Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Home
Hostname: page-component-768ffcd9cc-9th95 Total loading time: 1.77 Render date: 2022-12-05T01:33:44.136Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "useRatesEcommerce": false } hasContentIssue true
Manual of Sperm Retrieval and Preparation in Human Assisted Reproduction Manual of Sperm Retrieval and Preparation in Human Assisted Reproduction
Buy print or eBook[Opens in a new window]

Book contents

Part II - Sperm Retrieval

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 April 2021

Edited by
Ashok Agarwal ,
Ahmad Majzoub  and
Sandro C. Esteves
Ashok Agarwal
Affiliation:
The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
Ahmad Majzoub
Affiliation:
Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Sandro C. Esteves
Affiliation:
Andrology & Human Reproduction Clinic, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Manual of Sperm Retrieval and Preparation in Human Assisted Reproduction , pp. 20 - 89
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Purchase

Buy Book

Buy print or eBook[Opens in a new window]

References

References

Esteves, SC, Roque, M, Garrido, N. Use of testicular sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection in men with high sperm DNA fragmentation: a SWOT analysis. Asian J Androl 2018;20:1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehta, A, Esteves, SC, Schlegel, PN, et al. Use of testicular sperm in nonazoospermic males. Fertil Steril 2018;109:981–987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanley, HG. The surgery of male subfertility: Hunterian lecture delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 24th May 1955. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1955;17(3):159–183.Google ScholarPubMed
Momen, MN, Roaiah, MF. Alloplastic spermatocele in cases of vasa aplasia. Arch Androl 1985;14:89–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jimenez Cruz, JF. Artificial spermatocele. J Urol 1980;123:885–886.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelâmi, A. Kelâmi-Affeld alloplastic spermatocele and successful human delivery. Urol Int 1981;36:368–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Temple-Smith, PD, Southwick, GJ, Yates, CA, Trounson, AO, de Kretser, DM. Human pregnancy by in vitro fertilization (IVF) using sperm aspirated from the epididymis. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf 1985;2:119–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silber, S, Ord, T, Borrero, C, Balmaceda, J, Asch, R. New treatment for infertility due to congenital absence of vas deferens. Lancet 1987;10(2):850–851CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silber, SJ, Nagy, ZP, Liu, J, et al. Conventional in-vitro fertilization versus intracytoplasmic sperm injection for patients requiring microsurgical sperm aspiration. Hum Reprod 1994;9:1705–1709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsirigotis, M, Bennett, V, Hogewind, G, Pelekanos, M, Craft, I. Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration simplified sperm recovery for obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1994;9:169–170.Google Scholar
Shrivastav, P, Nadkarni, P, Wensvoort, S, Craft, I. Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration for obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1994;9:2058–2061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craft, I, Tsirigotis, M, Bennett, V, et al. Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the management of infertility due to obstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 1995;63:1038–1042.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, RS. Surgical and non-surgical methods of sperm retrieval. In Hansotia, M, Desai, S, Parihar, M (eds.) Advanced Infertility Management. Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 2002, pp. 253–258.Google Scholar
Craft, I, Bennett, V, Nicholson, N. Fertilising ability of testicular spermatozoa. Lancet 1993;342(8875):864CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoysman, R, Vanderzwalmen, P, Nijs, M, et al. Pregnancy after fertilization with human testicular spermatozoa. Lancet 1993;342:1237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devroey, P, Liu, J, Nagy, Z, et al. Normal fertilization of human oocytes after testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 1994;62:639–641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagy, Z, Liu, J, Cecile, J, et al. Using ejaculated, fresh, and frozen–thawed epididymal and testicular spermatozoa gives rise to comparable results after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 1995;63:808–815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levin, HS. Testicular biopsy in the study of male infertility: its current usefulness, histologic techniques, and prospects for the future. Hum Pathol 1979;10:569–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devroey, P, Liu, J, Nagy, Z, et al. Pregnancies after testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1995;10:1457–1460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yemini, M, Vanderzwalmen, P, Mukaida, T, Schoengold, S, Birkenfeld, A. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, fertilization, and embryo transfer after retrieval of spermatozoa by testicular biopsy from an azoospermic male with testicular tubular atrophy. Fertil Steril 1995;63:1118–1120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gil-Salom, M, Remohí, J, Mínguez, Y, Rubio, C, Pellicer, A. Pregnancy in an azoospermic patient with markedly elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Fertil Steril 1995;64:1218–1220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tournaye, H, Liu, J, Nagy, PZ, et al. Correlation between testicular histology and outcome after intracytoplasmic sperm injection using testicular spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 1996;11:127–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, R. 1935: the single seminiferous tubule (SST) technique for atraumatic multiple testicular biopsies for sperm retrieval. J Urol 2004;171(4S):511CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obrant, KO, Persson, PS. Cytological study of the testis by aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of fertility. Urol Int 1965;20:176–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewin, A, Weiss, DB, Friedler, S, et al. Delivery following intracytoplasmic injection of mature sperm cells recovered by testicular fine needle aspiration in a case of hypergonadotropic azoospermia due to maturation arrest. Hum Reprod 1996;11(4):769–771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewin, A, Reubinoff, B, Porat-Katz, A, et al. Testicular fine needle aspiration: the alternative method for sperm retrieval in non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1999;14:1785–1790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedler, S, Raziel, A, Strassburger, D, et al. Testicular sperm retrieval by percutaneous fine needle sperm aspiration compared with testicular sperm extraction by open biopsy in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1488–1493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foresta, C, Garolla, A, Bettella, A, et al. Doppler ultrasound of the testis in azoospermic subjects as a parameter of testicular function. Hum Reprod 1998;13:3090–3093.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Har-Toov, J, Eytan, O, Hauser, R, et al. A new power Doppler ultrasound guiding technique for improved testicular sperm extraction. Fertil Steril 2004;81:430–434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herwig, R, Tosun, K, Schuster, A, et al. Tissue perfusion-controlled guided biopsies are essential for the outcome of testicular sperm extraction. Fertil Steril 2007;87:1071–1076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morey, AF, Deshon, GE Jr, Rozanski, TA, Dresner, ML. Technique of biopty gun testis needle biopsy. Urology 1993;42:325–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mallidis, C, Baker, HW. Fine needle tissue aspiration biopsy of the testis. Fertil Steril 1994;61:367–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ezeh, UI, Moore, HD, Cooke, ID. A prospective study of multiple needle biopsies versus a single open biopsy for testicular sperm extraction in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1998;13:3075–3080.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlegel, PN, Su, L-M Physiologic consequences of testicular sperm extraction. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1688–1692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlegel, PN. Testicular sperm extraction: microdissection improves sperm yield with minimal tissue excision. Hum Reprod 1999;14:131–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deruyver, Y, Vanderschueren, D, Aa, F. Outcome of microdissection TESE compared with conventional TESE in non‐obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review. Andrology 2014;2:20–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghalayini, IF, Al-Ghazo, MA, Hani, OB, et al. Clinical comparison of conventional testicular sperm extraction and microdissection techniques for non-obstructive azoospermia. J Clin Med Res 2011;3:124–131.Google ScholarPubMed
Maglia, E, Boeri, L, Fontana, M, et al. Clinical comparison between conventional and microdissection testicular sperm extraction for non-obstructive azoospermia: understanding which treatment works for which patient. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2018;90:130–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everaert, K, De Croo, I, Kerckhaert, W, et al. Long term effects of micro-surgical testicular sperm extraction on androgen status in patients with non obstructive azoospermia. BMC Urol 2006;6:9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eliveld, J, van Wely, M, Meißner, A, et al. The risk of TESE-induced hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2018;24:442–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, R. Surgical sperm retrieval: techniques and their indications. Ind J Urol 2011;27:102–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franco, G, Scarselli, F, Casciani, V, et al. A novel stepwise micro-TESE approach in non obstructive azoospermia. BMC Urol 2016;16:20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, DH, Turek, PJ. Sperm retrieval techniques. Nat Rev Urol 2013;10:723–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukuda, T, Miyake, H, Enatsu, N, Matsushita, K, Fujisawa, M. Seminal level of clusterin in infertile men as a significant biomarker reflecting spermatogenesis. Andrologia 2016;48:1188–1194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alfano, M, Ventimiglia, E, Locatelli, I, et al. Anti-Mullerian hormone-to-testosterone ratio is predictive of positive sperm retrieval in men with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia. Sci Rep 2017;7:17638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilany, K, Mani-Varnosfaderani, A, Minai-Tehrani, A, et al. Untargeted metabolomic profiling of seminal plasma in nonobstructive azoospermia men: a noninvasive detection of spermatogenesis. Biomed Chromatogr 2017;31(8). doi: 10.1002/bmc.3931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cao, C, Wen, Y, Wang, X, et al. Testicular piRNA profile comparison between successful and unsuccessful micro-TESE retrieval in NOA patients. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018;35:801–808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hashemi, MS, Mozdarani, H, Ghaedi, K, Nasr-Esfahani, MH. Expression of ZMYND15 in testes of azoospermic men and association with sperm retrieval. Urology 2018;114:99–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramasamy, R, Sterling, J, Fisher, ES, et al. Identification of spermatogenesis with multiphoton microscopy: an evaluation in a rodent model. J Urol 2011;186:2487–2492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramasamy, R, Sterling, J, Manzoor, M, et al. Full field optical coherence tomography can identify spermatogenesis in a rodent Sertoli‐cell only model. J Pathol Inform 2012;3:4.Google Scholar
Enatsu, N, Miyake, H, Chiba, K, Fujisawa, M. Identification of spermatogenically active regions in rat testes by using narrow band imaging system. Urology 2015;86:929–935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Jarow, JP, Espeland, MA, Lipshultz, LI. Evaluation of the azoospermic patient. J Urol 1989;142(1):62–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wosnitzer, MS, Goldstein, M. Obstructive azoospermia. Urol Clin North Am 2014;41(1):83–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheynkin, YR, Hendin, BN, Schlegel, PN, Goldstein, M. Microsurgical repair of iatrogenic injury to the vas deferens. J Urol 1998;159:139–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hussein, TM, Zakaria, NH, Zahran, AM. Clinical, laboratory and genetic assessment of patients with congenital bilateral absent vas deferens. Andrologia 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.01001.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, M. Surgical management of male infertility. Campbell-Walsh Urology, 11th edn., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012, pp. 648–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robaire, B, Hinton, BT. The epididymis. In: Knobil and Neill’s Physiology of Reproduction. Academic Press, New York, 2014, pp. 691–771.Google Scholar
Kavoussi, PK. Surgical, radiographic and endoscopic anatomy of the male reproductive system Campbell–Walsh Urology, 11th edn., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012, pp. 498–515.e2.Google Scholar
Turner, TT, Johnston, DS, Jelinsky, SA, Tomsig, JL, Finger, JN. Segment boundaries of the adult rat epididymis limit interstitial signaling by potential paracrine factors and segments lose differential gene expression after efferent duct ligation. Asian J Androl 2007;9:565–573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robaire, B, Hamzeh, M. Androgen action in the epididymis. J Androl 2011;32:592–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agarwal, A, Hoffer, AP. Ultrastructural studies on the development of the blood–epididymis barrier in immature rats. J Androl 1989;10:425–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macmillan, EW. The blood supply of the epididymis in man. Br J Urol 1954;26:60–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kormano, M, Reijonen, K. Microvascular structure of the human epididymis. Am J Anat 1976;145:23–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parez-Clavier, R, Harrison, RG, Macmillan, EW. The pattern of the lymphatic drainage of the rat epididymis. J Anat 1982;134:667–675.Google Scholar
Yafi, FA, Zini, A. Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration for men with obstructive azoospermia: predictors of successful sperm retrieval. Urology 2013;82:341–344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, S, Vang, E, Troup, S, Kingsland, CR, Lewis-Jones, DI. Surgical sperm retrieval after previous vasectomy and failed reversal: clinical implications for in vitro fertilization. BJU Int 2002;90:227–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palermo, GD, Schlegel, PN, Hariprashad, JJ, et al. Fertilization and pregnancy outcome with intracytoplasmic sperm injection for azoospermic men. Hum Reprod 1999;14:741–748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicopoullos, JDM, Gilling-Smith, C, Almeida, PA, et al. Use of surgical sperm retrieval in azoospermic men: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2004;82:691–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Wely, M, Barbey, N, Meissner, A, Repping, S, Silber, SJ. Live birth rates after MESA or TESE in men with obstructive azoospermia: is there a difference? Hum Reprod 2015;30:761–766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morin, SJ, Hanson, BM, Juneau, CR, et al. A comparison of the relative efficiency of ICSI and extended culture with epididymal sperm versus testicular sperm in patients with obstructive azoospermia. Asian J Androl 2020;22:222–226.Google ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Lee, W, Benjamin, DJ, et al. Reproductive potential of men with obstructive azoospermia undergoing percutaneous sperm retrieval and intracytoplasmic sperm injection according to the cause of obstruction. J Urol 2013;189:232–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammoud, I, Bailly, M, Bergere, M, et al. Testicular spermatozoa are of better quality than epididymal spermatozoa in patients with obstructive azoospermia. Urology 2017;103:106–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, S, Varghese, A. Laboratory handling of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa: what can be done to improve sperm injections outcome. J Hum Reprod Sci 2012;5:233–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gangrade, BK. Cryopreservation of testicular and epididymal sperm: techniques and clinical outcomes of assisted conception. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013;68(Suppl. 1):131–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patrizio, P. Cryopreservation of epididymal sperm. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2000;169:11–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Justice, T, Christensen, G. Sperm cryopreservation methods. Methods Mol Biol 2013;927:209–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anger, JT, Gilbert, BR, Goldstein, M. Cryopreservation of sperm: indications, methods and results. J Urol 2003;170:1079–1084.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janzen, N, Goldstein, M, Schlegel, PN, Palermo, GD, Rosenwaks, Z. Use of electively cryopreserved microsurgically aspirated epididymal sperm with IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection for obstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2000;74:696–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devroey, P, Silber, S, Nagy, Z, et al. Ongoing pregnancies and birth after intracytoplasmic sperm injection with frozen–thawed epididymal spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 1995;10:903–906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nudell, DM, Conaghan, J, Pedersen, RA, et al. The mini-micro-epididymal sperm aspiration for sperm retrieval: a study of urological outcomes. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1260–1265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oates, RD, Lobel, SM, Harris, DH, et al. Efficacy of intracytoplasmic sperm injection using intentionally cryopreserved epididymal spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 1996;11:133–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, S, Thomas, K, Schnauffer, K, et al. Reproductive potential of fresh and cryopreserved epididymal and testicular spermatozoa in consecutive intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles in the same patients. Fertil Steril 2002;77:1162–1166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedler, S, Raziel, A, Soffer, Y, et al. The outcome of intracytoplasmic injection of fresh and cryopreserved epididymal spermatozoa from patients with obstructive azoospermia: a comparative study. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1872–1877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutchon, S, Thornton, S, Hall, J, Bishop, M. Frozen–thawed epididymal sperm is effective for intracytoplasmic sperm injection: implications for the urologist. Br J Urol 1998;81:607–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madgar, I, Hourvitz, A, Levron, J, et al. Outcome of in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic injection of epididymal and testicular sperm extracted from patients with obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 1998;69:1080–1084.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cayan, S, Lee, D, Conaghan, J, et al. A comparison of ICSI outcomes with fresh and cryopreserved epididymal spermatozoa from the same couples. Hum Reprod 2001;16:495–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moomjy, M, Scott Sills, E, Rosenwaks, Z, Palermo, GD. Implications of complete fertilization failure after intracytoplasmic sperm injection for subsequent fertilization and reproductive outcome. Hum Reprod 1998;13:2212–2216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Temple-Smith, PD, Southwick, GJ, Yates, CA, Trounson, AO, de Kretser, DM. Human pregnancy by in vitro fertilization (IVF) using sperm aspirated from the epididymis. J Vitr Fertil Embryo Transf 1985;2:119–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craft, I, Shrivastav, P, Quinton, R, et al. Treatment of male infertility. Lancet 1994;344:191–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coward, RM, Mills, JN. A step-by-step guide to office-based sperm retrieval for obstructive azoospermia. Transl Androl Urol 2017;6:730–744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, GN, Critchlow, JD, Lau, MW, Payne, SR. Open versus closed epididymal sperm retrieval in men with secondarily obstructed vasal systems: a preliminary report. Br J Urol 1996;78:437–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakefield, SE, Elewa, AA. Spermatic cord block: a safe technique for intrascrotal surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1994;76:401–402.Google ScholarPubMed
Chiles, KA, Schlegel, PN. Sperm retrieval. In Smith, JAJ, Howards, SS, Preminger, GM, Dmochowski, RR (eds.) Hinman’s Atlas of Urologic Surgery, 4th edn., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2018, pp. 791–793.Google Scholar
Silber, SJ, Balmaceda, J, Borrero, C, Ord, T, Asch, R. Pregnancy with sperm aspiration from the proximal head of the epididymis: a new treatment for congenital absence of the vas deferens. Fertil Steril 1988;50:525–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silber, SJ, Nagy, Z, Liu, J, et al. The use of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection: the genetic implications for male infertility. Hum Reprod 1995;10:2031–2043.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernie, AM, Ramasamy, R, Stember, DS, Stahl, PJ. Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration: indications, techniques and outcomes. Asian J Androl 2013;15:40–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hibi, H, Sumitomo, M, Fukunaga, N, Sonohara, M, Asada, Y. Superior clinical pregnancy rates after microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration. Reprod Med Biol 2018;17:59–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bromage, SJ, Falconer, DA, Lieberman, BA, Sangar, V, Payne, SR. Sperm retrieval rates in subgroups of primary azoospermic males. Eur Urol 2007;51:534–539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karpman, E, Williams, D. Techniques of sperm retrieval. In Lipshultz, LI, Howard, SS, Niederberger, CS (eds.) Infertility in the Male, 4th edn., Cambridge University Press, New York, 2009. pp. 407–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shin, DH, Turek, PJ. Sperm retrieval techniques. Nat Rev Urol 2013;10:723–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heidenreich, A, Altmann, P, Engelmann, UH. Microsurgical vasovasostomy versus microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration/testicular extraction of sperm combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a cost–benefit analysis. Eur Urol 2000;37:609–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Cocuzza, M, Alvarenga, C, Pagani, R. The epidemiology and etiology of azoospermia. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013;68(Suppl. 1):15–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devroey, P, Liu, J, Nagy, Z, et al. Pregnancies after testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1995;10:1457–1460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craft, I, Tsirigotis, M. Simplified recovery, preparation and cryopreservation of testicular spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 1995;10:1623–1626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ron-El, R, Strauss, S, Friedler, S, et al. Serial sonography and colour flow Doppler imaging following testicular and epididymal sperm extraction. Hum Reprod 1998;13:3390–3393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlegel, PN, Su, LM. Physiological consequences of testicular sperm extraction. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1688–1692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlegel, PN, Li, PS. Microdissection TESE: sperm retrieval in non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod Update 1998;4:439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, RS. Advanced Infertility Management. Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 2002.Google Scholar
Temple-Smith, PD, Southwick, GJ, Yates, CA, Trounson, AO, de Kretser, DM. Human pregnancy by in vitro fertilization (IVF) using sperm aspirated from the epididymis. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transf 1985;2:119–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Miyaoka, R, Agarwal, A. Sperm retrieval techniques for assisted reproduction. Int Braz J Urol 2011;37:570–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakkas, D, Alvarez, JG. Sperm DNA fragmentation: mechanisms of origin, impact on reproductive outcome, and analysis. Fertil Steril 2010;93:1027–1036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majzoub, A, Agarwal, A, Esteves, SC. Sperm DNA fragmentation: a rationale for its clinical utility. Transl Androl Urol 2017;6:S455–S456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, SE, John Aitken, R, Conner, SJ, et al. The impact of sperm DNA damage in assisted conception and beyond: recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Reprod Biomed Online 2013;27:325–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leach, M, Aitken, RJ, Sacks, G. Sperm DNA fragmentation abnormalities in men from couples with a history of recurrent miscarriage. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2015;55:379–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jin, J, Pan, C, Fei, Q, et al. Effect of sperm DNA fragmentation on the clinical outcomes for in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in women with different ovarian reserves. Fertil Steril 2015;103:910–916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Majzoub, A, Agarwal, A, Esteves, SC. Sperm DNA fragmentation for the evaluation of male infertility: clinical algorithms. Transl Androl Urol 2017;6:S405–S408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agarwal, A, Cho, CL, Majzoub, A, Esteves, SC. The Society for Translational Medicine: clinical practice guidelines for sperm DNA fragmentation testing in male infertility. Transl Androl Urol 2017;6:S720–S733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, C, Milne, S, Leeson, H. Sperm DNA damage caused by oxidative stress: modifiable clinical, lifestyle and nutritional factors in male infertility. Reprod Biomed Online 2014;28:684–703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakkas, D, Mariethoz, E, Manicardi, G, et al. Origin of DNA damage in ejaculated human spermatozoa. Rev Reprod 1999;4:31–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ni, K, Steger, K, Yang, H, et al. A comprehensive investigation of sperm DNA damage and oxidative stress injury in infertile patients with subclinical, normozoospermic, and astheno/oligozoospermic clinical varicocoele. Andrology 2016;4:816–824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moustafa, MH, Sharma, RK, Thornton, J, et al. Relationship between ROS production, apoptosis and DNA denaturation in spermatozoa from patients examined for infertility. Hum Reprod 2004;19:129–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Majzoub, A, Arafa, M, Mahdi, M, et al. Oxidation-reduction potential and sperm DNA fragmentation, and their associations with sperm morphological anomalies amongst fertile and infertile men. Arab J Urol 2018;16:87–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greco, E, Scarselli, F, Iacobelli, M, et al. Efficient treatment of infertility due to sperm DNA damage by ICSI with testicular spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 2005;20:226–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moskovtsev, SI, Jarvi, K, Mullen, JB, et al. Testicular spermatozoa have statistically significantly lower DNA damage compared with ejaculated spermatozoa in patients with unsuccessful oral antioxidant treatment. Fertil Steril 2010;93:1142–1146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Sanchez-Martin, F, Sanchez-Martin, P, Schneider, DT, Gosalvez, J. Comparison of reproductive outcome in oligozoospermic men with high sperm DNA fragmentation undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection with ejaculated and testicular sperm. Fertil Steril 2015;104:1398–1405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Roque, M, Bradley, CK, Garrido, N. Reproductive outcomes of testicular versus ejaculated sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection among men with high levels of DNA fragmentation in semen: systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2017;108:456–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehta, A, Bolyakov, A, Schlegel, PN, Paduch, DA. Higher pregnancy rates using testicular sperm in men with severe oligospermia. Fertil Steril 2015;104:1382–1387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Roque, M, Garrido, N. Use of testicular sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection in men with high sperm DNA fragmentation: a SWOT analysis. Asian J Androl 2018;20:1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ketabchi, AA. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes with freshly ejaculated sperms and testicular or epididymal sperm extraction in patients with idiopathic cryptozoospermia. Nephrourol Mon 2016;8:e41375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ben-Ami, I, Raziel, A, Strassburger, D, et al. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome of ejaculated versus extracted testicular spermatozoa in cryptozoospermic men. Fertil Steril 2013;99:1867–1871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kang, YN, Hsiao, YW, Chen, CY, Wu, CC. Testicular sperm is superior to ejaculated sperm for ICSI in cryptozoospermia: an update systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2018;8:7874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morey, AF, Deshon, GE Jr., Rozanski, TA, Dresner, ML. Technique of biopty gun testis needle biopsy. Urology 1993;42:325–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlegel, PN. Nonobstructive azoospermia: a revolutionary surgical approach and results. Semin Reprod Med 2009;27:165–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) as a sperm acquisition method for men with nonobstructive azoospermia seeking fertility: operative and laboratory aspects. Int Braz J Urol 2013;39:440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Agarwal, A. Sperm Retrieval Techniques. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramasamy, R, Yagan, N, Schlegel, PN. Structural and functional changes to the testis after conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Urology 2005;65:1190–1194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpi, A, Menchini Fabris, FG, Palego, P, et al. Fine-needle and large-needle percutaneous aspiration biopsy of testicles in men with nonobstructive azoospermia: safety and diagnostic performance. Fertil Steril 2005;83:1029–1033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Komori, K, Tsujimura, A, Miura, H, et al. Serial follow-up study of serum testosterone and antisperm antibodies in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia after conventional or microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Int J Androl 2004;27:32–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, T, Peng, L, Lin, X, Li, J, Xu, W. Predictors for successful sperm retrieval of salvage microdissection testicular sperm extraction (TESE) following failed TESE in nonobstructive azoospermia patients. Andrologia 2017;49. doi: 10.1111/and.12642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cissen, M, Meijerink, AM, D’Hauwers, KW, et al. Prediction model for obtaining spermatozoa with testicular sperm extraction in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 2016;31:1934–1941.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donoso, P, Tournaye, H, Devroey, P. Which is the best sperm retrieval technique for non-obstructive azoospermia? A systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2007;13:539–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpi, A, Sabanegh, E, Mechanick, J. Controversies in the management of nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2009;91:963–970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ezeh, UI, Moore, HD, Cooke, ID. A prospective study of multiple needle biopsies versus a single open biopsy for testicular sperm extraction in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1998;13:3075–3080.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauser, R, Yogev, L, Paz, G, et al. Comparison of efficacy of two techniques for testicular sperm retrieval in nonobstructive azoospermia: multifocal testicular sperm extraction versus multifocal testicular sperm aspiration. J Androl 2006;27:28–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedler, S, Raziel, A, Strassburger, D, et al. Testicular sperm retrieval by percutaneous fine needle sperm aspiration compared with testicular sperm extraction by open biopsy in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1488–1493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Verza, S, Prudencio, C, Seol, B. Sperm retrieval rates (SRR) in nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) are related to testicular histopathology results but not to the etiology of azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2010;94:S132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlegel, PN. Testicular sperm extraction: microdissection improves sperm yield with minimal tissue excision. Hum Reprod 1999;14:131–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiff, JD, Palermo, GD, Veeck, LL, et al. Success of testicular sperm extraction [corrected] and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in men with Klinefelter syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:6263–6367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turunc, T, Gul, U, Haydardedeoglu, B, et al. Conventional testicular sperm extraction combined with the microdissection technique in nonobstructive azoospermic patients: a prospective comparative study. Fertil Steril 2010;94:2157–2160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silber, SJ. Microsurgical TESE and the distribution of spermatogenesis in non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 2000;15:2278–2284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okada, H, Dobashi, M, Yamazaki, T, et al. Conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction for nonobstructive azoospermia. J Urol 2002;168:1063–1067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsujimura, A. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction: prediction, outcome, and complications. Int J Urol 2007;14:883–889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, PT, Palermo, GD, Veeck, LL, Rosenwaks, Z, Schlegel, PN. Testicular sperm extraction combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the treatment of men with persistent azoospermia postchemotherapy. Cancer 2001;92:1632–1637.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raman, JD, Schlegel, PN. Testicular sperm extraction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection is successful for the treatment of nonobstructive azoospermia associated with cryptorchidism. J Urol 2003;170:1287–1290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deruyver, Y, Vanderschueren, D, Van der Aa, F. Outcome of microdissection TESE compared with conventional TESE in non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review. Andrology 2014;2:20–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernie, AM, Mata, DA, Ramasamy, R, Schlegel, PN. Comparison of microdissection testicular sperm extraction, conventional testicular sperm extraction, and testicular sperm aspiration for nonobstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2015;104:1099–1103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altay, B, Hekimgil, M, Cikili, N, Turna, B, Soydan, S. Histopathological mapping of open testicular biopsies in patients with unobstructive azoospermia. BJU Int 2001;87:834–837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, RS. Surgical sperm retrieval: techniques and their indications. Indian J Urol 2011;27:102–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tournaye, H, Liu, J, Nagy, PZ, et al. Correlation between testicular histology and outcome after intracytoplasmic sperm injection using testicular spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 1996;11:127–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulhall, JP, Ghaly, SW, Aviv, N, Ahmed, A. The utility of optical loupe magnification for testis sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. J Androl 2005;26:178–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Miyaoka, R, Orosz, JE, Agarwal, A. An update on sperm retrieval techniques for azoospermic males. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013;68(1):99–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC. Clinical management of infertile men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Asian J Androl 2015;17:459–470.Google ScholarPubMed
Miyaoka, R, Orosz, JE, Achermann, AP, Esteves, SC. Methods of surgical sperm extraction and implications for assisted reproductive technology success. Panminerva Med 2019;61:164–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC. Novel concepts in male factor infertility: clinical and laboratory perspectives. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016;33:1319–1335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Rosen, RC. Prevalence and risk factors of sexual dysfunction in men and women. Curr Psychiatr Rep 2000;2:189–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porst, H, Montorsi, F, Rosen, RC, et al. The Premature Ejaculation Prevalence and Attitudes (PEPA) Survey: prevalence, comorbidities, and professional help-seeking. Eur Urol 2007;51:816–824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowland, D, McMahon, CG, Abdo, C, et al. Disorders of orgasm and ejaculation in men. J Sex Med 2010;7:1668–1686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McMahon, CG, Abdo, C, Incrocci, L, et al. Disorders of orgasm and ejaculation in men. J Sex Med 2004;1:58–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hellstrom, WJ. Current and future pharmacotherapies of premature ejaculation. J Sex Med 2006;3(Suppl. 4):332–341CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bettocchi, C, Verze, P, Palumbo, F, Arcaniolo, D, Mirone, V. Ejaculatory disorders: pathophysiology and management. Nat Clin Pract Urol 2008;5:93–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giuliano, F, Clement, P. Physiology of ejaculation: emphasis on serotonergic control. Eur Urol 2005;48:408–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pompeiano, M, Palacios, JM, Mengod, G. Distribution of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor family mRNAs: comparison between 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1994;23:163–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bitran, D, Hull, EM. Pharmacological analysis of male rat sexual behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1987;11:365–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pandey, SC, Davis, JM, Pandey, GN. Phosphoinositide system-linked serotonin receptor subtypes and their pharmacological properties and clinical correlates. J Psychiatr Neurosci 1995;20:215–225.Google ScholarPubMed
Giuliano, F, Clement, P. Serotonin and premature ejaculation: from physiology to patient management. Eur Urol 2006;50:454–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cantor, JM, Binik, YM, Pfaus, JG. Chronic fluoxetine inhibits sexual behavior in the male rat: reversal with oxytocin. Psychopharmacology 1999;144:355–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, M, Jarvi, K. Steps in the investigation and management of low semen volume in the infertile man. Can Urol Assoc J 2009;3:479–485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, TG, Noonan, E, von Eckardstein, S, et al. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Hum Reprod Update 2010;16:231–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamischke, A, Nieschlag, E. Treatment of retrograde ejaculation and anejaculation. Hum Reprod Update 1999;5:448–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohl, DA, Quallich, SA, Sonksen, J, Brackett, NL, Lynne, CM. Anejaculation and retrograde ejaculation. Urologic Clin North Am 2008;35:211–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dean, RC, Lue, TF. Physiology of penile erection and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. Urologic Clin North Am 2005;32:379–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everaert, K, de Waard, WI, Van Hoof, T, et al. Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology related to sexual dysfunction in male neurogenic patients with lesions to the spinal cord or peripheral nerves. Spinal Cord 2010;48:182–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunsmuir, WD, Holmes, SA. The aetiology and management of erectile, ejaculatory, and fertility problems in men with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med 1996;13:700–708.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rassweiler, J, Teber, D, Kuntz, R, Hofmann, R. Complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP): incidence, management, and prevention. Eur Urol 2006;50:969–979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hisasue, S, Furuya, R, Itoh, N, et al. Ejaculatory disorder caused by alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonists is not retrograde ejaculation but a loss of seminal emission. Int J Urol 2006;13:1311–1316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, R, Altwein, J, Boyle, P, et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms and male sexual dysfunction: the multinational survey of the aging male (MSAM-7). Eur Urol 2003;44:637–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernon, M, Wilson, E, Muse, K, Estes, S, Curry, T. Successful pregnancies from men with retrograde ejaculation with the use of washed sperm and gamete intrafallopian tube transfer (GIFT). Fertil Steril 1988;50:822–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yavetz, H, Yogev, L, Hauser, R, et al. Retrograde ejaculation. Hum Reprod 1994;9:381–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patrick, DL, Althof, SE, Pryor, JL, et al. Premature ejaculation: an observational study of men and their partners. J Sex Med 2005;2:358–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, J. The pathophysiology of delayed ejaculation. Transl Androl Urol 2016;5:549–562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jannini, EA, Lenzi, A. Ejaculatory disorders: epidemiology and current approaches to definition, classification and subtyping. World J Urol 2005;23:68–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perelman, MA, Rowland, DL. Retarded ejaculation. World J Urol 2006;24:645–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldinger, MD, Berendsen, HH, Blok, BF, Olivier, B, Holstege, G. Premature ejaculation and serotonergic antidepressants-induced delayed ejaculation: the involvement of the serotonergic system. Behav Brain Res 1998;92:111–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corona, G, Jannini, EA, Vignozzi, L, Rastrelli, G, Maggi, M. The hormonal control of ejaculation. Nat Rev Urol 2012;9:508–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tamam, Y, Tamam, L, Akil, E, Yasan, A, Tamam, B. Post-stroke sexual functioning in first stroke patients. Eur J Neurol 2008;15:660–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corona, G, Jannini, EA, Mannucci, E, et al. Different testosterone levels are associated with ejaculatory dysfunction. J Sex Med 2008;5:1991–1998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatzimouratidis, K, Amar, E, Eardley, I, et al. Guidelines on male sexual dysfunction: erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Eur Urol 2010;57:804–814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sadowski, DJ, Butcher, MJ, Kohler, TS. A review of pathophysiology and management options for delayed ejaculation. Sex Med Rev 2016;4:167–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corona, G, Ricca, V, Bandini, E, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2009;6:1259–1269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevenson, JM, Bishop, JR. Genetic determinants of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor related sexual dysfunction. Pharmacogenomics 2014;15:1791–1806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, AE, Husted, JR. Penile sensitivity, age, and sexual behavior. J Clin Psychol 1976;32:697–700.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tammaro, A, Parisella, FR, Cavallotti, C, Persechino, S, Cavallotti, C. Ultrastructural age-related changes in the sensory corpuscles of the human genital skin. J Biol Reg Homeos Ag 2013;27:241–245.Google ScholarPubMed
Rowland, DL. Penile sensitivity in men: a composite of recent findings. Urology 1998;52:1101–1105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowland, DL, Greenleaf, W, Mas, M, Myers, L, Davidson, JM. Penile and finger sensory thresholds in young, aging, and diabetic males. Arch Sex Behav 1989;18:1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, JB, Lipshultz, LI. Abnormalities of ejaculation. Urol Clin North Am 1987;14:583–596.Google ScholarPubMed
Althof, SE. Sexual therapy in the age of pharmacotherapy. Ann Rev Sex Res 2006;17:116–131.Google Scholar
Kacker, R, Morgentaler, A, Pharmacotherapy for delayed orgasm after treatment for testosterone deficiency. The New England Section of American Urological Association, 83rd Annual Meeting 2014.Google Scholar
Dording, CM, Mischoulon, D, Petersen, TJ, et al. The pharmacologic management of SSRI-induced side effects: a survey of psychiatrists. Ann Clin Psychiatr 2002;14:143–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brindley, GS. Electroejaculation: its technique, neurological implications and uses. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1981;44:9–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brackett, NL. Semen retrieval by penile vibratory stimulation in men with spinal cord injury. Hum Reprod Update 1999;5:216–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jefferys, A, Siassakos, D, Wardle, P. The management of retrograde ejaculation: a systematic review and update. Fertil Steril 2012;97:306–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohl, DA, Menge, AC, Sonksen, J. Penile vibratory stimulation in spinal cord injured men: optimized vibration parameters and prognostic factors. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1996;77:903–905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonksen, J, Biering-Sorensen, F, Kristensen, JK. Ejaculation induced by penile vibratory stimulation in men with spinal cord injuries: the importance of the vibratory amplitude. Paraplegia 1994;32:651–660.Google ScholarPubMed
Garg, T, LaRosa, C, Strawn, E, Robb, P, Sandlow, JI. Outcomes after testicular aspiration and testicular tissue cryopreservation for obstructive azoospermia and ejaculatory dysfunction. J Urol 2008;180:2577–2580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iwahata, T, Shin, T, Shimomura, Y, et al. Testicular sperm extraction for patients with spinal cord injury-related anejaculation: a single-center experience. Int J Urol 2016;23:1024–1027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeates, W. Ejaculatory disturbances. In Pryor, J, Lipschultz, L (eds.) Andrology. Butterworth, London, 1987, pp. 183–216.Google Scholar
Nesbakken, A, Nygaard, K, Bull-Njaa, T, Carlsen, E, Eri, LM. Bladder and sexual dysfunction after mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2000;87:206–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiusanen, H, Seitsalo, S, Osterman, K, Soini, J. Retrograde ejaculation after anterior interbody lumbar fusion. Eur Spine J 1995;4:339–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donohue, JP, Foster, RS. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in staging and treatment: the development of nerve-sparing techniques. Urol Clin North Am 1998;25:461–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gessa, GL, Tagliamonte, A. Role of brain monoamines in male sexual behavior. Life Sci 1974;14:425–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clement, P, Bernabe, J, Kia, HK, Alexandre, L, Giuliano, F. D2-like receptors mediate the expulsion phase of ejaculation elicited by 8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)tetralin in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;316:830–834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sabanegh, E Jr., Agarwal, A. Male infertility. In: Wein, AJ, Kavoussi, LR, Novick, A, Partin, AW, Peters, CA (ed.) Cambell-Walsh Urology. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 2012, pp. 616–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Linden, PJ, Nan, PM, te Velde, ER, van Kooy, RJ. Retrograde ejaculation: successful treatment with artificial insemination. Obstet Gynecol 1992;79:126–128.Google ScholarPubMed
Shoshany, O, Abhyankar, N, Elyaguov, J, Niederberger, C. Efficacy of treatment with pseudoephedrine in men with retrograde ejaculation. Andrology 2017;5:744–748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ochsenkuhn, R, Kamischke, A, Nieschlag, E. Imipramine for successful treatment of retrograde ejaculation caused by retroperitoneal surgery. Int J Androl 1999;22:173–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braude, PR, Ross, LD, Bolton, VN, Ockenden, K. Retrograde ejaculation: a systematic approach to non-invasive recovery of spermatozoa from post-ejaculatory urine for artificial insemination. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1987;94:76–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, JC, McCall, A, Kim, ED, Lipshultz, LI. Bladder neck collagen injection restores antegrade ejaculation after bladder neck surgery. J Urol 1998;159:1303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dees, JE. Congenital epispadias with incontinence. J Urol 1949;62:513–522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abrahams, JI, Solish, GI, Boorjian, P, Waterhouse, RK. The surgical correction of retrograde ejaculation. J Urol 1975;114:888–890.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lochner-Ernst, D, Mandalka, B, Kramer, G, Stohrer, M. Conservative and surgical semen retrieval in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1997;35:463–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagenknecht, LV, Weitze, KH, Hoppe, LP, et al. Microsurgery in andrologic urology: II. Alloplastic spermatocele. J Microsurg 1980;1:428–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagenknecht, LV, Weitze, KH, Hoppe, LP, et al. New development in surgical andrology: alloplastic spermatocele. Investigat Urol 1980;17:432–434.Google ScholarPubMed
Brindley, GS, Scott, GI, Hendry, WF. Vas cannulation with implanted sperm reservoirs for obstructive azoospermia or ejaculatory failure. Br J Urol 1986;58:721–723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, RE, Muller, CH, Smith, D, et al. Operative recovery of vasal sperm from anejaculatory men: preliminary report. J Urol 1986;135:948–950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenlund, B, Sjoblom, P, Tornblom, M, Hultling, C, Hillensjo, T. In-vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the treatment of infertility after testicular cancer. Hum Reprod 1998;13:414–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Middleton, RG, Urry, RL. The Young–Dees operation for the correction of retrograde ejaculation. J Urol 1986;136:1208–1209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serefoglu, EC, McMahon, CG, Waldinger, MD, et al. An evidence-based unified definition of lifelong and acquired premature ejaculation: report of the Second International Society for Sexual Medicine Ad Hoc Committee for the Definition of Premature Ejaculation. J Sex Med 2014;11:1423–1441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Althof, SE, McMahon, CG, Waldinger, MD, et al. An update of the International Society of Sexual Medicine’s guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation (PE). Sex Med 2014;2:60–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corona, G, Petrone, L, Mannucci, E, et al. Psycho-biological correlates of rapid ejaculation in patients attending an andrologic unit for sexual dysfunctions. Eur Urol 2004;46:615–622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawall, C, Ezeh, U, Turek, PJ. How semen quality changes in hypogonadal men on clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril 2004;82:S21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laumann, EO, Paik, A, Rosen, RC. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors. JAMA 1999;281:537–544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reading, AE, Wiest, WM. An analysis of self-reported sexual behavior in a sample of normal males. Arch Sex Behav 1984;13:69–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spector, KR, Boyle, M. The prevalence and perceived aetiology of male sexual problems in a non-clinical sample. Br J Med Psychol 1986;59(Pt 4):351–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basile Fasolo, C, Mirone, V, Gentile, V, et al. Premature ejaculation: prevalence and associated conditions in a sample of 12,558 men attending the andrology prevention week 2001–2014: a study of the Italian Society of Andrology (SIA). J Sex Med 2005;2:376–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tignol, J, Martin-Guehl, C, Aouizerate, B, Grabot, D, Auriacombe, M. Social phobia and premature ejaculation: a case–control study. Depress Anxiety 2006;23:153–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, HS, Kohl, RN, Pomeroy, WB, Offit, AK, Hogan, B. Group treatment of premature ejaculation. Arch Sex Behav 1974;3:443–452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schapiro, B. Premature ejaculation: a review of 1130 cases. J Urol 1943;50:374–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldinger, MD. The neurobiological approach to premature ejaculation. J Urol 2002;168:2359–2367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldinger, MD, Hengeveld, MW, Zwinderman, AH, Olivier, B. Effect of SSRI antidepressants on ejaculation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study with fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998;18:274–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vandereycken, W. Towards a better delineation of ejaculatory disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Belgica 1986;86:57–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Althof, SE, McMahon, CG, Waldinger, MD, et al. An update of the International Society of Sexual Medicine’s guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation (PE). J Sex Med 2014;11:1392–1422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patrick, DL, Giuliano, F, Ho, KF, et al. The premature ejaculation profile: validation of self-reported outcome measures for research and practice. BJU Int 2009;103:358–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masters, WH JV. Human Sexual Inadequacy. Little, Brown, Boston, MA, 1970.Google Scholar
Semans, JH. Premature ejaculation: a new approach. South Med J 1956;49:353–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Amicis, LA, Goldberg, DC, LoPiccolo, J, Friedman, J, Davies, L. Clinical follow-up of couples treated for sexual dysfunction. Arch Sex Behav 1985;14:467–489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Carufel, F, Trudel, G. Effects of a new functional-sexological treatment for premature ejaculation. J Sex Marital Ther 2006;32:97–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawton, K, Catalan, J, Martin, P, Fagg, J. Long-term outcome of sex therapy. Behav Res Ther 1986;24:665–675.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montague, DK, Jarow, J, Broderick, GA, et al. AUA guideline on the pharmacologic management of premature ejaculation. J Urol 2004;172:290–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeVeaugh-Geiss, J, Landau, P, Katz, R. Preliminary results from a multicenter trial of clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989;25:36–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Kotin, J, Wilbert, DE, Verburg, D, Soldinger, SM. Thioridazine and sexual dysfunction. Am J Psychiatr 1976;133:82–85.Google ScholarPubMed
McMahon, CG, Touma, K. Treatment of premature ejaculation with paroxetine hydrochloride as needed: 2 single-blind placebo controlled crossover studies. J Urol 1999;161:1826–1830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldinger, MD, Berendsen, HHG, Blok, BFM, Olivier, B, Holstege, G. Premature ejaculation and serotonergic antidepressants-induced delayed ejaculation: the involvement of the serotonergic system. Behav Brain Res 1998;92:111–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldinger, MD. Towards evidence-based drug treatment research on premature ejaculation: a critical evaluation of methodology. Int J Impot Res 2003;15:309–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dinsmore, WW, Hackett, G, Goldmeier, D, et al. Topical eutectic mixture for premature ejaculation (TEMPE): a novel aerosol-delivery form of lidocaine–prilocaine for treating premature ejaculation. BJU Int 2007;99:369–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abdel-Hamid, IA, El Naggar, EA, El Gilany, AH. Assessment of as needed use of pharmacotherapy and the pause-squeeze technique in premature ejaculation. Int J Impot Res 2001;13:41–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salonia, A, Maga, T, Colombo, R, et al. A prospective study comparing paroxetine alone versus paroxetine plus sildenafil in patients with premature ejaculation. J Urol 2002;168:2486–2489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, JJ, Kwak, TI, Jeon, BG, Cheon, J, Moon, DG. Effects of glans penis augmentation using hyaluronic acid gel for premature ejaculation. Int J Impot Res 2004;16:547–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Palermo, GD, Neri, QV, Rosenwaks, Z. To ICSI or not to ICSI. Semin Reprod Med 2015;33:92–102.Google ScholarPubMed
Palermo, G, Joris, H, Devroey, P, Van Steirteghem, AC. Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet 1992;340:17–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Roque, M, Bedoschi, G, Haahr, T, Humaidan, P. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection for male infertility and consequences for offspring. Nat Rev Urol 2018;15:535–562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Miyaoka, R, Orosz, JE, Agarwal, A. An update on sperm retrieval techniques for azoospermic males. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013;68(Suppl. 1):99–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC. Novel concepts in male factor infertility: clinical and laboratory perspectives. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016;33:1319–1335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Miyaoka, R, Agarwal, A. Surgical treatment of male infertility in the era of intracytoplasmic sperm injection: new insights. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011;66:1463–1478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC. Clinical management of infertile men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Asian J Androl 2015;17: 459–470.Google ScholarPubMed
Miyaoka, R, Esteves, SC. Predictive factors for sperm retrieval and sperm injection outcomes in obstructive azoospermia: do etiology, retrieval techniques and gamete source play a role?. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013;68(Suppl. 1):111–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Lee, W, Benjamin, DJ, et al. Reproductive potential of men with obstructive azoospermia undergoing percutaneous sperm retrieval and intracytoplasmic sperm injection according to the cause of obstruction. J Urol 2013;189:232–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagy, ZP, Liu, J, Joris, H, et al. The result of intracytoplasmic sperm injection is not related to any of the three basic sperm parameters. Hum Reprod 1995;10:1123–1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strassburger, D, Friedler, S, Raziel, A, et al. Very low sperm count affects the result of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J Assist Reprod Genet 2000;17:431–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, V, Rives, N, Albert, M, et al. Outcome of ICSI with ejaculated spermatozoa in a series of men with distinct ultrastructural flagellar abnormalities. Hum Reprod 2006;21:2065–2074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verza, S Jr, Esteves, SC. Sperm defect severity rather than sperm source is associated with lower fertilization rates after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Int Braz J Urol 2008;34:49–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krawetz, SA. Paternal contribution: new insights and future challenges. Nat Rev Genet 2005;6:633–642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agarwal, A, Majzoub, A, Esteves, SC, et al. Clinical utility of sperm DNA fragmentation testing: practice recommendations based on clinical scenarios. Transl Androl Urol 2016;5:935–950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rima, D, Shiv, BK, Bhavna, Ch, Shilpa, B, Saima, Kh. Oxidative stress induced damage to paternal genome and impact of meditation and yoga: can it reduce incidence of childhood cancer? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016;17:4517–4525.Google ScholarPubMed
Aitken, RJ. DNA damage in human spermatozoa: important contributor to mutagenesis in the offspring. Transl Androl Urol 2017;6(4):761–764.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McPherson, S, Longo, FJ. Chromatin structure–function alterations during mammalian spermatogenesis: DNA nicking and repair in elongating spermatids. Eur J Histochem 1995;37:109–128.Google Scholar
Sotolongo, B, Huang, TT, Isenberger, E, Ward, WS. An endogenous nuclease in hamster, mouse, and human spermatozoa cleaves DNA into loop-sized fragments. J Androl 2005;26:272–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakkas, D, Alvarez, JG. Sperm DNA fragmentation: mechanisms of origin, impact on reproductive outcome, and analysis. Fertil Steril 2010;93:1027–1036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muratori, M, Tamburrino, L, Marchiani, S, et al. Investigation on the origin of sperm DNA fragmentation: role of apoptosis, immaturity and oxidative stress. Mol Med 2015;21:109–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gosálvez, J, Lopez-Fernandez, C, Fernandez, JL, Esteves, SC, Johnston, SD. Unpacking the mysteries of sperm DNA fragmentation: ten frequently asked questions. J Reprod Biotechnol Fertil 2015;4:1–16.Google Scholar
Santi, D, Spaggiari, G, Simoni, M. Sperm DNA fragmentation index as a promising predictive tool for male infertility diagnosis and treatment management: meta-analyses. Reprod Biomed Online 2018;37(3):315–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Majzoub, A, Arafa, M, Mahdi, M, et al. Oxidation-reduction potential and sperm DNA fragmentation, and their associations with sperm morphological anomalies amongst fertile and infertile men. Arab J Urol 2018;16(1):87–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moskovtsev, SI, Willis, J, White, J, Mullen, JB. Sperm DNA damage: correlation to severity of semen abnormalities. Urology 2009;74:789–793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belloc, S, Benkhalifa, M, Cohen-Bacrie, M, et al. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid damage in normozoospermic men is related to age and sperm progressive motility. Fertil Steril 2014;101:1588–1593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC. Interventions to prevent sperm DNA damage effects on reproduction. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019;1166:119–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steele, EK, McClure, N, Maxwell, RJ, Lewis, SE. A comparison of DNA damage in testicular and proximal epididymal spermatozoa in obstructive azoospermia. Mol Hum Reprod 1999;5:831–835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connell, M, McClure, N, Lewis, SE. Mitochondrial DNA deletions and nuclear DNA fragmentation in testicular and epididymal human sperm. Hum Reprod 2002;17:1565–1570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammoud, I, Bailly, M, Bergere, M, et al. Testicular spermatozoa are of better quality than epididymal spermatozoa in patients with obstructive azoospermia. Urology 2017;103:106–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greco, E, Scarselli, F, Iacobelli, M, et al. Efficient treatment of infertility due to sperm DNA damage by ICSI with testicular spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 2005;20:226–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moskovtsev, SI, Jarvi, K, Mullen, JB, et al. Testicular spermatozoa have statistically significantly lower DNA damage compared with ejaculated spermatozoa in patients with unsuccessful oral antioxidant treatment. Fertil Steril 2010;93:1142–1146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moskovtsev, SI, Alladin, N, Lo, KC, et al. A comparison of ejaculated and testicular spermatozoa aneuploidy rates in patients with high sperm DNA damage. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2012;58:142–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Sanchez-Martin, F, Sanchez-Martin, P, Schneider, DT, Gosalvez, J. Comparison of reproductive outcome in oligozoospermic men with high sperm DNA fragmentation undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection with ejaculated and testicular sperm. Fertil Steril 2015;104:1398–1405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehta, A, Bolyakov, A, Schlegel, PN, Paduch, DA. Higher pregnancy rates using testicular sperm in men with severe oligospermia. Fertil Steril 2015;104:1382–1387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Roque, M, Bradley, CK, Garrido, N. Reproductive outcomes of testicular versus ejaculated sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection among men with high levels of DNA fragmentation in semen: systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2017;108:456–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradley, CK, McArthur, SJ, Gee, AJ, et al. Intervention improves assisted conception intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes for patients with high levels of sperm DNA fragmentation: a retrospective analysis. Andrology 2016;4:903–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pabuccu, EG, Caglar, GS, Tangal, S, Haliloglu, AH, Pabuccu, R. Testicular versus ejaculated spermatozoa in ICSI cycles of normozoospermic men with high sperm DNA fragmentation and previous ART failures. Andrologia 2017;49(2).doi: 10.1111/and.12609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, J, Xue, H, Qiu, F, Zhong, J, Su, J. Testicular spermatozoon is superior to ejaculated spermatozoon for intracytoplasmic sperm injection to achieve pregnancy in infertile males with high sperm DNA damage. Andrologia 2018;51:e13175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrero, MB, Lusignan, MF, Son, WY, et al. ICSI outcomes using testicular spermatozoa in non-azoospermic couples with recurrent ICSI failure and no previous live births. Andrology 2019;7:281–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arafa, M, AlMalki, A, AlBadr, M, et al. ICSI outcome in patients with high DNA fragmentation: testicular versus ejaculated spermatozoa. Andrologia 2018;50(1). doi: 10.1111/and.12835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ketabchi, AA. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes with freshly ejaculated sperms and testicular or epididymal sperm extraction in patients with idiopathic cryptozoospermia. Nephrourol Mon 2016;8:e41375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cui, X, Ding, P, Gao, G, Zhang, Y. Comparison of the clinical outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection between spermatozoa retrieved from testicular biopsy and from ejaculate in cryptozoospermia patients. Urology 2017;102:106–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, Y, Wang, R, Xi, Q, et al. Effect of paternal age on intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes in cryptozoospermic men: ejaculated or testicular sperm? Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98(26):e16209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abhyankar, N, Kathrins, M, Niederberger, C. Use of testicular versus ejaculated sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection among men with cryptozoospermia: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2016;105:1469–1475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kang, YN, Hsiao, YW, Chen, CY, Wu, CC. Testicular sperm is superior to ejaculated sperm for ICSI in cryptozoospermia: an update systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2018;8:7874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bendikson, KA, Neri, QV, Takeuchi, T, et al. The outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection using occasional spermatozoa in the ejaculate of men with spermatogenic failure. J Urol 2008;180:1060–1064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauser, R, Bibi, G, Yogev, L, et al. Virtual azoospermia and cryptozoospermia: fresh/frozen testicular or ejaculate sperm for better IVF outcome?. J Androl 2011;32:484–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ben-Ami, I, Raziel, A, Strassburger, D, et al. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome of ejaculated versus extracted testicular spermatozoa in cryptozoospermic men. Fertil Steril 2013;99:1867–1871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, A, Horowitz, E, Ravhon, A, et al. Pregnancies and live births following ICSI with testicular spermatozoa after repeated implantation failure using ejaculated spermatozoa. Reprod Biomed Online 2008;17:605–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miyaoka, R, Orosz, JE, Achermann, AP, Esteves, SC. Methods of surgical sperm extraction and implications for assisted reproductive technology success. Panminerva Med 2019;61:164–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlegel, PN, Li, PS. Microdissection TESE: sperm retrieval in non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod Update 1998;4:439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) as a sperm acquisition method for men with nonobstructive azoospermia seeking fertility: operative and laboratory aspects. Int Braz J Urol 2013;39:440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Varghese, AC. Laboratory handling of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa: what can be done to improve sperm injections outcome. J Hum Reprod Sci 2012;5:233–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Bento, FC. Implementation of air quality control in reproductive laboratories in full compliance with the Brazilian Cells and Germinative Tissue Directive. Reprod Biomed Online 2013;26:9–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Verza Jr, S. PESA/TESA/TESE sperm processing. In: Nagy, Z, Varghese, A, Agarwal, A (eds.) Practical Manual of In Vitro Fertilization, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, 2019, pp. 202–220.Google Scholar
Nabi, A, Khalili, MA, Halvaei, I, Roodbari, F. Prolonged incubation of processed human spermatozoa will increase DNA fragmentation. Andrologia 2014;46:374–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paoli, D, Pelloni, M, Lenzi, A, Lombardo, F. Cryopreservation of sperm: effects on chromatin and strategies to prevent them. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019;1166:149–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopes, LS, Esteves, SC. Testicular sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection in non-azoospermic men: a paradigm shift. Panminerva Med 2019;61:178–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramasamy, R, Yagan, N, Schlegel, PN. Structural and functional changes to the testis after conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Urology 2005;65:1190–1194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Komori, K, Tsujimura, A, Miura, H, et al. Serial follow up study of serum testosterone and antisperm antibodies in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia after conventional or microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Int J Androl 2004;27:32–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC. Should a couple with failed in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection and elevated sperm DNA fragmentation use testicular sperm for the next cycle? Eur Urol Focus 2018;4:296–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amirjannati, N, Heidari-Vala, H, Akhondi, MA, et al. Comparison of intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes between spermatozoa retrieved from testicular biopsy and from ejaculation in cryptozoospermic men. Andrologia 2012;44(Suppl. 1):704–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ku, FY, Wu, CC, Hsiao, YW, Kang, YN. Association of sperm source with miscarriage and take-home baby after ICSI in cryptozoospermia: a meta-analysis of testicular and ejaculated sperm. Andrology 2018;6:882–889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonduelle, M, Van Assche, E, Joris, H, et al. Prenatal testing in ICSI pregnancies: incidence of chromosomal anomalies in 1586 karyotypes and relation to sperm parameters. Hum Reprod 2002;17:2600–2614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belva, F, De Schrijver, F, Tournaye, H, et al. Neonatal outcome of 724 children born after ICSI using non-ejaculated sperm. Hum Reprod 2011;26:1752–1758.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsai, CC, Huang, FJ, Wang, LJ, et al. Clinical outcomes and development of children born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using extracted testicular sperm or ejaculated extreme severe oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia sperm: a comparative study. Fertil Steril 2011;96:561–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Agarwal, A. Reproductive outcomes, including neonatal data, following sperm injection in men with obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia: case series and systematic review. Clinics 2013;68(1):141–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meijerink, AM, Ramos, L, Janssen, AJ, et al. Behavioral, cognitive, and motor performance and physical development of five-year-old children who were born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection with the use of testicular sperm. Fertil Steril 2016;106:1673–1682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levron, J, Aviram-Goldring, A, Madgar, I, et al. Sperm chromosome abnormalities in men with severe male factor infertility who are undergoing in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 2001;76:479–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palermo, GD, Colombero, LT, Hariprashad, JJ, Schlegel, PN, Rosenwaks, Z. Chromosome analysis of epididymal and testicular sperm in azoospermic patients undergoing ICSI. Hum Reprod 2002;17:570–575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodrigo, L, Rubio, C, Peinado, V, et al. Testicular sperm from patients with obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia: aneuploidy risk and reproductive prognosis using testicular sperm from fertile donors as control samples. Fertil Steril 2011;95:1005–1012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vozdova, M, Heracek, J, Sobotka, V, Rubes, J. Testicular sperm aneuploidy in non-obstructive azoospermic patients. Hum Reprod 2012;27:2233–2239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheung, S, Schlegel, PN, Rosenwaks, Z, Palermo, GD. Revisiting aneuploidy profile of surgically retrieved spermatozoa by whole exome sequencing molecular karyotype. PLoS ONE 2019;14:e0210079.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suganuma, R, Yanagimachi, R, Meistrich, ML. Decline in fertility of mouse sperm with abnormal chromatin during epididymal passage as revealed by ICSI. Hum Reprod 2005;20:3101–3108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weng, SP, Surrey, MW, Danzer, HC, et al. Chromosome abnormalities in embryos derived from microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration and testicular sperm extraction. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2014;53:202–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figueira, R, Carvalho, JF, Bento, FC, et al.ICSI using surgically retrieved testicular sperm of non-azoospermic men with high sperm DNA fragmentation index and blastocyst ploidy: a safe approach. Abstracts of the 35th Annual Meeting of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. Hum Reprod 2019;34(1):i1–i543.Google Scholar

References

Willott, GM. Frequency of azoospermia. Forensic Sci Int 1982;20:9–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarow, JP, Espeland, MA, Lipshultz, LI. Evaluation of the azoospermic patient. J Urol 1989;142:62–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC. Clinical management of infertile men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Asian J Androl 2015;17(3):459–470.Google ScholarPubMed
Craft, I, Tsirigotis, M, Courtauld, E, Farrer-Brown, G. Testicular needle aspiration as an alternative to biopsy for the assessment of spermatogenesis. Hum Reprod 1997;12:1483–1487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ishikawa, T, Nose, R, Yamaguchi, K, et al. Learning curves of microdissection testicular sperm extraction for nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1008–1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okada, H, Dobashi, M, Yamazaki, T, et al. Conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction for nonobstructive azoospermia. J Urol 2002;168:1063–1067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramasamy, R, Yagan, N, Schlegel, PN. Structural and functional changes to the testis after conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Urology 2005;65:1190–1194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsujimura, A, Matsumiya, K, Miyagawa, Y, et al. Prediction of successful outcome of microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with idiopathic nonobstructive azoospermia. J Urol 2004;172:1944–1947.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Miyaoka, R, Agarwal, A. An update on the clinical assessment of the infertile male. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011;66:691–700. Erratum in: Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012;67:203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corona, G, Pizzocaro, A, Lanfranco, F, et al. Sperm recovery and ICSI outcomes in Klinefelter syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2017;23:265–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garolla, A, Selice, R, Menegazzo, M, et al. Novel insights on testicular volume and testosterone replacement therapy in Klinefelter patients undergoing testicular sperm extraction: a retrospective clinical study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018;88:711–718.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlegel, PN. Nonobstructive azoospermia: a revolutionary surgical approach and results. Semin Reprod Med 2009;27:165–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramasamy, R, Padilla, WO, Osterberg, EC, et al. A comparison of models for predicting sperm retrieval before microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. J Urol 2013;189(2):638–642CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raman, JD, Schlegel, PN. Testicular sperm extraction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection is successful for the treatment of nonobstructive azoospermia associated with cryptorchidism. J Urol 2003;170(4 Pt 1):1287–1290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC, Miyaoka, R, Roque, M, Agrawal, A. Outcome of varicocele repair in men with nonobstructive azoospermia: systemic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl 2016;18:246–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klonoff-Cohen, HS, Natarajan, L. The effect of advancing paternal age on pregnancy and live birth rates in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization or gamete intrafallopian transfer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:507–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aitken, RJ, Baker, MA Oxidative stress, sperm survival and fertility control. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006;250:66–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evenson, DP, Wixon, R Clinical aspects of sperm DNA fragmentation detection and male infertility. Theriogenology 2006;65:979–991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belloc, S, Cohen-Bacrie, P, Benkhalifa, M, et al. Effect of maternal and paternal age on pregnancy and miscarriage rates after intrauterine insemination. Reprod Biomed Online 2008;17(3):392–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frattarelli, JL, Miller, KA, Miller, BT, Elkind-Hirsch, K, Scott, RT Jr. Male age negatively impacts embryo development and reproductive outcome in donor oocyte assisted reproductive technology cycles. Fertil Steril 2008;90(1):97–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramasamy, R, Trivedi, NN, Reifsnyder, JE, et al. Age does not adversely affect sperm retrieval in men undergoing microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Fertil Steril 2014;101:653–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enatsu, N, Miyake, H, Chiba, K, Fujisawa, M. Predictive factors of successful sperm retrieval on microdissection testicular sperm extraction in Japanese men. Reprod Med Biol 2016;15:29–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, H, Chen, LP, Yang, J, et al. Predictive value of FSH, testicular volume, and histopathological findings for the sperm retrieval rate of microdissection TESE in nonobstructive azoospermia: a meta-analysis. Asian J Androl 2018;20(1):30–36.Google ScholarPubMed
Bryson, CF, Ramasamy, R, Sheehan, M, et al. Severe testicular atrophy does not affect the success of microdissection testicular sperm extraction. J Urol 2014;191(1):175–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramasamy, R, Lin, K, Gosden, LV, et al. High serum FSH levels in men with nonobstructive azoospermia does not affect success of microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Fertil Steril 2009;92(2):590–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, SC, Hsieh, JT, Yu, HJ, Chang, HC. Appropriate cut-off value for follicle-stimulating hormone in azoospermia to predict spermatogenesis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010;8:108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, Q, Huang, YP, Wang, HX, et al. Follicle-stimulating hormone as a predictor for sperm retrieval rate in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl 2015;17(2):281–284.Google ScholarPubMed
Bohring, C, Schroeder-Printzen, I, Weidner, W, Krause, W. Serum levels of inhibin B and follicle-stimulating hormone may predict successful sperm retrieval in men with azoospermia who are undergoing testicular sperm extraction. Fertil Steril 2002;78(6):1195–1198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballesca, JL, Balasch, J, Calafell, JM, et al. Serum inhibin B determination is predictive of successful testicular sperm extraction in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 2000;15(8):1734–1738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tunc, L, Kirac, M, Gurocak, S, et al. Can serum Inhibin B and FSH levels, testicular histology and volume predict the outcome of testicular sperm extraction in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia? Int Urol Nephrol 2006;38(3–4):629–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vernaeve, V, Tournaye, H, Schiettecatte, J, et al. Serum inhibin B cannot predict testicular sperm retrieval in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 2002;17:971–976.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shefi, S, Turek, PJ. Sex chromosome abnormalities and male infertility: a clinical perspective. In: De Jonge, C, Barrat, C (eds.) The Sperm Cell Production, Maturation, Fertilization, Regeneration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006, pp. 261–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stahl, PJ, Masson, P, Mielnik, A, et al. A decade of experience emphasizes that testing for Y microdeletions is essential in American men with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. Fertil Steril 2010;94(5):1753–1756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramasamy, R, Yagan, N, Schlegel, PN. Structural and functional changes to the testis after conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Urology 2005;65(6):1190–1194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esteves, SC. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) as a sperm acquisition method for men with nonobstructive azoospermia seeking fertility: operative and laboratory aspects. Int Braz J Urol 2013;39(3):440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernie, AM, Mata, DA, Ramasamy, R, Schlegel, PN. Comparison of microdissection testicular sperm extraction, conventional testicular sperm extraction, and testicular sperm aspiration for nonobstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2015;104(5):1099–1103.CrossRef