Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-08T19:57:50.488Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 6 - Anaesthetic Emergencies During Pregnancy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 May 2021

Edwin Chandraharan
Affiliation:
St George's University of London
Sir Sabaratnam Arulkumaran
Affiliation:
St George's University of London
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Obstetric and Intrapartum Emergencies
A Practical Guide to Management
, pp. 231 - 260
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Quinn, AC, Milne, D, Columb, M, Gorton, H, Knight, M. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case-control study in the UK. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(1):7480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boutonnet, M, Faitot, V, hKatz, A, Salomon, L, Keita, H. Mallampati class changes during pregnancy, labour, and after delivery: Can these be predicted? Br JAnaesth. 2010;104(1):6770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aep356Google Scholar
Lawson, B, Nair, M, Kochanski, P, Kurinczuk, J, Knight, M. UKOSS Annual Report 2017. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit 2017, https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/downloads/files/ukoss/annual-reports/UKOSSAnnual Report 2017.pdfGoogle Scholar
Paranjothy, S, Griffiths, JD, Broughton, HK, Gyte, GM, Brown, HC, Thomas, J. Interventions at caesarean section for reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis. In Paranjothy, S (ed), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons; 2010, http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD004943.pub3Google Scholar
Heesen, M, Hofmann, T, Klöhr, S, Rossaint, R, van de Velde, M, Deprest, J, et al. Is general anaesthesia for caesarean section associated with postpartum haemorrhage? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2013;57(9):1092–102.Google ScholarPubMed
Cook, TM, Andrade, J, Bogod, DG, Hitchman, JM, Jonker, WR, Lucas, N, et al. 5th National Audit Project (NAP5) on accidental awareness during general anaesthesia: patient experiences, human factors, sedation, consent, and medicolegal issues†‡. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113(4):560–74. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000709121730747XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ong, BY, Cohen, MM, Palahniuk, RJ. Anesthesia for cesarean section: effects on neonates. Anesth Analg. 1989;68(3):270–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sener, EB, Guldogus, F, Karakaya, D, Baris, S, Kocamanoglu, S, Tur, A. Comparison of neonatal effects of epidural and general anesthesia for cesarean section. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2003;55(1):41–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kavak, ZN, Başgül, A, Ceyhan, N. Short-term outcome of newborn infants: spinal versus general anesthesia for elective cesarean section: a prospective randomized study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2001;100(1):50–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, A, Mckechnie, EJ, Jeffery, H. Pediatric presence at cesarean section: justified or not? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(3):599605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morselli, PL, Rovei, V. Placental transfer of pethidine and norpethidine and their pharmacokinetics in the newborn. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1980;18(1):2530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, Jayakody, H, Shakespeare, J, Kotnis, R, et al. Saving lives, improving mothers’ care: lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit [Internet]. 2018, www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/downloads/files/mbrraceuk/reports/MBRRACE-UK Maternal Report 2018 – Web Version.pdfGoogle Scholar
Vricella, LK, Louis, JM, Mercer, BM, Bolden, N. Anesthesia complications during scheduled cesarean delivery for morbidly obese women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(3):276.e1–276.e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2010.06.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hood, D, Dewan, D. Anesthetic and obstetric outcome in morbidly obese parturients. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:1210–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, JL, Malone, FD, Emig, D, Ball, RH, Nyberg, DA, Comstock, CH, et al. Obesity, obstetric complications and cesarean delivery rate: a population-based screening study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(4):1091–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, P, Landy, M. Suxamethonium and mivacurium sensitivity from pregnancy-induced plasma cholinesterase deficiency. Anaesthesia. 1998;53(11):1109–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott-Brown, S, Russell, R. Video laryngoscopes and the obstetric airway. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015;24(2):137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.01.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Checketts, MR, Alladi, R, Ferguson, K, Gemmell, L, Handy, JM, Klein, AA, et al. Recommendations for standards of monitoring during anaesthesia and recovery 2015: Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Anaesthesia. 2016;71(1):8593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heesen, M, Carvalho, B, Carvalho, JCA, Duvekot, JJ, Dyer, RA, Lucas, DN, et al. International consensus statement on the use of uterotonic agents during caesarean section. Anaesthesia. 2019;1305–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mushambi, MC, Kinsella, SM, Popat, M, Swales, H, Ramaswamy, KK, Winton, AL, et al. Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association and Difficult Airway Society guidelines for the management of difficult and failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(11):1286–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Risberg, A. Hormones and fluid balance during pregnancy, labor and post partum. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 2009; 478.Google Scholar
Wilson, M, Morganti, AA, Zervoudakis, I, Letcher, RL, Romney, BM, Von Oeyon, P, et al. Blood pressure, the renin-aldosterone system and sex steroids throughout normal pregnancy. Am J Med. 1980;68:97104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, IM, Ziegler, W, Badger, GJ. Plasma volume expansion in early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:669–72.Google Scholar
Katz, R, Karliner, JS, Resnik, R. Effects of a natural volume overload state (pregnancy) on left ventricular performance in normal human subjects. Circulation. 1978;58:434–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sciscione, A, Ivester, T, Largoza, M, et al. Acute pulmonary oedema in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:511–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Dennis, AT, Solnordal, CB. Acute pulmonary oedema in pregnant women. Anaesthesia 2012;67:646–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornton, CE, von Dadelszen, P, Makris, A, Tooher, JM, Ogle, RF, Hennessy, A. Acute pulmonary oedema as a complication of hypotension during pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2011;30:169–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomlinson, M, Cotton, D. Fluid management in the complicated obstetric patient. The Global Library of Women’s Medicine. 2008; DOI: 10.3843/GLOWM.10192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelhardt, T, MacLennan, FM. Fluid management in pre-eclampsia. Int J Obstet Anesth. 1999;8:253–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackenzie, MJ, Woolnough, MJ, Barrett, N, Johnson, MR, Yentis, SM. Normal urine output after elective caesarean section: an observational study. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2010;19:379–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, GE, Hauch, ME, Curlin, F, Datta, S, Bader, AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before caesarean delivery on maternal haemodynamics and colloid oncotic pressure. Anesth Analg. 1996;83:299303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ASA Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Practice guidelines for obstetric anesthesia: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:843–63.Google Scholar

References

Callaghan, WM, Kuklina, EV, Berg, CJ. Trends in postpartum hemorrhage: United States, 1994–2006. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(4):353.e1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jakobsson, M, Gissler, M, Tapper, A-M. Risk factors for blood transfusion at delivery in Finland. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;92(4):414–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Joseph, K, Rouleau, J, Kramer, M, Young, D, Liston, R, Baskett, T. Investigation of an increase in postpartum haemorrhage in Canada. BJOG. 2007;114(6):751–9.Google Scholar
Lutomski, J, Byrne, B, Devane, D, Greene, R. Increasing trends in atonic postpartum haemorrhage in Ireland: an 11-year population-based cohort study. BJOG. 2012;119(9):1150–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, J, Roberts, C, Bowen, J, Irving, D, Isbister, J, Morris, J, et al. Blood transfusion During pregnancy, birth, and the postnatal period. Obstet Anesth Dig. 2014;34(4):203–4.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Blood transfusion in Obstetrics. Green-top Guideline 47.2015. London: RCOG. www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg-47.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ehrenthal, DB, Chichester, ML, Cole, OS, Jiang, X. Maternal risk factors for peripartum transfusion. J Womens Health. 2012;21(7):792–7.Google Scholar
SHOT Annual Reports and Summaries [Internet]. Serious Hazards of Transfusion. Available from: https://www.shotuk.org/shot-reports/Google Scholar
Ibrahim, UN. Acute blood transfusion reactions in pregnancy, an observational study from north eastern Nigeria. J Blood Disord Transfus. 2013;04(03).Google Scholar
Vamvakas, EC, Blajchman, MA. Transfusion-related mortality: the ongoing risks of allogeneic blood transfusion and the available strategies for their prevention. Blood. 2009;113(15):3406–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaines, AR, Lee-Stroka, H, Byrne, K, Scott, DE, Uhl, L, Lazarus, E, et al. Investigation of whether the acute hemolysis associated with Rho(D) immune globulin intravenous (human) administration for treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura is consistent with the acute hemolytic transfusion reaction model. Transfusion. 2009;49(6):1050–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popovsky, MA. Transfusion-associated circulatory overload: the plot thickens. Transfusion. 2009;49(1):24.Google Scholar
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). https://professionaleducation.blood.caGoogle Scholar
Maxwell, MJ, Wilson, MJA. Complications of blood transfusion. Cont Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2006;6(6):225–9.Google Scholar
Hewitt, PE, Machin, SJ. ABC of transfusion: Massive blood transfusion. BMJ. 1990;300(6717):107–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donaldson, M, Seaman, M, Park, G. Massive blood transfusion. Br J Anaesth. 1992;69(6):621–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rezaei, N, Amini-Kafiabad, S, Maghsudlu, M, Abolghasemi, H. Risk factor analysis of hepatitis C virus seropositivity in Iranian blood donors: a case-control study. Transfusion. 2016;56(7):1891–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, S. Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(5):832–6.Google Scholar
Hepner, DL, Castells, M, Mouton-Faivre, C, Dewachter, P. Anaphylaxis in the clinical setting of obstetric anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2013;117(6):1357–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, BQ, Kemp, SF. Pathophysiology of anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;11(4):319–25.Google Scholar
Shahzad Mustafa, S, Kaliner, MA. Anaphylaxis. 2018. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135065-overviewGoogle Scholar
Ring, J, Messmer, K. Incidence and severity of anaphylactoid reactions to colloid volume substitutes. Lancet. 1977;309(8009):466–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Audit Project 6. Perioperative anaphylaxis. www.nationalauditprojects.org.uk/NAP6homeGoogle Scholar
Mccall, S, Bunch, K, Brocklehurst, P, D’arcy, R, Hinshaw, K, Kurinczuk, J, et al. The incidence, characteristics, management and outcomes of anaphylaxis in pregnancy: a population-based descriptive study. BJOG. 2018;125(8):965–71.Google Scholar
Mulla, ZD, Ebrahim, MS, Gonzalez, JL. Anaphylaxis in the obstetric patient: analysis of a statewide hospital discharge database. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;104(1):55–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marr, L, Lennox, C, Mcfadyen, AK. Quantifying severe maternal morbidity in Scotland. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014;27(3):275–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, FER, Ardusso, LRF, Bilò, MB, El-Gamal, YM, Ledford, DK, Ring, J, et al. World Allergy Organization Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Anaphylaxis. World Allergy Org J. 2011;4(2):1336.Google Scholar
Khan, R, Anastasakis, E, Kadir, RA. Anaphylactic reaction to ceftriaxone in labour: An emerging complication. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;28(7):751–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sengupta, A, Kohli, JK. Antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean section causing anaphylaxis and intrauterine fetal death. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2008;34(2):252–4.Google Scholar
Shingai, Y, Nakagawa, K, Kato, T, Fujioka, T, Matsumoto, T, Kihana, T, et al. Severe allergy in a pregnant woman after vaginal examination with a latex glove. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2002;54(3):183–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, FS. Urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis. Pediatr Rev. 1992;13(10):387–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, MS, Rouleau, J, Baskett, TF, Joseph, K. Amniotic-fluid embolism and medical induction of labour: a retrospective, population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2006;368(9545):1444–8.Google Scholar
Simons, FER, Schatz, M. Anaphylaxis during pregnancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(3):597606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hakkarainen, KM, Hedna, K, Petzold, M, Hägg, S. Percentage of patients with preventable adverse drug reactions and preventability of adverse drug reactions: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(3).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sultana, J, Cutroneo, P, Trifirò, G. Clinical and economic burden of adverse drug reactions. J Pharmacol Pharmacotherapeut. 2013;4(5):73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wettach, C, Thomann, J, Lambrigger-Steiner, C, Buclin, T, Desmeules, J, Mandach, UV. Pharmacovigilance in pregnancy: adverse drug reactions associated with fetal disorders. J Perinat Med. 2013;41(3).Google Scholar
Oliveira-Filho, ADD, Vieira, AES, Silva, RCD, Neves, SJF, Gama, TAB, Lima, RV, et al. Adverse drug reactions in high-risk pregnant women: a prospective study. Saudi Pharmaceut J. 2017;25(7):1073–7.Google Scholar
Miguel, A, Azevedo, LF, Araújo, M, Pereira, AC. 2012. Frequency of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 21(11):1139–54.Google Scholar
Cano, F G, Rozenfeld Cad, S. Adverse drug events in hospitals: a systematic review. Saúde Pública (Rio de Janeiro). 2009;25(Suppl 3):S360S372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lacroix, I, Cabou, C, Montastruc, J-L, Damase-Michel, C. Adverse drug reactions in pregnant women. Therapie. 2007;62(5):455–60.Google ScholarPubMed
Wacker, E, Navarro, A, Meister, R, Padberg, S, Weber-Schoendorfer, C, Schaefer, C. Does the average drug exposure in pregnant women affect pregnancy outcome? A comparison of two approaches to estimate the baseline risks of adverse pregnancy outcome. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety. 2015;24(4):353–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Further Reading

Cook, T, Harper, N, Farmer, L, Garcez, T, Floss, K, Marinho, S, et al. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: protocol and methods of the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6) of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121(1):124–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroigaard, M, Garvey, LH, Gillberg, L, Johansson, SGO, Mosbech, H, Florvaag, E, et al. Scandinavian Clinical Practice Guidelines on the diagnosis, management and follow-up of anaphylaxis during anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007;51(6):655–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Connolly, AM, Katz, VL, Bash, KL, McMahon, MJ, Hansen, WF. Trauma and pregnancy. Am J Perinatol. 1997;14(6):331–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE). Saving Mothers’ Lives: Reviewing Maternal Deaths to make Motherhood Safer – 2006–2008. The Eighth Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;118(Suppl. 1):1208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, JJ, Cohn, I. Diagnosis and management of blunt abdominal trauma. Ann Surg. 1976;183:672.Google Scholar
Shah, AJ, Kilcline, BA. Trauma in pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2003;21(3):615–29.Google Scholar
Esposito, TJ, Gens, DR, Smith, LG, Scorpio, R. Evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma occurring during pregnancy. J Trauma. 1989;29(12):1628–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothenberger, D, Quattlebaum, FW, Perry, JF Jr, Zabel, J, Fischer, RP. Blunt maternal trauma: review of 103 cases. J Trauma. 1978;18(3):173–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werman, HA, Falcone, RE. Trauma in pregnancy. Emerg Med Rep Pediatr Emerg Med Rep. 2008;9(4, Suppl).Google Scholar
Buchsbaum, H (ed.) Penetrating injury of the abdomen. In Trauma in Pregnancy. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1979, 82100.Google Scholar
Awwad, JT, Azar, GB, Seoud, MA, Mroueh, AM, Karam, KS. High velocity penetrating wounds of the gravid uterus: review of 16 years of civil war. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83:259–64.Google ScholarPubMed
Meunch, MV, Canterino, JC. Trauma in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2007;34(3):555–83.Google Scholar
Matthews, RM. Obstetric implications of burns in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;89:603–9.Google Scholar
Akhtar, MA, Mulawakar, PM, Kulkarni, HR. Burns in pregnancy: effect on maternal and foetal outcomes. Burns. 1994;20:351–5.Google Scholar
Howell, C, Grady, K, Cox, C. Managing Obstetric Emergencies and Trauma: The MOET Course Manual, 2nd ed. London: RCOG, 2007.Google Scholar
US Army Institute of Surgical Research. Joint Theater Trauma System Clinical Practice Guideline: Damage control resuscitation at level IIb and III treatment facilities. December 21, 2014.Google Scholar
Holcomb, JB, Tilley, BC, Baraniuk, S; PROPPR Study Group. Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: the PROPPR randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313(5):471–82.Google Scholar
WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10084):2105–16.Google Scholar
Roberts, I, Shakur, H, Afolabi, A, et al. The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2. Randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011; 377(9771):1096.Google Scholar
Stephansson, O, Dickman, PW, Johansson, A, Cnattingius, S. Maternal hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy and risk of still birth. JAMA. 2000;284:2611–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Resuscitation Council (UK). Adult Advanced Life Support Guidelines – UK Resuscitation Guidelines 2010. www.resus.org.uk/pages/guide.htmGoogle Scholar
Eposito, TJ. Trauma during pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1994;12:167199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearlman, MD, Tintinalli, JE. Evaluation and treatment of the gravida and fetus following trauma during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol North Am. 1991:18:371–81.Google Scholar
Incerpi, M. Trauma in pregnancy. In Murphy Goodwin, T, Montoro, MN, Muderspach, L, Paulson, R, Roy, S (eds.), Management of Common Problems in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5th ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010, 156–9.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. ACOG Technical Bulletin Number 161. Trauma during pregnancy. November 1991. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1993;40(2):165–70.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging during Pregnancy. Committee Opinion 158. September 1995.Google Scholar
Hall, EJ. Scientific view of low radiation risks. Radiographics. 1991;11:509–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothenberger, DA, Quattlebaum, FW, Zabel, J, Fischer, RP. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage in blunt trauma in pregnant women. Am J Obset Gynecol. 1977;129(5):479–81.Google Scholar
Chames, MC, Pearlman, MD. Trauma during pregnancy: outcomes and clinical management. Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;51:398408.Google Scholar
Pearlman, MD, Tintinalli, JE, Lorenz, RP. A prospective controlled study of outcome after trauma during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;162:1502–7.Google Scholar
Pearlman, MD, Phillips, ME. Safety belt use in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;88:1026–9.Google Scholar
Pearlman, MD, Viano, D. Automobile crash simulation with the first pregnant crash test dummy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175:977–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiff, MA, Mack, CD. The effect of airbags on pregnancy outcomes in Washington State 2002–2005. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(1):8592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McFarlane, J, Campbell, JC. Abuse during pregnancy and femicide: urgent implications for womens health. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100(1):2736.Google Scholar
The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving mothers’ lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer – 2003–2005. The Seventh Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. London: CEMACH; 2007.Google Scholar
Deakin, CD, Low, JL. Accuracy of the advanced trauma life support guidelines for predicting systolic blood pressure using carotid, femoral, and radial pulses: observational study. Br Med J. 2000;321(7262):673–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×