler, RG, Zhang, S, et al. Senolytic therapy alleviates Abeta-associated oligodendrocyte progenitor cell senescence and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer’s disease model. Nature Neuroscience. 2019; 22(5):719–728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farr, JN, Xu, M, Weivoda, MM, Monroe, DG, Fraser, DG, Onken, JL, et al. Targeting cellular senescence prevents age-related bone loss in mice. Nature Medicine. 2017; 23(9):1072–1079.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Justice, JN, Nambiar, AM, Tchkonia, T, LeBrasseur, NK, Pascual, R, Hashmi, NK, et al. Senolytics in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Results from a first-in-human, open-label, pilot study. EBioMedicine. 2019; 40:554–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hickson, LJ, Prata, LGPL, Bobart, SA, Evans, TK, Giorgadze, N, Hashmi, SK, et al. Senolytics decrease senescent cells in humans: Preliminary report from a clinical trial of Dasatinib plus Quercetin in individuals with diabetic kidney disease. EBioMedicine. 2019; 47:446–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin-Montalvo, A, Mercken, EM, Mitchell, SJ, Palacios, HH, Mote, PL, Scheibye-Knudsen, M, et al. Metformin improves healthspan and lifespan in mice. Nature Communications. 2013; 4:2192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libby, G, Donnelly, LA, Donnan, PT, Alessi, DR, Morris, AD, Evans, JMM, et al. New users of metformin are at low risk of incident cancer: A cohort study among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(9):1620–1625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bannister, CA, Holden, SE, Jenkins-Jones, S, Morgan, CLI, Halcox, JP, Schernthaner, G, et al. Can people with type 2 diabetes live longer than those without? A comparison of mortality in people initiated with metformin or sulphonylurea monotherapy and matched, non-diabetic controls. Diabetes, Obesity Metabolism. 2014; 16(11):1165–1173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menke, A, Casagrande, S, Geiss, L, Cowie, CC. Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988–2012. JAMA. 2015; 314(10):1021–1029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Justice, JN, Niedernhofer, L, Robbins, PD, Aroda, VR, Espeland, MA, Kritchevsky, SB, et al. Development of clinical trials to extend healthy lifespan. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 7(4):80–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milman, S, Barzilai, N. Dissecting the mechanisms underlying unusually successful human health span and life span. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015; 6(1):a025098.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scudellari, M. Aging research: Blood to blood. Nature. 2015; 517(7535):426–429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lau, A, Kennedy, BK, Kirkland, JL, Tullius, SG. Mixing old and young: Enhancing rejuvenation and accelerating aging. J Clin Invest. 2019; 129(1): 4–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liao, CY, Kennedy, BK. Mouse models and aging: Longevity and progeria. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2014; 109:249–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkland, JL, Peterson, C. Healthspan, translation, and new outcomes for animal studies of aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009; 64(2):209–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannick, JB, Del Giudice, G, Lattanzi, M, Valiante, NM, Praestgaard, J, Huang, B, et al. mTOR inhibition improves immune function in the elderly. Sci Transl Med. 2014; 6(268):268ra179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richardson, A, Galvan, V, Lin, A-L, Oddo, S. How longevity research can lead to therapies for Alzheimer’s disease: The rapamycin story. Exp Gerontol. 2015; 68:51–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ness, KK, Kirkland, JL, Gramatges, MM, Wang, Z, Kundu, M, McCastlain, K, et al. Premature physiologic aging as a paradigm for understanding increased risk of adverse health across the lifespan of survivors of childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36(21):2206–2215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cupit-Link, MC, Kirkland, JL, Ness, KK, Armstrong, GT, Tchkonia, T, Le Brasseur, NK, et al. Biology of premature aging in survivors of cancer. ESMO Open. 2017; 2(5):e000250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
High, KP, Akbar, AN, Nikolich-Zugich, J. Translational research in immune senescence: Assessing the relevance of current models. Seminars in Immunology. 2012; 24(5):373–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, RN, Miller, RA, Perry, D, Cairns, BA, Williams, TF, Cassel, C, et al. New model of health promotion and disease prevention for the 21st century. BMJ. 2008; 337:a399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, RA. Extending life: Scientific prospects and political obstacles. Milbank Q. 2002; 80(1):155–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, JC, Sokoloski, JL, Robbins, PD, Niedernhofer, LJ, Reed, MJ, Wei, J, et al. Creating the next generation of translational geroscientists. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019; 67(9):1934–1939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References
Pilotto, A, Cella, A, Pilotto, A, Daragjati, J, Veronese, N, Musacchio, C, Mello, AM, Logroscino, G, Padovani, A, Prete, C, Panza, F. Three decades of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment: Evidence coming from different healthcare settings and specific clinical conditions. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017 (Feb. 1); 18(2):192.e1–192.e11. PMID: 28049616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivanoff, SD, Duner, A, Eklund, K, Wilhelmson, K, Lidén, E, Holmgren, E. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment of frail older people: Ideals and reality. J Interprof Care. 2018 (Nov.); 32(6):728–734. PMID: 30156945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bachmann, S, Finger, C, Huss, A, Egger, M, Stuck, AE, Clough-Gorr, KM. Inpatient rehabilitation specifically designed for geriatric patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2010 (Apr. 20); 340:c1718. PMCID: PMC2857746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briggs, R, McDonough, A, Ellis, G, Bennett, K, O’Neill, D, Robinson, D. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment for community‐dwelling, high‐risk, frail, older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 (Jun. 28) [cited 2020 Jun. 22]; (6). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481754. PMCID: PMC6481754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deschodt, M, Flamaing, J, Haentjens, P, Boonen, S, Milisen, K. Impact of geriatric consultation teams on clinical outcome in acute hospitals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2013 (Feb. 22); 11:48. PMCID: PMC3626668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Booth, KA, Simmons, EE, Viles, AF, Gray, WA, Kennedy, KR, Biswal, SH, Lowe, JA, Xhaja, A, Kennedy, RE, Brown, CJ, Flood, KL. Improving geriatric care processes on two medical-surgical acute care units: A pilot study. J Healthc Qual Off Publ Natl Assoc Healthc Qual. 2019 (Feb.); 41(1):23–31. PMID: 29794813.Google ScholarPubMed
Buurman, BM, Parlevliet, JL, van Deelen, BAJ, de Haan, RJ, de Rooij, SE. A randomised clinical trial on a comprehensive geriatric assessment and intensive home follow-up after hospital discharge: The Transitional Care Bridge. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010 (Oct. 29); 10:296. PMCID: PMC2984496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reuben, DB, Frank, JC, Hirsch, SH, McGuigan, KA, Maly, RC. A randomized clinical trial of outpatient comprehensive geriatric assessment coupled with an intervention to increase adherence to recommendations. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999 (Mar.); 47(3):269–276. PMID: 10078887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boult, C, Boult, LB, Morishita, L, Dowd, B, Kane, RL, Urdangarin, CF. A randomized clinical trial of outpatient geriatric evaluation and management. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001 (Apr.); 49(4):351–359. PMID: 11347776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hernandez Torres, C, Hsu, T. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment in the older adult with cancer: A review. Eur Urol Focus. 2017 (Oct.); 3(4–5):330–339. PMID: 29331624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Partridge, JSL, Collingridge, G, Gordon, AL, Martin, FC, Harari, D, Dhesi, JK. Where are we in perioperative medicine for older surgical patients? A UK survey of geriatric medicine delivered services in surgery. Age Ageing. 2014 (Sep.); 43(5):721–724. PMID: 25092720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eamer, G, Taheri, A, Chen, SS, Daviduck, Q, Chambers, T, Shi, X, Khadaroo, RG. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment for older people admitted to a surgical service. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 (Jan. 31); 1:CD012485. PMCID: PMC6491328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey, 2018. 2019. www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/data-questionnaires-documentation.htm.Google Scholar
Fillenbaum, GG. Screening the elderly: A brief instrumental activities of daily living measure. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1985 (Oct.); 33(10):698–706. PMID: 4045087.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liebzeit, D, King, B, Bratzke, L. Measurement of function in older adults transitioning from hospital to home: An integrative review. Geriatr Nurs N Y N. 2018 (Jun.); 39(3):336–343. PMCID: PMC6473790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosen, SL, Reuben, DB. Geriatric assessment tools. Mt Sinai J Med. 2011; 78:489–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faber, MJ, Bosscher, RJ, van Wieringen, PC. Clinimetric properties of the performance-oriented mobility assessment. Phys Ther. Oxford Academic; 2006 (Jul. 1); 86(7):944–954.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tinetti, ME, Speechley, M, Ginter, SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med. Massachusetts Medical Society; 1988 (Dec.); 319(26):1701–1707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. STEADI toolkit. www.cdc.gov/steadi.Google Scholar
Stevens, JA, Phelan, EA. Development of STEADI: A fall prevention resource for health care providers. Health Promot Pract. NIH Public Access; 2013 (Sep.); 14(5):706–714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinnucan, E, Molcjan, MT, Wright, DM, Switzer, JA. A prospective look at the link between frailty and shoulder function in asymptomatic elderly individuals. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. SAGE Publications; 2018 (Jan.); 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siu, AL, Bibbins-Domingo, K, Grossman, DC, Baumann, LC, Davidson, KW, Ebell, M, García, FAR, Gillman, M, Herzstein, J, Kemper, AR, Krist, AH, Kurth, AE, Owens, DK, Phillips, WR, Phipps, MG, Pignone, MP. Screening for impaired visual acuity in older adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016 (Mar.); 315(9):908–914. PMID: 26934260.Google ScholarPubMed
American Academy of Ophthalmology. Frequency of Ocular Examinations. 2015. www.aao.org/clinical-statement/frequency-of-ocular-examinations.Google Scholar
Chou, R, Dana, T, Bougatsos, C, Grusing, S, Blazina, I. Screening for impaired visual acuity in older adults: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA. 2016 (Mar.); 315(9):915–933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loughrey, DG, Kelly, ME, Kelley, GA, Brennan, S, Lawlor, BA. Association of age-related hearing loss with cognitive function, cognitive impairment, and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol – Head Neck Surg. 2018 (Feb.); 144(2):115–126. PMID: 29222544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sindhusake, D, Mitchell, P, Smith, W, Golding, M, Newall, P, Hartley, D, Rubin, G, Mitchell, AP. Validation of self-reported hearing loss: The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2001; 30(6):1371–1378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raphael, C. Oral health and aging. Am J Public Health. 2017 (Jun.); 107(S1):S44–S45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okamoto, N, Amano, N, Nakamura, T, Yanagi, M. Relationship between tooth loss, low masticatory ability, and nutritional indices in the elderly: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. BioMed Central Ltd.; 2019 (Jun.); 19(1).Google ScholarPubMed
O’Reilly, N, Nelson, HD, Conry, JM, Frost, J, Gregory, KD, Kendig, SM, Phipps, M, Salganicoff, A, Ramos, D, Zahn, C, Qaseem, A. Women’s Preventive Services Initiative: Screening for urinary incontinence in women – A recommendation from the Women’s Preventive Services Initiative. Ann Intern Med. 2018 (Sep. 4); 169(5):320–328. PMID: 30105360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubenstein, LZ, Harker, JO, Salvà, A, Guigoz, Y, Vellas, B. Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice: Developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 (Jun.); 56(6):M366–372. PMID: 11382797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, M-MG, Thomas, DR, Rubenstein, LZ, Chibnall, JT, Anderson, S, Baxi, A, Diebold, MR, Morley, JE. Appetite assessment: Simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home residents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 (Nov.); 82(5):1074–1081. PMID: 16280441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kritchevsky, SB, Beavers, KM, Miller, ME, Shea, MK, Houston, DK, Kitzman, DW, Nicklas, BJ. Intentional weight loss and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS ONE. 2015 (Mar.); 10(3).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batsis, JA, Villareal, DT. Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: Aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018 (Sep.); 14:513–537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villareal, DT, Aguirre, L, Gurney, AB, Waters, DL, Sinacore, DR, Colombo, E, Armamento-Villareal, R, Qualls, C. Aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, in dieting obese older adults. N Engl J Med. 2017 (May); 376(20):1943–1955. PMID: 28514618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soenen, S, Chapman, IM. Body weight, anorexia, and undernutrition in older people. J Am Med Dir Assoc. Elsevier Ltd; 2013; 14(9):642–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steiner, JF, Stenmark, SH, Sterrett, AT, Paolino, AR, Stiefel, M, Gozansky, WS, Zeng, C. Food insecurity in older adults in an integrated health care system. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018; 66(5):1017–1024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holsinger, T, Deveau, J, Boustani, M, Williams, JW. Does this patient have dementia? J Am Med Assoc. 2007 (Jun.); 297(21):2391–2404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matiás-Guiu, JA, Valles-Salgado, M, Rognoni, T, Hamre-Gil, F, Moreno-Ramos, T, Matiás-Guiu, J. Comparative diagnostic accuracy of the ACE-III, MIS, MMSE, MoCA, and RUDAS for screening of Alzheimer disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2017 (Jun.); 43(5–6):237–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, DA. Depression in older adults: A treatable medical condition. Prim Care. 2017 (Sep.); 44(3):499–510. PMID: 28797375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K, Spitzer, RL, Williams, JB. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 (Sep.); 16(9):606–613. PMCID: PMC1495268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, C, Friedman, B, Conwell, Y, Fiscella, K. Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire 2 (PHQ-2) in identifying major depression in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 (Apr.); 55(4):596–602. PMID: 17397440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yesavage, JA, Sheikh, JI. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin Gerontol. 1986 (Nov. 18); 5(1–2):165–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fried, TR, O’Leary, J, Towle, V, Goldstein, MK, Trentalange, M, Martin, DK. Health outcomes associated with polypharmacy in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 (Dec.); 62(12):2261–2272. PMCID: PMC4270076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, IA, Hilmer, SN, Reeve, E, Potter, K, Le Couteur, D, Rigby, D, Gnjidic, D, Del Mar, CB, Roughead, EE, Page, A, Jansen, J, Martin, JH. Reducing inappropriate polypharmacy: The process of deprescribing. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 (May); 175(5):827–834. PMID: 25798731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel. Updated AGS Beers Criteria® for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019; 67(4):674–694. PMID: 30693946.Google Scholar
Rhee, TG, Marottoli, RA, Cooney, LM, Fortinsky, RH. Associations of social and behavioral determinants of health index with self-rated health, functional limitations, and health services use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 (Mar.) 30. PMID: 32227645.Google Scholar
Steptoe, A, Shankar, A, Demakakos, P, Wardle, J. Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013 (Apr.); 110(15):5797–5801. PMID: 23530191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanratty, B, Stow, D, Collingridge Moore, D, Valtorta, NK, Matthews, F. Loneliness as a risk factor for care home admission in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing. 2018; 47:896–900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosqueda, L, Widera, E, Smith, A. Elder mistreatment: Podcast with Laura Mosqueda [cited 2020 Jun. 25]. www.geripal.org/2020/06/elder-mistreatment-podcast-with-laura.html.Google Scholar
Yee Wong, W, Bunn, A, Ramprasad, S. Spirituality and aging support groups: A psycho-spiritual intervention to address the mental health needs of older adults. Ann Long Term Care. 2019; 27(6):e13–e18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borneman, T, Ferrell, B, Puchalski, CM. Evaluation of the FICA tool for spiritual assessment. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010 (Aug.); 40(2):163–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. World Conference on Social Determinants of Health [cited 2020 Jun. 25]. www.who.int/social_determinants/sdhconference/case_studies/en.Google Scholar
Health Leads. The Health Leads Screening Toolkit [cited 2020 Jun. 25]. https://healthleadsusa.org/resources/the-health-leads-screening-toolkit.Google Scholar
Golden, RL, Emery-Tiburcio, EE, Post, S, Ewald, B, Newman, M. Connecting social, clinical, and home care services for persons with serious illness in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 (May); 67(S2):S412–S418. PMID: 31074858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reuben, DB. Medical care for the final years of life: “When you’re 83, it’s not going to be 20 years.” J Am Med Assoc. 2009 (Dec. 23); 302(24):2686–2694. PMCID: PMC2822435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yourman, LC, Lee, SJ, Schonberg, MA, Widera, EW, Smith, AK. Prognostic indices for older adults: A systematic review. J Am Med Assoc. 2012 (Jan. 11); 307(2):182–192. PMCID: PMC3792853.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stoop, A, Lette, M, van Gils, PF, Nijpels, G, Baan, CA, de Bruin, SR. Comprehensive geriatric assessments in integrated care programs for older people living at home: A scoping review. Health Soc Care Community. 2019 (Sep.); 27(5):e549–e566. PMCID: PMC6852049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Counsell, SR, Callahan, CM, Clark, DO, Tu, W, Buttar, AB, Stump, TE, Ricketts, GD. Geriatric care management for low-income seniors: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2007 (Dec. 12); 298(22):2623–2633. PMID: 18073358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermush, V, Daliot, D, Weiss, A, Brill, S, Beloosesky, Y. The impact of geriatric consultation on the care of the elders in community clinics. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009 (Oct.); 49(2):260–262. PMID: 18996605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reuben, DB, Roth, C, Kamberg, C, Wenger, NS. Restructuring primary care practices to manage geriatric syndromes: The ACOVE-2 intervention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 (Dec.); 51(12):1787–1793. PMID: 14687359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Theou, O, Park, GH, Garm, A, Song, X, Clarke, B, Rockwood, K. Reversing frailty levels in primary care using the CARES model. Can Geriatr J. 2017 (Sep.); 20(3):105–111. PMCID: PMC5624254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, CM, Boult, C, Shadmi, E, Leff, B, Brager, R, Dunbar, L, Wolff, JL, Wegener, S. Guided care for multimorbid older adults. The Gerontologist. 2007 (Oct.); 47(5):697–704. PMID: 17989412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boult, C, Leff, B, Boyd, CM, Wolff, JL, Marsteller, JA, Frick, KD, Wegener, S, Reider, L, Frey, K, Mroz, TM, Karm, L, Scharfstein, DO. A matched-pair cluster-randomized trial of guided care for high-risk older patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2013 (May); 28(5):612–621. PMCID: PMC3631081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nord, M, Östgren, CJ, Marcusson, J, Johansson, M. Staff experiences of a new tool for comprehensive geriatric assessment in primary care (PASTEL): A focus group study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2020 (Apr. 29); 1–14. PMID: 32349567.Google Scholar
Saraiva, MD, Venys, AL, Abdalla, FLP, Fernandes, MS, Pisoli, PH, Sousa, DM da, RV, Bianconi, BL, Henrique, EÂ, Garcia, VSS, Maia, LH de M, Suzuki, GS, Serrano, PG, Hiratsuka, M, Szlejf, C, Jacob-Filho, W, Paschoal, SMP. AMPI-AB validity and reliability: A multidimensional tool in resource-limited primary care settings. BMC Geriatr. 2020 (Mar. 30); 20(1):124. PMCID: PMC7106646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morley, JE, Little, MO, Berg-Weger, M. Rapid Geriatric Assessment: A tool for primary care physicians. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017; 18(3):195–199. PMID: 28108203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morley, JE, Adams, EV. Rapid Geriatric Assessment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 (Oct. 1); 16(10):808–812. PMID: 26433860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, SS, Link, CL, Tennstedt, SL, Kusek, JW, McKinlay, JB. Care seeking and treatment for urinary incontinence in a diverse population. J Urol. 2007 (Feb.); 177(2):680–684. PMID: 17222656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valcour, VG, Masaki, KH, Curb, JD, Blanchette, PL. The detection of dementia in the primary care setting. Arch Intern Med. 2000 (Oct. 23); 160(19):2964–2968. PMID: 11041904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tkatch, R, Musich, S, MacLeod, S, Alsgaard, K, Hawkins, K, Yeh, CS. Population health management for older adults: Review of interventions for promoting successful aging across the health continuum. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2016 (Dec.); 2:2333721416667877. PMCID: PMC5486489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
References
Mate, KS, et al. Creating Age-Friendly Health Systems: A vision for better care of older adults. Healthcare. 2018; 6(1):4–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tipirneni, R, Ganguli, I, Ayanian, JZ, Langa, KM. Reducing disparities in healthy aging through an enhanced Medicare Annual Wellness Visit. Public Policy Aging Rep. 2019; 29(1):26–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, KT, Harris, RP, Schoenborn, NL. Individualized approach to cancer screening in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2018; 34(1):11–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoenborn, NL, Huang, J, Sheehan, OC, Wolff, JL, Roth, DL, Boyd, CM. Influence of age, health, and function on cancer screening in older adults with limited life expectancy. J Gen Intern Med. 2019; 34(1):110–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kotwal, AA, Walter, LC, Lee, SJ, Dale, W. Are we choosing wisely? Older adults’ cancer screening intentions and recalled discussions with physicians about stopping. J Gen Intern Med. 2019; 34(8):1538–1545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breslau, ES, Gorin, SS, Edwards, HM, Schonberg, MA, Saiontz, N, Walter, LC. An individualized approach to cancer screening decisions in older adults: A multilevel framework. J Gen Intern Med. 2016; 31(5):539–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siu, AL, US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement [published correction appears in Ann Intern Med. 2016 (Mar. 15); 164(6):448]. Ann Intern Med. 2016; 164(4):279–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Committee on Practice Bulletins – Gynecology. Practice Bulletin Number 179: Breast cancer risk assessment and screening in average-risk women. Obstet Gynecol. 2017; 130(1):e1–e16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oeffinger, KC, Fontham, ET, Etzioni, R, et al. Breast cancer screening for women at average risk: 2015 guideline update from the American Cancer Society [published correction appears in JAMA. 2016 (Apr. 5); 315(13):1406]. JAMA. 2015; 314(15):1599–1614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Preventive Services Task Force, Curry, SJ, Krist, AH, et al. Screening for cervical cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018; 320(7):674–686.Google ScholarPubMed
Committee on Practice Bulletins – Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 131: Screening for cervical cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 120(5):1222–1238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawaya, GF, Kulasingam, S, Denberg, TD, Qaseem, A, Clinical Guidelines Committee of American College of Physicians. Cervical cancer screening in average-risk women: Best 13. Practice advice from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 162(12):851–859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo, K, Grossman, DC, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement [published correction appears in JAMA. 2016 (Aug. 2); 316(5):545] [published correction appears in JAMA. 2017 (Jun. 6); 317(21):2239]. JAMA. 2016; 315(23):2564–2575.Google Scholar
Wolf, AMD, Fontham, ETH, Church, TR, et al. Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018; 68(4):250–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qaseem, A, Crandall, CJ, Mustafa, RA, Hicks, LA, Wilt, TJ, Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Screening for colorectal cancer in asymptomatic average-risk adults: A guidance statement from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2019; 171(9):643–654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moyer, VA, US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014; 160(5):330–338.Google ScholarPubMed
Wender, R, Fontham, ET, Barrera, E Jr, et al. American Cancer Society lung cancer screening guidelines. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013; 63(2):107–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman, DC, Curry, SJ, et al. Screening for prostate cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement [published correction appears in JAMA. 2018 (Jun. 19); 319(23):2443]. JAMA. 2018; 319(18):1901–1913.Google Scholar
Wolf, AM, Wender, RC, Etzioni, RB, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: Update 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010; 60(2):70–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qaseem, A, Barry, MJ, Denberg, TD, Owens, DK, Shekelle, P, Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Screening for prostate cancer: A guidance statement from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2013; 158(10):761–769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosendorff, C, Lackland, DT, Allison, M, et al. (American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Society of Hypertension). Treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Society of Hypertension. Circulation. 2015; 131:e435–e470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siu, AL, US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for high blood pressure in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 163(10):778–786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tinetti, ME, McAvay, GJ, Fried, TR, Allore, HG, Salmon, JC, Foody, JM, Bianco, L, Ginter, S, Fraenkel, L. Health outcome priorities among competing cardiovascular, fall injury, and medication-related symptom outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56(8):1409–1416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siu, AL; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for abnormal blood glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 163(11):861–868.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pippitt, K, Li, M, Gurgle, HE. Diabetes mellitus: Screening and diagnosis [published correction appears in Am Fam Physician. 2016 (Oct. 1); 94(7):533]. Am Fam Physician. 2016; 93(2):103–109.Google Scholar
Kirkman, MS, Briscoe, VJ, Clark, N, et al. Diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35(12):2650–2664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens, DK, Davidson, KW, et al. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2019; 322(22):2211–2218.Google ScholarPubMed
Ali, MU, Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D, Kenny, M, Miller, J, Raina, P, Sherifali, D. A systematic review of short-term vs long-term effectiveness of one-time abdominal aortic aneurysm screening in men with ultrasound. J Vasc Surg. 2018; 68(2):612–623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, LG, Scott, RA, Ashton, HA, Thompson, SG, Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study Group. A sustained mortality benefit from screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146(10):699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brauer, CA, Coca-Perraillon, M, Cutler, DM, Rosen, AB. Incidence and mortality of hip fractures in the United States. JAMA. 2009; 302(14):1573–1579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Preventive Services Task Force, Curry, SJ, Krist, AH, et al. Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018; 319(24):2521–2531.Google ScholarPubMed
Black, DM, Rosen, CJ. Clinical practice: Postmenopausal osteoporosis [published correction appears in N Engl J Med.; 374(18):1797]. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374(3):254–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Preventive Services Task Force, Bibbins-Domingo, K, Grossman, DC, et al. Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement [published correction appears in JAMA. 2020 (Feb. 18); 323(7):669] [published correction appears in JAMA. 2020 (Feb. 18); 323(7):669–670]. JAMA. 2016; 316(19):1997–2007.Google ScholarPubMed
Goff, DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones, DM, Bennett, G, et al. (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines). 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014; 129(25 Suppl 2):S49–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in older people: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2019; 393(10170):407–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeFevre, ML, US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for thyroid dysfunction: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 162(9):641–650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stott, DJ, Rodondi, N, Kearney, PM, et al. Thyroid hormone therapy for older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376(26):2534–2544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mooijaart, SP, Du Puy, RS, Stott, DJ, et al. Association between levothyroxine treatment and thyroid-related symptoms among adults aged 80 years and older with subclinical hypothyroidism [published online ahead of print, 2019 (Oct. 30)]. JAMA. 2019; 322(20):1–11.Google Scholar
Chou, R, Dana, T, Bougatsos, C, Blazina, I, Khangura, J, Zakher, B. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in adolescents and adults: A systematic review to update the US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Ann Intern Med. 2014; 161(1):31–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens, DK, Davidson, KW, et al. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement [published online ahead of print, 2020 (Mar. 2)]. JAMA. 2020; 323(10):970–975. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinetti, ME, Inouye, SK, Gill, TM, Doucette, JT. Shared risk factors for falls, incontinence, and functional dependence: Unifying the approach to geriatric syndromes. JAMA. 1995; 273(17):1348–1353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathias, S, Nayak, US, Isaacs, B. Balance in elderly patients: The “get-up and go” test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986; 67(6):387–389.Google Scholar
Phelan, EA, Mahoney, JE, Voit, JC, Stevens, JA. Assessment and management of fall risk in primary care settings. Med Clin North Am. 2015; 99(2):281–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2020 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures [published online ahead of print, 2020 (Mar. 10)]. Alzheimers Dement. 2020; 16(3):391–460. doi: 10.1002/alz.12068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens, DK, Davidson, KW, et al. Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020; 323(8):757–763.Google ScholarPubMed
Galvin, JE, Sadowsky, CH, NINCDS-ADRDA. Practical guidelines for the recognition and diagnosis of dementia. J Am Board Fam Med. 2012; 25(3):367–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, WJ, Wengel, SP. Late-life mood disorders. Clin Geriatr Med. 2003; 19(4):777–797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siu, AL, US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Bibbins-Domingo, K, et al. Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016; 315(4):380–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chou, R, Dana, T, Bougatsos, C, Grusing, S, Blazina, I. Screening for Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: A Systematic Review to Update the 2009 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moyer, VA, US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hearing loss in older adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012; 157(9):655–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, FR, Yaffe, K, Xia, J, et al. Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2013; 173(4):293–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dong, XQ. Elder abuse: Systematic review and implications for practice. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015; 63(6):1214–1238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lachs, MS, Pillemer, KA. Elder abuse. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(20):1947–1956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemmelgarn, B, Suissa, S, Huang, A, Boivin, JF, Pinard, G. Benzodiazepine use and the risk of motor vehicle crash in the elderly. JAMA. 1997; 278(1):27–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pomidor, A, ed. Clinician’s Guide to Assessing and Counseling Older Drivers. 4th edition. New York: The American Geriatrics Society, 2019.Google Scholar
Messinger-Rapport, BJ. How to assess and counsel the older driver. Cleve Clin J Med. 2002; 69(3):184–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grohskopf, LA, Alyanak, E, Broder, KR, Walter, EB, Fry, AM, Jernigan, DB. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – United States, 2019–20 influenza season. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2019; 68(3):1–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reed, C, Chaves, SS, Daily Kirley, P, et al. Estimating influenza disease burden from population-based surveillance data in the United States. PLoS One. 2015; 10(3):e0118369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Flu vaccination coverage, United States, 2018–19 influenza season. www-cdc-gov.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/flu/fluvaxview/coverage-1819estimates.htm. Accessed on 6/29/20.Google Scholar
DiazGranados, CA, Dunning, AJ, Kimmel, M, et al. Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371(7):635–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, M, Rowe, T. Vaccinations in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2018; 34(1):131–143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matanock, A, Lee, G, Gierke, R, Kobayashi, M, Leidner, A, Pilishvili, T. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged ≥65 years: Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [published correction appears in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 (Jan. 3); 68(5152):1195]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019; 68(46):1069–1075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomczyk, S, Bennett, NM, Stoecker, C, et al. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged ≥65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014; 63(37):822–825.Google ScholarPubMed
Cunningham, AL, Lal, H, Kovac, M, et al. Efficacy of the herpes zoster subunit vaccine in adults 70 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375(11):1019–1032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dooling, KL, Guo, A, Patel, M, et al. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of herpes zoster vaccines. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018; 67(3):103–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, JL, Tiwari, T, Moro, P, et al. Prevention of pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria with vaccines in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018; 67(2):1–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, NP, Link-Gelles, R, Hofmeister, MG, et al. Update: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of hepatitis A vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis and for preexposure prophylaxis for international travel [published correction appears in MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 (Mar. 8); 68(9):233]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018; 67(43):1216–1220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schillie, S, Vellozzi, C, Reingold, A, et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018; 67(1):1–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guadagni, V, Drogos, LL, Tyndall, AV, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cognition and cerebrovascular regulation in older adults. Neurology. 2020; 94(21):e2245–e2257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillespie, LD, Robertson, MC, Gillespie, WJ, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; (9):CD007146.Google ScholarPubMed
Kvamme, JM, Holmen, J, Wilsgaard, T, Florholmen, J, Midthjell, K, Jacobsen, BK. Body mass index and mortality in elderly men and women: The Tromso and HUNT studies. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012; 66(7):611–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, MM, Thomas, DR, Rubenstein, LZ, et al. Appetite assessment: Simple appetite questionnaire predicts weight loss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home residents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 82(5):1074–1081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, SR, Knowles, SB, Huang, Q, Fink, A. The prevalence of harmful and hazardous alcohol consumption in older U.S. adults: Data from the 2005–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). J Gen Intern Med. 2014; 29(2):312–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burns, DM. Cigarette smoking among the elderly: Disease consequences and the benefits of cessation. Am J Health Promot. 2000; 14(6):357–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeFevre, ML, US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014; 161(12):902–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens, DK, Davidson, KW, et al. Screening for HIV infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2019; 321(23):2326–2336.Google ScholarPubMed
Lee, KC, Ngo-Metzger, Q, Wolff, T, Chowdhury, J, LeFevre, ML, Meyers, DS. Sexually transmitted infections: Recommendations from the US Preventive Services Task Force. Am Fam Physician. 2016; 94(11):907–915.Google Scholar
References
Administration for Community Living. https://acl.gov/sites/default/files/Aging%20and%20Disability%20in%20America/2017OlderAmericansProfile.pdf. Accessed on 6/4/2020.Google Scholar
Qato, DM, Wilder, J, Schumm, LP, et al. Changes in prescription and over-the-counter medication and dietary supplement use among older adults in the United States, 2005 vs 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2016; 176: 473–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corsonello, A, Pedone, C, Incalzi, RA. Age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes and related risk of adverse drug reactions. Curr Med Chem. 2010; 17:571–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kekki, M, Samloff, IM, Ihamaki, T, et al. Age- and sex-related behaviour of gastric acid secretion at the population level. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1982; 17:737–743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orr, WC, Chen, CL. Aging and neural control of the GI tract: IV. Clinical and physiological aspects of gastrointestinal motility and aging. Am J Physiol. 2002; 283:G1226–G1231.Google ScholarPubMed
Corazza, GR, Frazzoni, M, Gatto, MR, et al. Aging and small-bowel mucosa: A morphometric study. Gerontology. 1986; 32:60–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anantharaju, A, Feller, A, Chedid, A. Aging liver: A review. Gerontology. 2002; 48:343–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenner, SS, Klotz, U. P-glycoprotein function in the elderly. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004; 60:97–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaestli, LZ, Wasilewski-Rasca, AF, Bonnabry, P, Vogt-Ferrier, N. Use of transdermal formulations in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2008; 25:269–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaufrere, B, Morio, B. Fat and protein redistribution with aging: Metabolic considerations. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000; 54:S48–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cusack, BJ. Pharmacokinetics in older persons. Am J Geriatr Pharm. 2004; 2:274–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campion, EW, deLabry, LO, Glynn, RJ. The effect of age on serum albumin in healthy males: Report from the Normative Aging Study. J Gerontol. 1988; 43:M18–M20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verbeeck, RK, Cardinal, JA, Wallace, SM. Effect of age and sex on the plasma binding of acidic and basic drugs. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1984; 27:91–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmucker, DL. Liver function and phase I drug metabolism in the elderly: A paradox. Drugs Aging. 2001; 18:837–851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammerlein, A, Derendorf, H, Lowenthal, DT. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in the elderly: Clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998; 35:49–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLachlan, AJ, Pont, LG. Drug metabolism in older people: A key consideration in achieving optimal outcomes with medicines. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012; 67A:175–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bressler, R, Bahl, JJ. Principles of drug therapy for the elderly patient. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003; 78:1564–1577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muhlberg, W, Platt, D. Age-dependent changes of the kidneys: Pharmacological implications. Gerontology. 1999; 45:243–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Church Sera, L, McPherson, ML. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics changes associated with aging and implications for drug therapy. Clin Geriatr Med. 2012; 28:273–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fliser, D. Assessment of renal function in elderly patients. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2008; 17:604–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dowling, TC, Wang, ES, Ferrucci, L, Sorking, JD. Glomerular filtration rate equations overestimate creatinine clearance in older individuals enrolled in the Baltimore longitudinal study on aging (BLSA): Impact on renal drug dosing. Pharmacotherapy. 2013; 33:912–921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowie, MW, Slattum, PW. Pharmacodynamics in older adults: A review. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007; 5:263–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abernethy, DR, Schwartz, JB, Plachetka, JR, Todd, EL, Egan, JM. Comparison in young and elderly patients of pharmacodynamics and disposition of labetalol in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1987; 60:697–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trifior, G, Spina, E. Age-related changes in pharmacodynamics: Focus on drugs acting on central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Curr Drug Metab. 2011; 12:611–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beers, MH, Ouslander, JG, Rollingher, J, Reuben, DB, Beck, JC. Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med. 1991; 151:1825–1832.Google ScholarPubMed
American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2019 updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019; 67:674–694.Google Scholar
Xing, XX, Zhu, C, Liang, HY, et al. Associations between potentially inappropriate medications and adverse health outcomes in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2019; 53:1005–1019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanlon, JT, Semla, TP, Schmader, KE. Alternative medication for medications in the use of high risk medications in the elderly and potentially harmful drug-disease interactions in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015; 63:e8–e18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinman, MA, Beizer, JL, DuBeau, CE, et al. How to use the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria: A guide for patients, clinicians, health systems, and payors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015; 63(12):e1–e7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Mahony, D, O’Sullivan, D, Byrne, S, et al. STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people: Version 2. Age and Ageing. 2015; 44:213–218.Google ScholarPubMed
Edwards, IR, Aronson, JK. Adverse drug reactions: Definitions, diagnosis, and management. Lancet. 2000; 356:1255–1259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shehab, N, Lovegrove, MC, Geller, AI, Rose, KO, Weidle, NJ, Budnitz, DS. US emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events, 2013–2014. JAMA. 2016; 316(20):2115–2125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, L. Comparative epidemiology of hospital-acquired adverse drug reactions in adults and children and their impact on cost and hospital stay: A systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 (Dec.); 69(12):1985–1996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ernst, FR, Grizzle, AJ. Drug-related morbidity and mortality: Updating the cost-of-illness model. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2001 (Mar.–Apr.); 41(2):192–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavan, AH, Gallagher, P. Predicting risk of adverse drug reactions in older adults. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2016 (Feb.); 7(1):11–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanlon, JT, Artz, MB, Lindblad, CI, Pieper, CF, Sloane, RJ, Ruby, CM, Schmader, KE. Adverse drug reaction risk factors in older outpatients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2003; 1:82–89.Google Scholar
Tinetti, ME, Speechley, M, Ginter, SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1988; 319:1701–1707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Musich, S, Wang, SS, Ruiz, J, Hawkins, K, Wicker, E. Falls-related drug use and risk of falls among older adults: A study in a US Medicare population. Drugs Aging. 2017. 34:555–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Bone health and osteoporosis: A report of the surgeon general – 2004. www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/content.html. Accessed on 10/5/2007.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Fatalities and injuries from falls among older adults: United States, 1993–2003 and 2001–2005. MMWR. 2006; 55:1221–1224.Google Scholar
Moylan, KC, Binder, EF. Falls in the older adult: Risk assessment, management and prevention. Am J Med. 2007; 493:e1–e6.Google Scholar
Zeire, G, Dieleman, JP, Hofman, A, et al. Polypharmacy and falls in the middle age and elderly population. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005; 61:218–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leipzig, RM, Cumming, RG, Tinetti, ME. Drugs and falls in older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis: I. Psychotropic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999; 47:30–39.Google ScholarPubMed
Gareri, P, Segura-Garcia, C, Manfredi, VGL, Bruni, A, Ciambrone, P, Cerminara, G, De Sarro, G, De Fazio, P. Use of atypical antipsychotics in the elderly: A clinical review. Clin Interv Aging. 2014; 9:1363–1373.Google ScholarPubMed
Ensrud, DE, Blackwell, TL, Mangione, CM, et al. Central nervous system-active medications and risk for falls in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002; 50:1629–1637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, PJ. Benzodiazepine hypnotics in the elderly. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1986; 73 (suppl. 332):149–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guerriero, F. Guidance on opioids prescribing for the management of persistent non-cancer pain in older adults. World J Clin Cases. 2017 (Mar. 16); 5(3):73–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leipzig, RM, Cumming, RG, Tinetti, ME. Drugs and falls in older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis: II. Cardiac and analgesic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999; 47:40–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, SY, Mackowiak, PA. Infections in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2007; 23:441–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, MB, Mather, PJ. A review of the association between congestive heart failure and cognitive impairment. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2007; 16:171–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knopman, DS, Peterson, RC. Mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia: A clinical perspective. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014; 89:1452–1459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gareri, P, DeFazio, P, Mafredi, VGL, De Sarro, G. Use and safety of antipsychotics in behavioral disorders in elderly people with dementia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014; 34:109–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collamati, A, Martone, AM, Osica, A, Brandi, V, Celi, M, Marzetti, E, Cherubini, A, Landi, F. Anticholinergic drugs and negative outcomes in the older population: From biological plausibility to clinical evidence. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016; 28:25–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salahudeen, MS, Dufull, SB, Nishtala, PS. Anticholinergic burden quantified by anticholinergic risk scales and adverse outcomes in older people: A systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2015; 15:31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van den Heuvel, PM, Los, M, van Marum, RJ, Jansen, PA. Polypharmacy and underprescribing in older adults: Rational underprescribing by general practitioners. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 (Sep.); 59(9):1750–1752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuijpers, MAJ, vanMarum, RJ, Egberts, ACG, Jansen, PAF. Relationship between polypharmacy and underprescribing. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 65:130–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinman, MA, Landefeld, CS, Rosenthal, GE, et al. Polypharmacy and prescribing quality in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54:1516–1523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghosh, S, Ziesmer, V, Aronow, WS. Underutilization of aspirin, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and lipid-lowering drugs and overutilization of calcium channel blockers in older persons with coronary artery disease in an academic nursing home. J Gerontol. 2002; 57A:M398–M400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spinewine, A, Swine, C, Dhillon, S, et al. Effect of a collaborative approach on the quality of prescribing for geriatric inpatients: A randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 55:658–665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacLaughlin, EJ, Raehl, CL, Treadway, AK, et al. Assessing medication adherence in the elderly – Which tools to use in clinical practice? Drugs Aging. 2005; 22:231–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marzec, LN, Maddox, TM. Medication adherence in patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia: Associated factors and strategies for improvement. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2013; 15:418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haynes, RB, Ackloo, E, Sahota, N, McDonald, HP, Yao, X. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008; 2. Art. No.: CD000011. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000011.pub3.Google Scholar
Brown, MT, Bussel, J, Dutta, S, Davis, K, Strong, S, Mathew, S. Medication adherence: Truth and consequences. Am J Med Sci. 2016 (Apr.); 351(4):387–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viswanathan, M, Golin, CE, Jones, CD, et al. Interventions to improve adherence to self-administered medications for chronic diseases in the United States: A systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2012; 157:785–795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, HP, Garg, AX, Haynes, RB. Interventions to enhance patient adherence to medication prescriptions: Scientific review. JAMA. 2002; 288:2868–2879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kripalani, S, Yao, X, Haynes, RB. Interventions to enhance medication adherence in chronic medical conditions: A systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167:540–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bangalore, S, Kamalakkannan, G, Parkar, S, et al. Fixed-dose combinations improve medication compliance: A meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2007; 120:713–719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, HM, Hayley, DC, Alexander, GC, Sachs, GA. Reconsidering medication appropriateness for patients late in life. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166:605–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bemben, NM. Deprescribing: An application to medication management in older adults. Pharmacotherapy. 2016; 36:774–780.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bain, KT, Holmes, HM, Beers, MH, Maio, V, Handler, SM, Pauker, SG. Discontinuing medications: A novel approach for revising the prescribing stage of the medication use process. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56:1946–1952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References
Shlisky, J, Bloom, DE, Beaudreault, AR, et al. Nutritional considerations for healthy aging and reduction in age-related chronic disease. Adv Nutr. 2017; 8: 17–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, M, Munoz, N. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: Food and nutrition for older adults – Promoting health and wellness. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2012; 112(8):1255–1277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sobotka, L, ed. Basics in Clinical Nutrition. 4th edition. Somerville, NJ:Galen, 2012.Google Scholar
What is malnutrition? www.who.int/features/qa/malnutrition/en. Accessed on 7/10/2020.Google Scholar
White, JV, Guenter, P, Jensen, G, Malone, A, Schofield, M. Consensus statement: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition – Characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition). J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2012; 36(3):275–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, GL, Cederhol, T, Correia, MI, et al. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2019; 43(1):32. Epub 2018 (Sep. 2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visvanathan, R, Chapman, I. Undernutrition and anorexia in the older person. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2009; 38:393–409.Google ScholarPubMed
Donini, LM, Poggiogalle, E, Molfino, A, et al. Mini-nutritional assessment, malnutrition Universal screening tool, and nutrition risk screening tool for the nutritional evaluation of older nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016; 17(10):959. e11–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Robbins, LJ. Evaluation of weight loss in the elderly. Geriatrics 1989; 44:31–37.Google ScholarPubMed
Westenhoefer, J. Age and gender dependent profile of food choice. Forum Nutr. 2005(57):44–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, M, Cryer, B, McArthur, KE, et al. Effects of aging and gastritis on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in humans: A prospective study. Gastroenterology. 1996; 110(4):1043–1052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhutto, A, Morley, JE. The clinical significance of gastrointestinal changes with aging. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008; 11(5):651–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nordin, S, Bamerson, A, Bringlov, E, et al. Substance and tongue-specific loss in specific taste quality identification in elderly adults. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2007; 264:285–289.Google Scholar
Walls, AW, Steele, JG. The relationship between oral health and nutrition in older people. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004; 125(12):853–857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulut, EA, Khoury, R, Lee, H, et al. Eating disturbances in the elderly: A geriatric-psychiatric perspective. Nutrition and Healthy Aging. 2019; 5(3):185–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donini, LM, Poggiogalle, E, Piredda, M, et al. Anorexia and eating patterns in the elderly. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, WJ, Morley, JE, Argiles, J, et al. Cachexia: A new definition. Clin Nutr. 2008; 27:793–799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Von Haehling, S, Anker, SD. Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: Facts and numbers. J Cachex Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010; 1(1):1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krasnow, SM, Marks, DL. Neuropeptides in the pathophysiology and treatment of cachexia. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2010; 4(4):266–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tisdale, MJ. Cancer cachexia. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2010: 26(2):146–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muscaritoli, M, Lucia, S, Molfino, A, et al. Muscle atrophy in aging and chronic diseases: Is it sarcopenia or cachexia? Internal and Emergency Medicine. 2013; 8:553–560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morely, JE, Abbatecola, AM, Argiles, JM, Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders Trialist Workshop, et al. Sarcopenia with limited mobility: An international consensus. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011; 12(6):403–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, WJ. Skeletal muscle loss: Cachexia, sarcopenia, and inactivity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 91:1123 S–1127 S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodpaster, BH, Park, SW, Harris, TB, et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: The health, aging and body composition study. J Geront A Biol Med Sci. 2006; 61:1059–1064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, MJ, Geisler, C, Pourhassan, M, et al. Assessment and definition of lean body mass deficiency in the elderly. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014; 68:1220–1227. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santilli, V, Bernetti, A, Mangone, M, et al. Clinical definition of sarcopenia. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2014; 11(3):177–180.Google ScholarPubMed
Stenholm, S, Harris, TB, Rantanen, T, et al. Sarcopenic obesity: Definition, etiology, and consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008; 11(6):693–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohara, K. Sarcopenic obesity in aging population: Current status and future directions for research. Endocrine. 2014; 45(1):15–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Morley, JE. Undernutrition in older adults. Family Practice. 2012; 29:i89–i93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritchie, C, Yukawa, M. Geriatric nutrition: Nutritional issues in older adults. UpToDate. 2020. www.uptodate.com/contents/geriatric-nutrition-nutritional-issues-in-older-adults. Accessed on 10/11/2021.Google Scholar
Kaiser, M, Bauer, J, Ramsch, C, et al. Validation of the Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF): A practical tool for identification of nutritional status. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009 (Nov.); 13(9):782–788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isenring, EA, Bauer, JD, Banks, MD, et al. The malnutrition screening tool is a useful tool for identifying malnutrition risk in residential aged care. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 22(6):545–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulia, KA, Yannakoulia, M, Karageorgou, D, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of six nutritional screening tools to predict malnutrition in the elderly. Clin Nutr. 2012 (Jun.); 31(3):378–385.Google ScholarPubMed
Kortebein, P, Ferrando, A, Lombeida, J, et al. Effect of 10 days bedrest on skeletal muscle in healthy older adults. JAMA. 2007; 297:1772–1774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flegal, KM, Kit, BK, Orpana, H, et al. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013; 309(1):71–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontana, L, Hu, F. Optimal body weight for health and longevity: Bridging basic, clinical, and population research. Aging Cell. 2014; 13:391–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sujino, Y, Tanno, J, Nakano, S, et al. Impact of hypoalbuminemia, frailty, and body mass index on early prognosis in older patients (>/= 85 years) with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiology. 2014; 66(3):263–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020. 8th edition. https://health.gov/our-work/food-nutrition/2015–2020-dietary-guidelines/guidelines. Accessed on 7/13/2020.Google Scholar
Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd edition. https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019–09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf. Accessed on 7/13/2020.Google Scholar
Canada’s Food Guide/Dietary Guidelines, 2019. https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/guidelines. Accessed on 7/10/2020.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes Tables and Application. https://ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx. Accessed on 5/28/2020.Google Scholar
Health Canada. The DRI values: Definitions. www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/reference/dri_ques-ques_anref-eng.php#a5a. Accessed on 6/10/2020.Google Scholar
Elmafa, I, Meyer, AL. Body composition, changing physiological functions and nutrient requirements of the elderly. Ann Nutr Metab. 2008; 52(1):2–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennypacker, LC, Allen, RH, Kelly, JP, et al. High prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in elderly outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992; 40(12):1997–1204.Google ScholarPubMed
Van Asselt, DZ, de Groot, LC, van Staveren, WA, et al. Role of cobalamin intake and atrophic gastritis in mild cobalamin deficiency in older Dutch subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998; 68:328–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walters, JR, Balesaria, S, Chavele, KM, et al. Calcium channel TRPV6 expression in human duodenum: Different relationships to the vitamin D system and aging in men and women. J Bone Miner Res. 2006; 21:1770–1777.Google Scholar
Bischoff-Ferrari, HA, Dawson-Hughes, B, Willett, WC, et al. Effect of Vitamin D on falls: A meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004; 291(16):1999–2006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, JL, May, HT, Horne, BD, et al. Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol 2010. 106(7):963–968.Google Scholar
Bolland, MJ, Avenell, A, Baron, JA, et al. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010; 341:c3691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolland, MJ, Grey, A, Avenell, A, et al. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: Reanalysis of the Women’s Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011; 342:d2040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sloane, PD, Ivey, J, Helton, M, et al. Nutritional issues in long-term care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008 (Sep.); 9(7):476–485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lowndes, R, Daly, T, Armstrong, P. “Leisurely dining”: Exploring how work organization, informal care, and dining spaces shape residents’ experiences of eating in long-term residential care. Qual. Health Res. 2018; 28(1):126–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abbey, KL, Wright, OR, Capra, S. Menu planning in residential aged care: The level of choice and quality of planning of meals available to residents. Nutrients. 2015; 7(9):7580–7592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milne, AC, Potter, J, Vivanti, A, et al. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 (Apr. 15); (2):CD 003288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
References
US Dept of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1996.Google Scholar
Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services, 2008.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services, 2008.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services. Step It Up! The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Promote Walking and Walkable Communities. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, 2015.Google Scholar
2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2018.Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services. 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2018.Google Scholar
Watson, KB, Carlson, SA, Gunn, JP, et al. Physical inactivity among adults aged 50 years and older: United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016; 65:954–958.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, BW, Schiller, JS, Goodman, RA. Multiple chronic conditions among US adults: A 2012 update. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2014; 11:130389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Burden of Disease Collaborators. The state of US health, 1990–2010: Burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA. 2013; 310(6):591–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerteis, J, Izrael, D, Deitz, D, et al. Multiple Chronic Conditions Chartbook. AHRQ Publications No. Q14-0038. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2014.Google Scholar
Buttorff, C, Ruder, T, Bauman, M. Multiple Chronic Conditions in the United States. RAND Publications No, TL221. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, Z, Bian, J, Carretta, HJ, Lee, J, Hogan, WR, Shenkman, E, Charness, N. Prevalence of multiple chronic conditions among older adults in Florida and the United States: Comparative analysis of the OneFlorida Data Trust and national inpatient sample. J Med Internet Res. 2018; 20(4):e137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolff, JL, Starfield, B, Anderson, G. Prevalence expenditures, and complications of multiple chronic conditions in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162(20):2269–2276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumberg, LJ, Waidmann, TA, Blavin, F, Roth, J. Trends in health care financial burdens, 2001 to 2009. Milbank Q. 2014; 92(1):88–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paez, KA, Zhao, L, Hwang, W. Rising out-of-pocket spending for chronic conditions: A ten-year trend. Health Aff. 2009; 28(1):15–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolff, JL, Spillman, BC, Freedman, VA, Kasper, JD. A national profile of family and unpaid caregivers who assist older adults with health care activities. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 (Mar.); 176(3):372–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. www.cdc.gov/brfss. Accessed on 7/5/2020.Google Scholar
Harvey, JA, Chastin, SF, Skelton, DA. How sedentary are older people? A systematic review of the amount of sedentary behavior. J Aging Phys Act. 2015 (Jul.); 23(3):471–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health. Trends in Meeting the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines, 2008–2018. Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity. Last rev. Jan. 14, 2020. www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/downloads/trends-in-the-prevalence-of-physical-activity-508.pdf.Google Scholar
Du, Y, Liu, B, Sun, Y, Snetselaar, LG, Wallace, RB, Bao, W. Trends in adherence to the physical activity guidelines for Americans for aerobic activity and time spent on sedentary behavior among US adults, 2007 to 2016. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 (Jul. 3); 2(7):e197597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valencia, WM, Stoutenberg, M, Florez, H. Weight loss and physical activity for disease prevention in obese older adults: An important role for lifestyle management. Curr Diab Rep. 2014; 14(10):539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gill, DL, Hammond, CC, Reifsteck, EJ, et al. Physical activity and quality of life. J Prev Med Public Health. 2013; 46(Suppl. 1):S28–S34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, IM, Skerrett, PJ. Physical activity and all-cause mortality: What is the dose–response relation? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001; 33(6 Suppl.):S459–71; discussion S493–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garatachea, N, Pareja-Galeano, H, Sanchis-Gomar, F, et al. Exercise attenuates the major hallmarks of aging. Rejuvenation Res. 2015; 18(1):57–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thune, I, Furberg, AS. Physical activity and cancer risk: dose-response and cancer, all sites and site-specific. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001; 33(6 Suppl.):S530–50; discussion S609–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cadore, EL, Rodríguez-Mañas, L, Sinclair, A, Izquierdo, M. Effects of different exercise interventions on risk of falls, gait ability, and balance in physically frail older adults: A systematic review. Rejuvenation Res. 2013; 16(2):105–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mora, JC, Ciocon, J. Elder care: A resource for interprofessional providers – Physical exercise guidelines for older adults. POGOe. 2013. www.pogoe.org/productid/21715. Accessed on 7/5/2020.Google Scholar
Mora, JC, Valencia, WM. Exercise and older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2018 (Feb.); 34(1):145–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibala, MJ, Little, JP, van Essen, M, et al. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: Similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J Physiol. 2006; 575(3):901–911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cobley, JN, Mount, PR, Burniston, JG, et al. Exercise improves mitochondrial and redox-regulated stress responses in the elderly: Better late than never! Biogerontology. 2015; 16:249–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rakobowchuk, M, Tanguay, S, Burgomaster, KA, et al. Sprint interval and traditional endurance training induce similar improvements in peripheral arterial stiffness and flow-mediated dilation in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008; 295:R236–R242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hussain, SR, Macaluso, A, Pearson, SJ. High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training in the prevention/management of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Rev. 2016; 24:273–281.Google ScholarPubMed
Davies, EJ, Moxham, T, Rees, K, et al. Exercise training for systolic heart failure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010; 12:706–715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, RS, Sagar, VA, Davies, EJ, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 4:CD003331.Google Scholar
Yusuf, S, Hawken, S, Ounpuu, S, et al. INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (INTERHEART study): Case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364(9438):937–952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, TR, Armstrong, EJ, Waldo, SW. Contemporary evaluation and management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease. Heart. 2016; 102:1436–1441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diaz, KM, Shimbo, D. Physical activity and the prevention of hypertension. Curr Hypertens. 2013; 15(6):659–668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers, J. Exercise and cardiovascular health. Circulation. 2003; 107:2e–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, LB, Bushnell, CD, Adams, RJ, et al. Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011; 42:517–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furie, KL, Kasner, SE, Adams, RJ, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011; 42:227–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erickson, KI, Voss, MW, Prakash, RS, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011; 108(7):3017–3022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, KJ, Baron, KG, Lu, B, et al. Aerobic exercise improves self-reported sleep and quality of life in older adults with insomnia. Sleep Med. 2010; 11(9):934–940.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamer, M, Chida, Y. Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: A systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med. 2009; 39:3–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guure, CB, Ibrahim, NA, Adam, MB, Said, SM. Impact of physical activity on cognitive decline, dementia, and its subtypes: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Biomed Res Int. 2017; 9016924.Google Scholar
Sattler, C, Erickson, KI, Toro, P, Schröeder, J. Physical fitness as a protective factor for cognitive impairment in a prospective population-based study in Germany. J Alzheimer Dis. 2011; 26:709–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, S, Matthews, FE, Barnes, DE, et al. Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: an analysis of population-based data. Lancet Neurol. 2014; 13:788–794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valencia, WM, Sood, R. Obesity and weight gain in older persons. In: Pachana, NA, ed. Encyclopedia of Geropsychology. New York: Springer, 2016.Google Scholar
Valencia, WM, Florez, H. Endocrinology and metabolism. In: Burton, J, Lee, A, Potter, J, eds. Geriatrics for Specialists. New York: Springer, 2017, pp. 269–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valencia, WM, Florez, H. Pharmacological treatment of diabetes in older people. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014; 16(12):1192–1203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valencia, WM, Florez, HJ. How to prevent the microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes beyond glucose control. BMJ. 2017; 356:i6505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, N, Ma, Y, Delahanty, LM, et al. Predictors of sustained reduction in energy and fat intake in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study intensive lifestyle intervention. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013; 113:1455–1464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garber, CE, Blissmer, B, Deschenes, MR, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43(7):1334–1359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howe, TE, Shea, B, Dawson, LJ, et al. Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2011; 7:CD000333.Google Scholar
Kim, HK, Suzuki, T, Saito, K, et al. Long-term effects of exercise and amino acid supplementation on muscle mass, physical function and falls in community-dwelling elderly Japanese sarcopenic women: A 4-year follow-up study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016; 16:175–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crane, JD, Macneil, LG, Tarnopolsky, MA. Long-term aerobic exercise is associated with greater muscle strength throughout the life span. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013; 68:631–638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, SN. Physical inactivity: The biggest public health problem of the 21st century. Br J Sports Med. 2009; 43(1):1–2.Google ScholarPubMed
Ding, D, Lawson, KD, Kolbe-Alexander, TL, et al. The economic burden of physical inactivity: A global analysis of major non-communicable diseases. Lancet. 2016; 388(10051):1311–1324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orrow, G, Kinmonth, AL, Sanderson, S, Sutton, S. Effectiveness of physical activity promotion based in primary care: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2012 (Mar. 26); 344:e1389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shuval, K, Leonard, T, Drope, J, Katz, DL, Patel, AV, Matin-Shepard, M, Amir, O, Grinstein, A. Physical activity counseling in primary care: Insights from public health and behavioral economics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017 (May 6); 67(3):233–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abramson, S, Stein, J, Schaufele, M, Frates, E, Rogan, S. Personal exercise habits and counseling practices of primary care physicians: A national survey. Clin J Sport Med. 2000 (Jan.); 10(1):40–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglas, F, Torrance, N, van Teijlingen, E, Meloni, S, Kerr, A. Primary care staff’s views and experiences related to routinely advising patients about physical activity: A questionnaire survey. BMC Public Health. 2006 (May 23); 6:138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berra, K, Rippe, J, Manson, JE. Making physical activity counseling a priority in clinical practice: The time for action is now. JAMA. 2015; 314(24):2617–2618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, EM, Kennedy, MA. The exercise prescription: A tool to improve physical activity. PM R. 2012; 4(11):818–825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crump, C, Sundquist, K, Sundquist, J, Winkleby, MA. Exercise is medicine: Primary care counseling on aerobic fitness and muscle strengthening. J Am Board Fam Med. 2019 (Jan.–Feb.); 32(1):103–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jerdén, L, Dalton, J, Johansson, H, Sorensen, J, Jenkins, P, Weinehall, L. Lifestyle counseling in primary care in the United States and Sweden: A comparison of patients’ expectations and experiences. Glob Health Action. 2018; 11(1):1438238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dacey, ML, Kennedy, MA, Polak, R, Phillips, EM. Physical activity counseling in medical school education: a systematic review. Med Ed Online. 2014; 19(1).Google ScholarPubMed
Brecken, JD, Johnston, LH, Hutchison, A. Physical activity counseling content and competency: A systematic review. J Phys Act Health. 2008 (May); 5(3):398–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omura, JD, Bellissimo, MP, Watson, KB, Loustalot, F, Fulton, JE, Carlson, SA. Primary care providers’ physical activity counseling and referral practices and barriers for cardiovascular disease prevention. Prev Med. 2018 (Mar.); 108:115–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. Pub L No. 111–148, 124 Stat 119. 42, §18001. 2010 (www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ148/pdf/PLAW-111publ148.pdf). Accessed on 7/5/2020.Google Scholar
AuYoung, M, Linke, SE, Pagoto, S, Buman, MP, Craft, LL, Richardson, CR, Hutber, A, Marcus, BH, Estabrooks, P, Sheinfeld Gorin, S. Integrating physical activity in primary care practice. Am J Med. 2016 (Oct.); 129(10):1022–1029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schutzer, KA, Graves, BS. Barriers and motivations to exercise in older adults. Prev Med. 2004 (Nov.); 39(5):1056–1061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powell, LM, Slater, S, Chaloupka, FJ, Harper, D. Availability of physical activity-related facilities and neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic characteristics: A national study. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96(9):1676–1680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valencia, WM, Danet, M, Florez, H, Bourdel-Marchasson, I. Assessment procedures including comprehensive geriatric assessment. In: Sinclair, A, Dunning, T, Rodríguez Mañas, L, Munshi, M, eds. Diabetes in Old Age. 4th edition. Chichester; Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2017.Google Scholar
Taylor, D. Physical activity is medicine for older adults. Postgrad. Med. J. 2014; 90:26–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavanaugh, JT, Kochi, N, Stergiou, N. Nonlinear analysis of ambulatory activity patterns in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci. 2010; 65A(2):197–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Institute of Aging. Exercise and Physical Activity. National Institutes of Health. Go4Life from the National Institute on Aging at NIH. www.nia.nih.gov/health/exercise-physical-activity. Accessed on 7/8/2020.Google Scholar
Nelson, ME, Rejeski, WJ, Blair, SN, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007; 116:1094–1105.Google ScholarPubMed
Woods, JA, Wilund, KR, Martin, SA, Kistler, BM. Exercise, inflammation and aging. Aging Dis. 2012 (Feb.); 3(1):130–140.Google ScholarPubMed
Cadore, EL, Casas-Herrero, A, Zambom-Ferraresi, F, et al. Multicomponent exercises including muscle power training enhance muscle mass, power output, and functional outcomes in institutionalized frail nonagenarians. Age (Dordr). 2013; 36(2):773–785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dos Santos, L, Cyrino, ES, Antunes, M, Santos, DA, Sardinha, LB. Sarcopenia and physical independence in older adults: The independent and synergic role of muscle mass and muscle function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2017; 8(2):245–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varvalho, AR, Assini, T. Improvement of functional capacity among elderly people undergoing isostretching intervention. Braz J Phys Ther. 2008; 12(4):268–273.Google Scholar
Stathokostas, L, McDonald, MW, Little, RM, Paterson, DH. Flexibility of older adults aged 55–86 years and the influence of physical activity. J Aging Res. 2013; 2013:743843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
He, Z, Bian, J, Carretta, HJ, Lee, J, Hogan, WR, Shenkman, E, Charness, N. Prevalence of multiple chronic conditions among older adults in Florida and the United States: Comparative analysis of the OneFlorida Data Trust and national inpatient sample. J Med Internet Res. 2018 (Apr.); 20(4):e137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koltyn, KF. Using physical activity to manage pain in older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2002; 10(2):226–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, C, Wyman, JF, Resnick, B, Savik, K. Yoga for managing knee osteoarthritis in older women: A pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014; 14(1):160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, PG, Jackson, EA, Richardson, CR. Exercise prescriptions in older adults. Am Fam Physician. 2017; 95(7):425–432.Google ScholarPubMed
Chodzko-Zajko, WJ, Proctor, DN, Fiatarone Singh, MA, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41(7):1510–1530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, GF, Ades, PA, Kligfield, P, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013; 128:873–934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valencia, WM. Preventing hypoglycemia in the older adult with diabetes. Geriatric Fast Facts #65. www.geriatricfastfacts.com/fast-facts/preventing-hypoglycemia-older-adult-diabetes. Accessed on 6/2/2017.Google Scholar
Colberg, SR, Albright, AL, Blissmer, BJ, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: Joint position statement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010; 42(12):2282–2303.Google ScholarPubMed
Bridle, C, Spanjers, K, Patel, S, et al. Effect of exercise on depression severity in older people: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry. 2012; 201:180–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for osteoporosis: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2011; 154(5):356–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diab, DL, Watts, NB. Diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in older adults. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2013; 42(2):305–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watts, NB, Bilezikian, JP, Camacho, PM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Pract. 2010; 16(Suppl. 3):1–37.Google Scholar
Kendrick, D, Kumar, A, Carpenter, H, et al. Exercise for reducing fear of falling in older people living in the community. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2014; 11:CD009848.Google Scholar
Gillespie, LD, Robertson, M, Gillespie, WJ, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane DB Syst Rev. 2012; 9:CD007146.Google Scholar
Stevens, JA, Burns, E. A CDC Compendium of Effective Fall Interventions: What Works for Community-Dwelling Older Adults. 3rd edition. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2015. www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/falls/compendium.html.Google Scholar
Cai, H, Li, G, Hua, S, et al. Effect of exercise on cognitive function in chronic disease patients: A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Interv Aging. 2017; 11:773–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wayne, PM, Walsh, JN, Taylor-Piliae, RE, et al. The impact of tai chi on cognitive performance in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014; 62(1):25–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lozano-Montoya, I, Correa-Pérez, A, Abraha, I, et al. Nonpharmacological interventions to treat physical frailty and sarcopenia in older patients: A systematic overview – The SENATOR Project ONTOP Series. Clin Interv Aging. 2017; 12:721–740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aguirre, LE, Villareal, DT. Physical exercise as therapy for frailty. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2015; 83:83–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spruit, MA, Burtin, C, De Boever, P, et al. COPD and exercise: Does it make a difference? Breathe. 2016; 12(2):e38–e49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services: National Institute on Aging. Exercise and Physical Activity: Your Everyday Guide from the National Institute on Aging! Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute on Aging Information Center, 2013. No. 09–4258. https://go4life.nia.nih.gov/sites/default/files/nia_exercise_and_physical_activity.pdf. Accessed on 6/12/2017.Google Scholar
Kantor, ED, Rehm, CD, Haas, JS, et al. Trends in prescription drug use among adults in the United States from 1999–2012. JAMA. 2015; 314(17):1818–1831.Google ScholarPubMed
Railhac, JJ, Zaim, M, Saurel, AS, Vial, J, Fournie, B. Effect of 12 months treatment with chondroitin sulfate on cartilage volume in knee osteoarthritis patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study using MRI. Clin Rheumatol. 2012 (Sep.); 31(9):1347–1357. Erratum in: Clin Rheumatol. 2014 (Oct.); 33(10):1527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mueller, PS. Symptomatic myopathy due to red yeast rice. Ann Intern Med. 2006 (Sep. 19); 145(6):474–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gullestad, L, Hallen, J, Medbø, JI, et al. The effect of acute vs chronic treatment with beta-adrenoceptorblockade on exercise performance, haemodynamic and metabolic parameters in healthy men and women. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996; 41:57–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chick, TW, Halperin, AK, Gacek, EM. The effect of antihypertensive medications on exercise performance: A review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988; 20(5):447–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, BA, Capizzi, JA, Grimaldi, AS, et al. The effect of statins on skeletal muscle function. Circulation. 2013; 127(1):96–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deichmann, RE, Lavie, CJ, Asher, T, et al. The interaction between statins and exercise: Mechanisms and strategies to counter the musculoskeletal side effects of this combination therapy. Ochsner J. 2015; 15(4):429–437.Google ScholarPubMed
Kristensen, JM, Larsen, S, Helge, JW, et al. Two weeks of metformin treatment enhances mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle of AMPK kinase dead but not wild type mice. PLoS One. 2013; 8(1):e53533.Google Scholar
Arabyat, RM, Raisch, DW, McKoy, JM, Bennett, CL. Fluoroquinolone-associated tendon-rupture: A summary of reports in the Food and Drug Administration’s adverse event reporting system. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015; 14(11):1653–1660.CrossRef