Chapter 2 offers a series of reflections on the key issues of the new speaker debate. It sets forth the opportunities and challenges for those who wish to develop the relevance of the new speaker phenomenon in selected disciplines, such as sociolinguistics and ethnography, together with observations on how evidence-based policy recommendations may be formulated. It identifies the salience of values, motivations and emotions in understanding the new speaker experience. The role of the regulatory state and its manner of framing language and educational policy for the majority as the norm is counterposed to the minority language framework ideology and discourse which, although normalised, is very often contested and challenged. Policy is always the product and the servant of political will and there is a certain logic in the argument that says innovative policy is a reaction to, and reflection of, a modest degree of crisis management. In our investigation it is the migrant and refugee element of the new speaker continuum which is most urgent, but it is also the least developed area of explicit policy discourse to date.