Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T03:43:42.316Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part V - Kinship Systems, Marriage, Fosterage, Free, and Unfree

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 April 2023

Kristian Kristiansen
Affiliation:
Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden
Guus Kroonen
Affiliation:
Universiteit Leiden
Eske Willerslev
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited
Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics
, pp. 287 - 326
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Anthony, David W. & Brown, Dorcas R.. 2017. The dogs of war: A Bronze Age initiation ritual in the Russian steppes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 48: 134148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlau, Stephen B. 1976. An outline of Germanic kinship. Journal of Indo-European Linguistics 4: 97129.Google Scholar
Beekes, Robert S. P. 1976. Uncle and nephew. Journal of Indo-European Linguistics 4: 4363.Google Scholar
Beekes, Robert S. P. 1992. “Widow.” Historische Sprachforschung 105: 171188.Google Scholar
Beekes, Robert S. P. 2010. Etymological dictionary of Greek. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Benveniste, Émile. 1969. Le Vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes. Tome I : Économie, parenté, société. Tome II : Pouvoir, droit, religion. Paris: Minuit.Google Scholar
Bremmer, Jan. 1976. Avunculate and fosterage. Journal of Indo-European Linguistics 4: 6578.Google Scholar
Damgaard, P. de B. et al. 2018. The first horse herders and the impact of Early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia. Science 360: 6396.Google Scholar
Delbrück, Berthold. 1889. Die indogermanischen Verwandtschaftsnamen: Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Altertumskunde. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 11, 380606.Google Scholar
Falk, Harry. 1986. Bruderschaft und Würfelspiel. Untersuchungen zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des vedischen Opfers. Freiburg: Hedwig Falk.Google Scholar
Falk, Harry. 1994. Das Reitpferd im vedischen Indien. In: Hänsel, Bernhard & Zimmer, Stefan (ed.), Die Indogermanen und das Pferd. Akten des internationalen interdisziplinären Kolloquiums. Freie Universität Berlin, 1.–3. Juli 1992, 91101. Budapest: Archaeolingua.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Paul. 1966. Proto-Indo-European kinship. Ethnology 5(1): 136.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Paul. 1980. Review of Szemerényi 1977. Language 56: 186192.Google Scholar
García Ramón, José Luis. 1996 Lat. auēre “desear,” (ad)iuuāre “ayudar” e IE *h2eu̯h1- “dar preferencia, apreciar.” In: Bammesberger, Alfred & Heberlein, Friedrich (ed.), Akten des VIII. internationalen Kolloquiums zur lateinischen Linguistik, 3249. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Gates, Henry Phelps. 1971. The kinship terminology of Homeric Greek. Supplement. International Journal of American Linguistics 37(4).Google Scholar
Goedegebuure, Petra. 2004. Troonsopvolging in het Oud-Hethitische Rijk: Patrilineair, matrilineair of avunkulair? Phoenix 50(1):521.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Amy, et al. 2017. Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(10): 26572662.Google Scholar
Gräslund, Anne-Sofie. 2004. Dogs in graves: A question of symbolism? In: Frizell, Barbro Santillo (ed.), Pecus: Man and animal in antiquity, 171180. Rome: Swedish Institute.Google Scholar
Greene, David H. 1998 Language and history in the early Germanic world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hettrich, Heinrich. 1985. Indo-European kinship terminology in linguistics and anthropology. Anthropological Linguistics 27(4): 453480.Google Scholar
Juras, Anna, et al. 2018 Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations. Scientific Reports 8: 11603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kershaw, Kris. 2000. The one-eyed god: Odin and the (Indo-)Germanic Männerbünde. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.Google Scholar
Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2008. Etymological dictionary of the Hittite inherited lexicon. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Knipper, Corina, et al. 2017. Female exogamy and gene pool diversification at the transition from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in central Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(38): 1008310088.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian, et al. 2017 Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe. Antiquity 91(356): 334347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lansing, J. Stephen, et al. 2017. Kinship structures create persistent channels for language transmission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(49): 12910-12915.Google Scholar
Lubotsky, Alexander. 2001. The Indo-Iranian substratum. In: Carpelan, Christian, Parpola, Asko, & Koskikallio, Petteri (ed.), Early contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and archaeological considerations. Papers presented at an international symposium held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki 8–10 January 1999, 301317. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P. 1998. A European perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia. In: Mair, V. H. (ed.), The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples of eastern Central Asia, 175201. Washington, DC & Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Man & University of Pennsylvania Museum.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P., & Adams, Douglas Q. (ed.). 1997. Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P., & Adams, Douglas Q.. 2006. The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCone, Kim R. 1987. Hund, Wolf und Krieger bei den Indogermanen. In: Meid, Wolfgang (ed.), Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz, 101154. Innsbruck: IBS.Google Scholar
McCone, Kim R. 2002. Wolfsbessenheit, Nacktheit, Einäugigkeit und verwandte Aspekte des altkeltischen Männerbündes. In: Das, Rahul Peter & Meiser, Gerhard (ed.), Geregeltes Ungestüm: Bruderschaft und Jugendbünde bei indogermanischen Völkern, 4367. Bremen: Hempen.Google Scholar
Mittnik, A., et al. 2019. Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe. Science 366(6466): 731734.Google Scholar
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M., et al. 2019. The formation of of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science 365(6457).Google Scholar
Ó Cathasaigh, Tomás. 1986. The sister’s son in early Irish literature. Peritia 5: 128160.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2019. Aspects of family structure among the Indo-Europeans. In: Olsen, Birgit Anette, Olander, Thomas, & Kristiansen, Kristian (ed.), Tracing the Indo-Europeans. New evidence from archaeology and historical linguistics, 145163. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2020. Kin, clan and community in Proto-Indo-European society. In: Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen, Olsen, Birgit Anette, & Jacquet, Janus Bahs (ed.), Kin, clan and community in prehistoric Europe, 39180. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Petit, Daniel. 2010. Suffix transfer in Baltic. Baltistica 45(2): 173184.Google Scholar
Pronk, Tijmen. 2013. Notes on Balto-Slavic etymology: Russian norov, mjat’, ruž’ë, dialectal xajat’ ‘to care’, xovat’ ‘to keep’ and their Slavic and Baltic cognates. Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch. Neue Folge 1: 294303.Google Scholar
Risch, Ernst. 1944. Betrachtungen zu den indogermanischen Verwandtschaftsnamen. Museum Helveticum: Schweizerische Zeitschrift für klassische Altertumswissenschaft 1(2): 115122.Google Scholar
Rix, Helmut (ed.). 2001 2. Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. Die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstammbildungen. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Sergent, Bernard. 2003. Les troupes de jeunes hommes et l’expansion indo-européenne. Dialogues d’histoire ancienne 29(2): 927.Google Scholar
Sjörgen, Karl Göran et al. 2016. Diet and mobility in the Corded Ware of Central Europe. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0155083.Google Scholar
Sürenhagen, Dietrich. 1998. Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen und Erbrecht im althethitischen Königshaus vor Telipinu – ein erneuter Erklärungsversuch. Altorientalische Forschungen 25: 7594.Google Scholar
Szemerényi, Oswald. 1977. Studies in the kinship terminology of the Indo-European languages, with special reference to Indian, Iranian, Greek and Latin. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Wackernagel, Jacob. 1912. Über einige antike Anredeformen. Göttingen: Officina academica Dieterichiani.Google Scholar
Zimmer, Stefan. 2003. Glimpses of Indo-European law. In: Feldbrugge, F. J. M. (ed.), The law’s beginnings, 115136. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar

References

Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, M., Sjögren, K. G., Rasmussen, S., Stenderup, J., Damgaard, P. B., et al. 2015. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522: 167173.Google Scholar
Anderson, Siwan. 2008. The economics of dowry and brideprice. Journal of Economic Perspectives 21(4): 151174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anthony, David W., & Brown, Dorcas R.. 2017. Molecular archaeology and Indo-European linguistics. In: Simmelkjær, Bjarne, Hansen, Sandgaard, et al. (ed.), Usque ad radices. Indo-European Studies in honour of Birgit Anette Olsen (Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 8), 2554. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Beekes, Robert. 1976. Uncle and nephew. Journal of Indo-European Studies 4(1): 4363.Google Scholar
Beekes, Robert. 2010. Etymological dictionary of Greek. 2 vols. Leiden & Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Benveniste, Émile. 1969. Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes. 1. Économie, parenté, societé. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.Google Scholar
Bjørn, Rasmus Gudmundsen. 2017. Foreign elements in the Proto-Indo-European vocabulary. Master’s thesis, University of Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Bremmer, Jan. 1976. Avunculate and fosterage. Journal of Indo-European Studies 4(1): 6578.Google Scholar
Buck, Carl Darling. 1988 [1909]. A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages. A contribution to the history of ideas. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. First published 1909.Google Scholar
Clackson, James. 2007. Indo-European linguistics: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Delbrück, Berthold. 1889. Die indogermanischen Verwandtschaftsnamen: ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Altertumskunde (Abhandlung der philologisch-historischen Classe der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaft, Band IX No. V). Leipzig: Hirtel.Google Scholar
Frei, Karin Margarita. 2015. Tracing the dynamic life story of a Bronze Age Female. Scientific Reports 5: 10431.Google Scholar
Frisk, Hjalmar. 1960–72. Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 3 vols. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Gamkrelidze, Thomas V., & Ivanov, Vjačeslav V.. 1995. Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture. Vol 1. The text (Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 80). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haak, Wolfgang et. al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522 (7555): 207211.Google Scholar
IEW = Pokorny, Julius. 1959. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bern: Francke.Google Scholar
Janda, Michael. 2020. Wooing in Indo-European culture. In: Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen, Olsen, Birgit Anette, & Jacquet, Janus Bahs (ed.), Kin, clan and community in Indo-European Society (Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 9), 499514. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Klingenschmitt, Gert. 2008. Lit. úošvis. Baltistica 43(3): 405430.Google Scholar
Knipper, Corina, et al. 2017. Female exogamy and gene pole diversification at the transition from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in central Europe. PNAS 114(38): 1008310088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koivulehto, Jorma. 1994. Indogermanisch–Uralisch: Lehnbeziehungen der (auch) Urverwandtschaft. In: Sternemann, Reinhard (ed.), Bopp-Symposium 1992 der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Akten der Konferenz vom 24. 3.–26.3. 1992 aus Anlaß von Franz Bopps zweihundertjährigem Geburtstag am 14. 9. 1991, 132–48. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Kölligan, Daniel. 2014. Indogermanisch und Armenisch. Studien zur historischen Grammatik des Klassisch-Armenischen. Habilitationsschrift, Institut für Linguistik, Universität zu Köln.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian et al. 2017. Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe. Antiquity 91(353): 334347.Google Scholar
Lamberterie, Charles de. 2018. Dérivé ou compose? L’adjectif ałkcat “pauvre” de l’arménien classique. Handout from the colloquium Dérivation nominale et innovations dans les langues indo-européennes anciennes, Université de Rouen, October 2018.Google Scholar
Lansing, J. Stephen, et al. 2017. Kinship structures create persistent channels for language transmission.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P., & Adams, Douglas Quentin. 1997. Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. London & Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.Google Scholar
Mittnik, Alissa. 2019. Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe. Science 366(6466): 731734.Google Scholar
Morgenstierne, Georg. 1927. An etymological dictionary of Pashto (Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, II, Hist-Filos. Klasse 3). Oslo: Dybwad.Google Scholar
Olander, Thomas. 2019. Indo-European cladistic nomenclature. Indogermanische Forschungen 124: 231244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2012. A note on Indo-European in-laws. In Cooper, Adam I., Rau, Jeremy, & Weiss, Michael (ed.), Multi nominis grammaticus: Studies in Classical and Indo-European linguistics in honor of Alan J. Nussbaum, on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday, 213216. Ann Arbor (MI): Beech Stave Press.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2019. Aspects of family structure among the Indo-Europeans. In: Olsen, Birgit Anette, Olander, Thomas, & Kristiansen, Kristian (ed.), Tracing the Indo-Europeans. New evidence from archaeology and historical linguistics, 145163. Oxford: Oxbow Press.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2020. Kin, clan and community in Proto-Indo-European. In: Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen, Olsen, Birgit Anette, & Jacquet, Janus Bahs (ed.), Kin, clan and community in Indo-European Society (Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 9), 39180. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Persson, Charlotte Price. 2017. Another female Bronze Age icon is now known to have travelled across Europe. Science Nordic, April 10, 2017.Google Scholar
Pinault, Georges-Jean. 2013. The lady (almost) vanishes. In: Cooper, Adam I., Rau, Jeremy, & Weiss, Michael (ed.), Multi nominis grammaticus: Studies in Classical and Indo-European linguistics in honor of Alan J. Nussbaum, on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday, 240254. Ann Arbor (MI): Beech Stave.Google Scholar
Pinault, Georges-Jean. 2017. The self-representation of the Indo-European society through kinship terms. In: Bichlmeier, Harald & Opferman, Andreas (ed.), Das Menschenbild bei den Indogermanern, 81112. Hamburg: Baar.Google Scholar
Puhvel, Jaan. 1991. Hittite etymological dictionary. Vol. 3. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, S., et al. 2015. Early divergent strains of Yersenia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 years ago. Cell 163(3): 571–82.Google Scholar
Tremblay, Xavier. 2003. La déclinaison des noms de parenté indo-européens en -ter- (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 106). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Google Scholar

References

Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Rasmussen, Simon, Rasmussen, Morten, Stenderup, Jesper, Damgaard, Peter B., et al. 2015. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522(7555): 167172.Google Scholar
Andrades Valtueña, Aida, Mittnik, Alissa, Key, Felix M., Haak, Wolfgang, Allmäe, Raili, Belinskij, Andrej B., Daubaras, Mantas, et al. 2017. The Stone Age plague and its persistence in Eurasia. Current Biology 27(23): 36833691.Google Scholar
Anthony, David W. Forthcoming. Migration, ancient DNA, and Bronze Age pastoralists from the Eurasian Steppes. In: Daniels, Megan J. (ed.), Homo Migrans: Modelling mobility and migration in human history (IEMA Distinguished Monograph Series). Buffalo: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Biga, Maria G. 2000. Wet-nurses at Ebla: A prosopographic study. Vicino Oriente 12: 5988.Google Scholar
Biga, Maria G. 2016. The role of women in work and society in the Ebla Kingdom (Syria, 24th century BC). In: Lion, Brigitte & Michel, Cécile (ed.), The role of women in work and society in the ancient Near East, 7189. Boston & Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Dunne, Julie, Rebay-Salisbury, Katharina, Salisbury, Roderick B., Frisch, A., Walton-Doyle, Caitlin, & Evershed, Richard P.. 2019. Milk of ruminants in ceramic baby bottles from prehistoric child graves. Nature 574: 246248.Google Scholar
Eshed, Vered, Gopher, Avi, Gage, Timothy B., & Hershkovitz, Israel. 2004. Has the transition to agriculture reshaped the demographic structure of prehistoric populations? New evidence from the Levant. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124(4): 315329.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Daniel M., Mittnik, Alissa, Olalde, Iñigo, Lazaridis, Iosif, Cheronet, Olivia, Rohland, Nadin, Mallick, Swapan, et al. 2020. The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean. Nature Ecology & Evolution 4(3): 334345.Google Scholar
Frei, Karin M., Mannering, Ulla, Kristiansen, Kristian, Allentoft, Morten E., Wilson, Andrew S., Skals, Irene, Tridico, Silvana, et al. 2015. Tracing the dynamic life story of a Bronze Age female. Scientific Reports 5: 10431.Google Scholar
Frei, Karin M., Villa, Chiara, Jørkov, Marie L., Allentoft, Morten E., Kaul, Flemming, Ethelberg, Per, Reiter, Samantha S., et al. 2017. A matter of months: High precision migration chronology of a Bronze Age female. PLoS ONE 12(6): e0178834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fulminante, Francesca. 2015. Infant feeding practices in Europe and the Mediterranean from prehistory to the Middle Ages: A comparison between the historical sources and bioarchaeology. Childhood in the Past 8(1): 2447.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Amy, Günther, Torsten, Rosenberg, Noah A., & Jakobsson, Mattias. 2017. Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114(10): 26572662.Google Scholar
Haak, Wolfgang, Brandt, Guido, de Jong, Hylke N., Meyer, Christian, Ganslmeier, Robert, Heyd, Volker, Hawkesworth, Chris, et al. 2008. Ancient DNA, strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105(47): 1822618231.Google Scholar
Haak, Wolfgang, Lazaridis, Iosif, Patterson, Nick, Rohland, Nadin, Mallick, Swapan, Llamas, Bastien, Brandt, Guido, et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522(7555): 207211.Google Scholar
Juras, Anna, Chyleński, Maciej, Ehler, Edvard, Malmström, Helena, Żurkiewicz, Danuta, Włodarczak, Piotr, Wilk, Stanisław, et al. 2018. Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations. Scientific Reports 8(1): 11603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knipper, Corina, Mittnik, Alissa, Massy, Ken, Kociumaka, Catharina, Kucukkalipci, Isil, Maus, Michael, Wittenborn, Fabian, et al. 2017. Female exogamy and gene pool diversification at the transition from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in Central Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114(38): 1008310088.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian. Forthcoming. Towards a new prehistory. Re-theorizing genes, cultures, and migratory expansions. In: Daniels, Megan J. (ed.), Homo Migrans: modelling mobility and migration in human history (IEMA Distinguished Monograph Series). Buffalo: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian, Allentoft, Morten E., Frei, Karin M., Iversen, Rune, Johannsen, Niels N., Kroonen, Guus, Pospieszny, Łukasz, et al. 2017. Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe. Antiquity. A Quarterly Review of Archaeology 91(356): 334347.Google Scholar
Lallemand, Suzanne. 2007. La circulation des enfants en société traditionnelle: Prêt, don, échange (Anthropologie. Connaissance des hommes). Paris: Editions L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Massy, Ken. 2018. Die Gräber der Frühbronzezeit im südlichen Bayern. Untersuchungen zu den Bestattungs- und Beigabensitten sowie gräberfeldimmanenten Strukturen (Materialhefte zur bayerischen Archäologie 107). Kallmünz: Verlag Michael Lassleben.Google Scholar
Mittnik, Alissa, Massy, Ken, Knipper, Corina, Wittenborn, Fabian, Friedrich, Ronny, Pfrengle, Saskia, Burri, Marta, et al. 2019. Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe. Science 366(6466): 731734.Google Scholar
Müller-Scheeßel, Nils, Grupe, Gisela, & Tütken, Thomas. 2015. In der Obhut von Verwandten? Die Zirkulation von Kindern und Jugendlichen in der Eisenzeit Mitteleuropas. In: Karl, Raimund & Leskovar, Jutta (ed.), Interpretierte Eisenzeiten: Fallstudien, Methoden, Theorie. Tagungsbeträge der 6. Linzer Gespräche zur interpretativen Eisenzeitarchäologie (Studien zur Kulturgeschichte von Oberösterreich 42), 923. Linz: Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Thomas C. (ed.). 2020. Fosterage in medieval Ireland: An emotional history (The Early Medieval North Atlantic). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Olalde, Iñigo, Brace, Selina, Allentoft, Morten E., Armit, Ian, Kristiansen, Kristian, Booth, Thomas J., Rohland, Nadin, et al. 2018. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555(7695): 190196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olalde, Iñigo, Mallick, Swapan, Patterson, Nick, Rohland, Nadin, Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa, Silva, Marina, Dulias, Katharina, et al. 2019. The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years. Science 363(6432): 12301234.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Simon, Allentoft, Morten E., Nielsen, Kasper, Orlando, Ludovic, Sikora, Martin, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pedersen, Anders G., et al. 2015. Early divergent strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 years ago. Cell 163(3): 571582.Google Scholar
Rebay-Salisbury, Katharina. 2017a. Big Mamas? Mutterschaft und sozialer Status im eisenzeitlichen Mitteleuropa. In: Keller, Christin & Winger, Katja (ed.), Frauen an der Macht? Neue interdisziplinäre Ansätze zur Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung für die Eisenzeit Mitteleuropas (Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 299), 5773. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Rebay-Salisbury, Katharina. 2017b. Breast is best – and are there alternatives? Feeding babies and young children in prehistoric Europe. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 147: 1329.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Hannes, Margaryan, Ashot, Szmyt, Marzena, Theulot, Bertrand, Włodarczak, Piotr, Rasmussen, Simon, Gopalakrishnan, Shyam, et al. 2019. Unraveling ancestry, kinship, and violence in a Late Neolithic mass grave. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116(22): 1070510710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Olalde, Inigo, Carver, Sophie, Allentoft, Morten E., Knowles, Tim, Kroonen, Guus, Pike, Alistair W., et al. 2020. Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries. Plos ONE 15(11): e0241278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Price, T. Douglas, & Kristiansen, Kristian. 2016. Diet and mobility in the Corded Ware of central Europe. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0155083.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, Stefan, Brugger, Christine, & Bereuter, Elmar (ed.). 2012. Die Schwabenkinder: Arbeit in der Fremde vom 17. bis 20. Jahrhundert. Ostfildern: Thorbecke Verlag.Google Scholar

References

Anonymous. Rhetorica ad Herennium. Harry Caplan (transl.) (Loeb Classical Library 403). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press 1953.Google Scholar
Appian. Vol. 3: The civil wars, Books 1–3.26. Horace White (transl.) (Loeb Classical Library 4). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press 1913.Google Scholar
Benveniste, Émile. 1932. Le nom de l’esclave à Rome. Révue des Études Latines 10(2): 429440.Google Scholar
Benveniste, Émile. 1969. Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes. Vol. 1. Économie, parenté, société. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, Debra G. 2000. Implements of labor, instruments of honor: Muslim, Eastern and Black African slaves in fifteenth-century Valencia. PhD diss., University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Bock, Bettina, Lotze, Stefan, Zeilfelder, Susanne, & Ziegler, Sabine. 2015. Deutsche Wortfeldetymologie in europäischem Kontext. Vol. 3. Mensch und Mitmensch. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Bréal, Míchel. 1889. De l’importance du sens en étymologie et en grammaire. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 6: 163175.Google Scholar
Bréal, Michel, & Bailly, Anatole. 1885. Dictionnaire étymologique Latin. Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar
Brown, Christopher Leslie, & Morgan, Philip D (ed.). 2006. Arming slaves: From classical times to the modern age. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Brugmann, Karl. 1906. Zu den Benennungen der Personen des dienenden Standes in den indogermanischen Sprachen. Indogermanische Forschungen 19: 377391.Google Scholar
Bryce, Trevor. 2002. Life and society in the Hittite world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Buck, Carl Darling. 1904. A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian. 2nd rev. ed. Boston: Ginn & Company.Google Scholar
Cato the Elder & Varro. On Agriculture. W. D. Hooper & Harrison Boyd Ash (transl.) (Loeb Classical Library 283). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press 1934.Google Scholar
Cicero. 1949. On invention. The best kind of orator. Topics. Translated by H. M. Hubbell. Loeb Classical Library 386. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Darmesteter, James. 1875. Notes sur quelques expressions zendes. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique 2: 300317.Google Scholar
Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques. 1946. Études hittites Transactions of the Philological Society 45: 7391.Google Scholar
Duhoux, Yves. 1996. Review of Rix 1994. L’Antiquité Classique 65(1): 365.Google Scholar
Ernout, Alfred, & Meillet, Antoine. 1959. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine. 4th ed. Paris: Klincksieck.Google Scholar
FAO. 2001. Pastoralism in the new millenium. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 150. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
Finley, Moses. 1998 [1980]. Ancient slavery and modern ideology. Edited by Shaw, Brent D.. Princeton (NJ): Marcus Wiener Publishers. First published 1980 by Viking Press.Google Scholar
Gaius. 1904. Gai institutiones, or: Institutes of Roman law. Translated by Edward Poste, E. A. Whittuck, & A. H. J. Greenidge. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gardani, Francesco. 2013. Dynamics of morphological productivity: The evolution of noun classes from Latin to Italian. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Hodkinson, Stephen. 2014. Pastoralism, Greek. In: Hornblower, Simon, Spawforth, Antony, & Eidinow, Esther (ed.), The Oxford companion to classical civilization. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ingold, Tim. 2000. The perception of the environment: Essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Katz, Joshua T. 2006. The “‘urbi et orbi’-rule” revisited. Journal of Indo-European Studies 34(3–4): 319362.Google Scholar
Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2006. Initial laryngeals in Anatolian. Historische Sprachforschung 119: 77108.Google Scholar
Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2007. The Hittite inherited lexicon. Leiden: Leiden University.Google Scholar
Kroonen, Guus. 2013. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Langslow, David. 1997. Review of Rix 1994. Kratylos 42: 99104.Google Scholar
Leumann, Manu. 1977. Lateinische Grammatik. Vol. 1. Lateinische Laut‑ und Formenlehre. 2nd ed. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft 2.2.1. Munich: C. H. Beck. First published 1926–28.Google Scholar
Lévy-Bruhl, Henri. 1934. Quelques problèmes du très ancien droit romain: Essai de Solutions Sociologiques. Paris: Les éditions Domat-Montchrestien.Google Scholar
Lewis, Juan. 2013. Did Varro think that slaves were tools? Mnemosyne 66(4–5): 634648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livy. History of Rome. Vol. 11: Books 38–40. J. C. Yardley (transl.) (Loeb Classical Library 313). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press 1922.Google Scholar
Loth, Joseph. 1905. Contribution á la lexicographie et l’étymologie celtiques. In: d’Arbois de Jubainville, H. (ed.), Mélanges : Recueil de mémoires concernant la littérature et l’histoire celtiques dédié à M. H. d’Arbois de Jubainville à l’occassion du 78e anniversaire de sa naissance. Paris: Ancienne Librairie Thorin et fils.Google Scholar
Marshall, Lydia Wilson. 2016. Introduction: The comparative archaeology of slavery. In: Marshall, Lydia Wilson (ed.), The archaeology of slavery: A comparative approach to captivity and coercion, 123. Carbondale (IL): Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent. 2006. Les thèmes de présent en yod dans l’épigraphie italique et en latin archaïque. PhD diss., Université Lumière–Lyon II.Google Scholar
Meiser, Gerhard. 2018. The phonology of Italic. In: Klein, Jared, Joseph, B. D., Fritz, Matthias, & Wenthe, Mark (ed.), Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Morris, Sarah. 2018. Material evidence: Looking for slaves? The archaeological record: Greece. In: Hodkinson, Stephen, Kleijwegt, Marc, & Vlassopoulos, Kostas (ed.), The Oxford handbook of Greek and Roman slaveries. Oxford: Oxford University Press Web.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, Henrik. 2011. The freedman in the Roman world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Murdock, G. P., & White, D. R.. 1969. Standard cross-cultural samples. Ethnology 8: 329369.Google Scholar
Myrdal, Janken. 2011. Milking and grinding, digging and herding: Slaves and farmwork 1000–1300. In: Poulsen, Bjørn & Sindbæk, Søren Michael (ed.), Settlement and lordship in Viking and Early Medieval Scandinavia. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Nielsen Whitehead, Benedicte. 2020. Family structures in Rome: The Roman family and its free and unfree members. In: Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen, Olsen, Birgit Anette, & Jacquet, Janus Bahs (ed.), Kin, clan and community in Indo-European Society (Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 9), 233359. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Alan J. 2017. Agentive and other derivatives of the “τόμος-type” nouns. In: Feuvre, Claire Le, Petit, Daniel, & Pinault, Georges-Jean (ed.), Verbal adjectives and participles in Indo-European languages: Proceedings of the Conference of the Society for Indo-European Studies (Indogermanische Gesellschaft), Paris, 24th to 26th September 2014 = Adjectifs verbaux et participes dans les langues indo-européennes, 233266. Bremen: Hempen Verlag.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 1999. The noun in Biblical Armenian: With special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 199. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2003. Another account of the Latin adjectives in -idus. Historische Sprachforschung 116(2), 234275.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2020. Kin, clan and community in Proto-Indo-European Society. In: Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen, Olsen, Birgit Anette, & Jacquet, Janus Bahs (ed.), Kin, Clan and Community in Indo-European Society (Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 9), 39180. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.Google Scholar
Pârvulescu, Adrian. 2010. Lat. servus. Indogermanische Forschungen 115: 190197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, Orlando. 1982. Slavery and social death: A comparative study. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Patterson, Orlando. 2008. Slavery, gender, and work in the pre-modern world and early Greece: A cross-cultural analysis. In: Dal Lago, Enrico & Katsari, Constantina (ed.), Slave systems, ancient and modern, 3269. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Diaconus, Paulus. De verborum significatu quae supersunt cum Pauli epitome. Thewrewkianis copiis usus. Edited by Lindsay, Wallace M.. Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana 1349. Berlin: De Gruyter 1997. First published 1913 by Teubner.Google Scholar
Pinault, Georges-Jean. 2011. Let us now praise famous gems. Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 12: 155220.Google Scholar
Plutarch. 1916. Lives. Vol. 3. Pericles and Fabius Maximus. Nicias and Crassus. Loeb Classical Library 65. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pokorny, Julius. 1959. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Vol. 1. 3rd ed. Tübingen: Francke.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård. 1989. Studien zur Morphophonemik der indogermanischen Grundsprache. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Spachwissenschaftt 55. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Risch, Ernst. 1974. Wortbildung der homerischen Sprache. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Rix, Helmut. 1994. Die Termini der Unfreiheit in den Sprachen Alt-Italiens. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Rix, Helmut, Kümmel, Martin Joachim, Zehnder, Thomas, Lipp, Reiner, & Schirmer, Brigitte. 2001. LIV: Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Junius P. 1997. The historical encyclopedia of world slavery. Santa Barbara (CA): ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
de Saussure, Ferdinand. 1931 [1915]. Cours de linguistique générale. 3rd ed. Edited by Bally, Charles, Sechehaye, Charles Albert, & Riedlinger, Albert. Paris: Payot. First published 1915.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter. 1991. The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin. Leiden Studies in Indo-European 2. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Stewart, Roberta. 2012. Plautus and Roman slavery. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Suetonius. Lives of the Caesars. Vol. 1: Julius. Augustus. Tiberius. Gaius. Caligula. J.C. Rolfe (transl.) (Loeb Classical Library 31). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press 1914.Google Scholar
Suetonius. 1914. Lives of the Caesars. Vol. 1. Julius. Augustus. Tiberius. Gaius. Caligula. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 31. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sütterlin, Ludwig. 1891. Zur Geschichte der verba denominativa im Altgriechischen. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.Google Scholar
Sütterlin, Ludwig. 1906. Die Denominativverba im Altindischen. Indogermanische Forschungen 19(1): 480577.Google Scholar
Thomas, R. J., Bevan, Gareth A., & Donovan, Patrick A.. 1950. Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru: A dictionary of the Welsh language. Dublin: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.Google Scholar
Untermann, Jürgen. 2000. Wörterbuch des Oskisch-Umbrischen. Indogermanische Bibliothek, 1. Reihe: Lehr‑ und Handbücher. Handbuch der italischen Dialekte 3. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter.Google Scholar
De Vaan, Michiel Arnoud Cor. 2008. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Varro. On the Latin language. Vol. 1: Books 5–7. Roland, G. Kent (transl.) (Loeb Classical Library 333). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press 1938.Google Scholar
Vendryes, Joseph. 1935. A propos de lat. seruos. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 36: 124130.Google Scholar
Vine, Brent Harmon. 2004. On PIE full grades in some zero-grade contexts: *-tí‑, *-tó‑. In: Clackson, James & Olsen, Birgit Anette (ed.), Indo-European Word Formation, 357379. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Vine, Brent Harmon. 2006. On ‘Thurneysen-Havet’s law’ in Latin and Italic. Historische Sprachforschung/Historical Linguistics 119: 211249.Google Scholar
Vine, Brent Harmon. 2012. PIE mobile accent in Italic: Further evidence. In: Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen, Olander, Thomas, Olsen, Birgit Anette, & Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård (ed.), The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, phonemics, and morphophonemics, 545575. Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 4. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.Google Scholar
Wackernagel, Jacob. 1910. Zur griechsichen Wortlehre. Glotta 2: 18.Google Scholar
Walde, Alois, & Hofmann, J. B.. 1938 [1906]. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Hofmann, J. B.: 3rd, revised ed. Indogermanische Bibliothek, Abt. 1, Reihe 2(1). Heidelberg: Winter. First published 1906.Google Scholar
Warmington, E. H. 1936. Remains of Old Latin 2: Livius Andronicus. Naevius. Pacuvius. Accius (Loeb Classical Library 314). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Warmington, E. H. 1938. Remains of Old Latin. Vol. 3. Lucilius. The Twelve Tables. Loeb Classical Library 329. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Watkins, Calvert. 1976. Varia I. Ériu 27: 116122.Google Scholar
Watkins, Calvert. 1995. How to kill a dragon. Aspects of Indo-European poetics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wiedemann, Thomas Ernst Josef. 1998. Review of Rix 1994. The Classical Review 48(1): 227228.Google Scholar
Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, & Schneider, Carolin. 2008. Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.Google Scholar
Woodard, Roger D. 2013. Myth, ritual, and the warrior in Roman and Indo-European antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zelnick-Abramovitz, Rachel. 2018. Greek and Roman terminologies of slavery. In: Hodkinson, Stephen, Kleijwegt, Marc, & Vlassopoulos, Kostas (ed.), The Oxford handbook of Greek and Roman slaveries. Oxford: Oxford University Press Web.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×