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Chapter 11 - Fetal Compromise

Diagnosis and Management

from Section 3 - Intrapartum Emergencies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 May 2021

Edwin Chandraharan
Affiliation:
St George's University of London
Sir Sabaratnam Arulkumaran
Affiliation:
St George's University of London
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Summary

Key Implications

Type
Chapter
Information
Obstetric and Intrapartum Emergencies
A Practical Guide to Management
, pp. 76 - 85
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

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References

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Curzen, P, Mclintock, DG, Patel, M. Reliability of cardiotocography in predicting baby’s condition at birth. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984;289(November):1345–7.
Alfirevic, Z, Devane, D, Gyte, GML, Cuthbert, A. Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2017(2). DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3.
Maternal Consortium. Confidential Enquiries into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy. 4th Annual Report. London; 1997.
Chandraharan, E. Rational approach to electronic fetal monitoring during labour in ‘all’ resource settings. Sri Lanka J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;32(4):7784. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/sljog.v32i4.3988.
Chandraharan, E, Sabaratnam, A. Prevention of birth asphyxia: responding appropriately to cardiotocograph (CTG) traces. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;21(4):609–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.02.008.
Chandraharan, E. Fetal electrocardiograph (ST-analyser or STAN) for intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring: a friend or a foe? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(1):123–7. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1276559.
INFANT Collaborative Group. Computerised interpretation of fetal heart rate during labour (INFANT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10080):1719–29. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30568-8.
Nunes, I, Ayres-de-Campos, D, Ugwumadu, A; Fetal Monitoring and Alert (FM-ALERT) Study Group. Central fetal monitoring with and without computer analysis: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(1):8390. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001799.
Gracia-Perez-Bonfils, A, Chandraharan, E. Fetal oxygenation. In Chandraharan, E (ed.), Handbook of CTG Interpretation: From Patterns to Physiology, 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017, 612.
Chandraharan, E, Evans, A, Krueger, D, Pereira, S, Skivens, S, et al. Intrapartum fetal monitoring guideline. 2018. https://physiological-ctg.com/guideline/guideline.html.
Ayres-de-Campos, D, Spong, CY, Chandraharan, E. FIGO Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring Expert Consensus Panel. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: cardiotocography. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;131(1):1324. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.020.
Gracia-Perez-Bonfils, A, Vigneswaran, K, Cuadras, D, Chandraharan, E. Does the saltatory pattern on cardiotocograph (CTG) trace really exist? The ZigZag pattern as an alternative definition and its correlation with perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;13:19. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1686475.
Yanamandra, N, Chandraharan, E. Saltatory and sinusoidal fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns and significance of FHR ‘overshoots. Curr Womens Health Rev. 2013;9:175–82.
Preti, M, Chandraharan, E. Importance of fetal heart rate cycling during the interpretation of the cardiotocograph (CTG). 2018. www.ologypress.com/submit-article.
Gracia-Perez-Bonfils, A, Chandraharan, E. Physiology of fetal heart rate control and types of intrapartum hypoxia. In Chandraharan, E (ed), Handbook of CTG Interpretation. From Patterns to Physiology, 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017, 1325.
Ayres-De-Campos, D, Spong, CY, Chandraharan, E. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: cardiotocography. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2015;131(1):1324. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.020.
Peebles, DM, Spencer, JA, Edwards, AD, Wyatt, JS, Reynolds, EO, Cope, M DD. Relation between frequency of uterine contractions and human fetal cerebral oxygen saturation studied during labour by near infrared spectroscopy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1994;101(1):44–8.
Pereira, S, Chandraharan, E. Recognition of chronic hypoxia and pre-existing foetal injury on the cardiotocograph (CTG): urgent need to think beyond the guidelines. Porto Biomed J. 2017;2(4):124–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2017.01.004.
Xie, W, Archer, A, Li, C, Cui, H, Chandraharan, E. Fetal heart rate changes observed on the CTG trace during instrumental vaginal delivery. J Matern Neonatal Med. 2017. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1373084.

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