Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T00:41:54.955Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part III - The Cultural and Linguistic Significance of Bell Beakers along the Atlantic Fringe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 April 2023

Kristian Kristiansen
Affiliation:
Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden
Guus Kroonen
Affiliation:
Universiteit Leiden
Eske Willerslev
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited
Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics
, pp. 127 - 244
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Allentoft, M. E., et al. 2015. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522(7555): 167172.Google Scholar
Anthony, David W. 1997. Prehistoric migration as social process. In: Chapman, John and Hamerow, Helena (ed.), Migrations and invasions in archaeological explanation (British Archaeological Reports International Series 664) 2132. Oxford: Archeopress.Google Scholar
Anthony, David W. 2007. The horse, the wheel, and language: How Bronze Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Anthony, David W., and Brown, Dorcas R.. 2017. Molecular archaeology and Indo-European linguistics: Impressions from new data. In: Hansen, Bjarne Simmelkjaer Sandgaard et al. (ed.), Usque ad radices: Indo-European studies in honour of Birgit Anette Olsen, 2554. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Balanovsky, Oleg. 2019. Comments on the Caucasian Substrate hypothesis. Journal of Indo-European Studies 47: 166174.Google Scholar
Balanovsky, Oleg, et al. 2017. Genetic differentiation between upland and lowland populations shapes the Y-chromosomal landscape of West Asia. Human Genetics 136: 437450.Google Scholar
Beddoe, John. 1885. The races of Britain. Bristol: Arrowsmith.Google Scholar
Bendrey, Robin, et al. 2013. The origins of domestic horses in North-west Europe: New direct dates on the horses of Newgrange, Ireland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79: 91103.Google Scholar
Brandt, G., et al. 2013. Ancient DNA reveals key stages in the formation of central European mitochondrial genetic diversity. Science 342: 257261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodie, N. 1994. The Neolithic-Bronze Age transition in Britain (British Archaeological Reports 238). Oxford: BAR.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brothwell, D. 1985. Variation in early Irish populations: A brief survey. Ulster Journal of Archaeology 48: 59.Google Scholar
Buchvaldek, Miroslav. 1980. Corded Pottery complex in Central Europe. Journal of Indo-European Studies 8: 393406.Google Scholar
Burgess, C. B. and Shennan, S.. 1976. The beaker phenomenon: Some suggestions. In: Burgess, C. B. and Miket, R. (ed.), Settlement and economy in the third and second millennia B. C. (British Archaeological Reports 33), 309326. Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Burmeister, Stefan. 2000. Archaeology and migration: Approaches to an archaeological proof of migration. Current Anthropology 41: 539567.Google Scholar
Burmeister, Stefan. 2016. Archaeological research on migration as a multidisciplinary challenge. Medieval Worlds 4: 4264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callaway, Ewen. 2018. Divided by DNA: The uneasy relationship between archaeology and ancient genomics. Nature 555: 573576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlin, Neil. 2018. The Beaker phenomenon? Understanding the character and context of social practices in Ireland 2500–2000 BC. Leiden: Sidestone Press.Google Scholar
Carlin, Neil and Cooney, Gabriel. 2017. Transforming our understanding of Neolithic and Chalcolithic society (4000–2200 BC) in Ireland. In: Stanley, Michael, Swan, Rónán, and O’Sullivan, Aidan (ed.), Stories of Ireland’s past (TII Heritage 5), 2356. Dublin: Transport Infrastructure Ireland.Google Scholar
Cassidy, Lara M. 2020. Sizing it up: A commentary on “An archaeology of Ireland for the information age.” Emania 25: 4552.Google Scholar
Cassidy, Lara et al. 2016. Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and the establishment of the insular Atlantic genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(2): 368373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassidy, Lara et al. 2020. A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society. Nature 582: 384388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Menozzi, P., and Piazza, A.. 1994. The history and geography of human genes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon. 1926. The Aryans. London: Keagan Paul.Google Scholar
Coles, J. M. and Harding, A. F.. 1979. The Bronze Age in Europe. New York: St Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Conway, R. S. 1900. The riddle of the nations. Current Review 77: 7481.Google Scholar
Damgaard, P., et al. 2018. 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature 557: 369374.Google Scholar
Ecsedy, István. 1979. The people of the Pit-Grave kurgans in eastern Hungary. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.Google Scholar
Fernandes, D. M., et al. 2018. A genomic Neolithic time transect of hunter-farmer admixture in central Poland. Science Reports 8: 14879.Google Scholar
Furholt, Martin. 2018. Massive migrations? The impact of recent aDNA studies on our view of Third Millennium Europe. European Journal of Archaeology 21: 159191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furholt, Martin. 2019. Re-integrating archaeology: A contribution to aDNA studies and the migration discourse on the 3rd millennium BC in Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 85: 115129.Google Scholar
Gallay, Alain. 2001. L’énigme campaniforme. In: Nicholis, F. (ed.), Bell Beakers today: Pottery, people, culture, symbols in prehistoric Europe, vol. 1, 4157. Trento: Servizio Beni Culturali.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija. 1952. On the origin of North Indo-Europeans. American Anthropologist 54: 602611.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija. 1963. The Indo-Europeans: Archaeological problems. American Anthropologist 65: 815836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija. 1977. The 1st wave of Eurasian steppe pastoralists into Copper Age Europe. Journal of Indo-European Studies 5: 277338.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija. 1980. The Kurgan wave #2 (c. 3400–3200 B.C.) into Europe and the following transformation of culture. Journal of Indo-European Studies 8: 273315.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija. 1991. The civilization of the goddess. San Francisco: Harper.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija. 1994. Das Ende Alteuropas: Der Einfall von Steppennomaden aus Südrussland und die Indogermanisierung Mitteleuropas. Budapest: Archaeolingua Alapítvány.Google Scholar
Grattan, John. 1853. On the importance, to the archaeologist and ethnologist, of an accurate mode of measuring human crania, and of recording the results; with a description of a new craniometer. Ulster Journal of Archaeology 1: 198208.Google Scholar
Günther, Torsten, and Jakobsson, Mattias. 2016. Genes mirror migrations and cultures in prehistoric Europe: A population genomic perspective. Science Direct 41: 115123.Google Scholar
Haak, Wolfgang. 2018. Comments on Furholt’s Massive migrations? European Journal of Archaeology 21: 178181.Google Scholar
Haak, Wolfgang et al. 2008. Ancient DNA, strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age. PNAS 105: 47.Google Scholar
Haak, Wolfgang et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522: 207211.Google Scholar
Harbison, Peter. 1975. The coming of the Indo-Europeans to Ireland: An archaeological assessment. Journal of Indo-European Studies 3: 101119.Google Scholar
Harrison, Richard J. 1980. The Beaker folk: Copper Age archaeology in Western Europe. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Harrison, Richard, and Heyd, Volker. 2007. The transformation of Europe in the third millennium BC: The example of “Le Petit-Chasseur I + II” (Sion, Valais, Switzerland). Prähistorische Zeitschrift 82: 129214.Google Scholar
Hartwell, B. N. 2002. A Neolithic ceremonial timber complex at Ballynahatty, Co. Down. Antiquity 76: 526532.Google Scholar
Häusler, Alexander. 1992. Zum Verhältnis von Ockergrabkultur und Schnurkeramik. Praehistorica 19: 341348.Google Scholar
Hawkes, Christopher, and Hawkes, Jacquetta. 1947. Prehistoric Britain. London: Chatto and Windus.Google Scholar
Hay, Maciamo. 2016. Genetic history of the British and the Irish. Eupedia. Updated October 2016. https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/britain_ireland_dna.shtml.Google Scholar
Hay, Maciamo. 2017. Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA). Eupedia. https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml.Google Scholar
Heath, Julian. 2009. Warfare in prehistoric Britain. Amberly: Stroud.Google Scholar
Herity, Michael, and Eogan, George. 1977. Ireland in prehistory. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Heyd, Volker. 2017. Kossinna’s smile. Antiquity 91: 348359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooton, E. A., and Dupertius, C. W.. 1955. The physical anthropology of Ireland. Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Howells, W. W. 1972. Analyses of patterns of variation in crania of recent man. In: Tuttle, Russel (ed.), The functional and evolutionary biology of primates, 123151. Chicago and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ivanova, S. V., Nikitin, A. G., and Kiosak, D. V.. 2018. Mayatnikovye migratsii v tsirkum-pontiyskoy stepi i tsentral’noy Evrope v epokhu palaeometalla i problems genezisa yamnoy kul’tury. Arkheolohiya i davnya istoriya Ukraïny 1: 101146.Google Scholar
Iversen, Rune. 2019. On the emergence of the Corded Ware societies in Northern Europe: Reconsidering the migration hypothesis. In: Olsen, Birgit, Olander, Thomas, and Kristiansen, Kristian (ed.), Tracing the Indo-Europeans, 7396. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Juras, Anna, et al. 2018. Mitochondrial genomes reveal an east to west cline of steppe ancestry in Corded Ware populations. Nature 8: 11603.Google Scholar
Kador, T. L., et al. 2018. Rites of passage: Mortuary practice, population dynamics, and chronology at the Carrowkeel passage tomb complex, Co. Sligo, Ireland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 84: 225255.Google Scholar
Kelly, Fergus. 1971. OI claideb and its cognates. Ériu 22: 192196.Google Scholar
Kilian, Lothar. 2000. De l’origine des Indo-Européens. Paris: Labyrinthe. Translated by Felicitas Schuler. First published 1983 as Zum Ursprung der Indo-Germanen.Google Scholar
Klejn, Leo S., et al. 2018a. Discussion: Are the origins of Indo-European languages explained by the migration of the Yamnaya culture to the West? European Journal of Archaeology 21: 1, 317.Google Scholar
Klejn, Leo S. 2018b. The steppe hypothesis of Indo-European origins remains to be proven. Acta Archaeologia 88: 193204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knipper, C., Mittnik, A., et al. 2017. Female exogamy and gene pool diversification at the transition from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in Central Europe. PNAS 114(38), 1008310088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian, et al. 2017. Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware culture in Europe. Antiquity 91: 334347.Google Scholar
Lee, E. J. et al. 2012. Emerging genetic patterns of the European Neolithic: Perspectives from a late neolithic Bell Beaker site in Germany. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148: 4, 571579.Google Scholar
Lemercier, Olivier. 2011. Le guerrier dans l’Europe du 3e millénaire avant notre ère. In: Baray, Luc et al. (ed.), L’armement et l’image du guerrier dans les sociétés anciennes: de l’object à la tombe, 121151. Dijon: Éditions Universitaires de Dijion.Google Scholar
LGE = Lebor Gabála ÉrennGoogle Scholar
Macalister, R. A. Stewart. 1940. Lebor Gabála Érenn, part III. Dublin: Irish Texts Society.Google Scholar
Lipson, M., et al. 2017. Parallel paleogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers. Nature 551: 368372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macalister, R. A. S. 1928. The archaeology of Ireland. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Macalister, R. A. S. 1949. The archaeology of Ireland. 2nd and rev. ed. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. 1984. The origins of the Irish. Journal of Irish Archaeology 2: 6569.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. 1989. In search of the Indo-Europeans. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. 1991. Two perspectives on Irish origins. Emania 9: 5358.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. 2006. Irish origins: The archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence. In: Turner, B. S. (ed.), Migration and Myth: Ulster’s Revolving Door, 97111. Downpatrick: Ulster Local History Trust.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. 2013a. The origins of the Irish. Thames and Hudson: London.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. 2013b. The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe. In: Koch, John T. and Cunliffe, B. (ed.), Celtic from the west 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe, 1739. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. 2016. Archaeology and language shift in Atlantic Europe. In: Koch, John T. and Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the west 3, 387406. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. (In press.) The evolution of the steppe model of Indo-European origins. From Palaeolithic to Cossack Ukraine: Telehin Centenary Conference. Kiev: Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. and Donnabháin, Barra Ó. 1998. The origins of the population of Ireland: A survey of putative immigrations in Irish prehistory and history. Emania 17: 4781.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. et al. 2019. The impact of genetics research on archaeology and linguistics in Eurasia. Russian Journal of Genetics 12: 14721487.Google Scholar
Manco, Jean. 2013. Ancestral journeys: The peopling of Europe from the first venturers to the Vikings. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Manco, Jean. 2015. Blood of the Celts. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Martin, C. A. 1935. Prehistoric man in Ireland. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Matasović, Ranko. 2009. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden and Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, T. Rowan. 2019. On applications of space-time modeling with open-source 14C age calibration. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 26(2): 479501.Google Scholar
McSparron, Cormac. 2018. Statistical analysis of the Single Burial tradition in Early Bronze Age Ireland and some implications for social structure. PhD diss., Queen’s University Belfast.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, T. Rowan. 2020. An archaeology of Ireland for the information age. Emania 25: 729.Google Scholar
Menk, Roland. 1980. A synopsis of the physical anthropology of the Corded Ware complex on the background of the expansion of the Kurgan Culture. Journal of Indo-European Studies 8: 361392.Google Scholar
Moffat, Alistair. 2009. Before Scotland: The story of Scotland before history. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Molloy, Barry P. C. 2017. Hunting warriors: The transformation of weapons, combat practices and society during the Bronze Age in Ireland. European Journal of Archaeology 20: 280316.Google Scholar
Neustupný, Evžen. 2013. The Corded Ware culture. In: Neustupný, Evžen et al. (ed.), The prehistory of Bohemia 3: The Eneolithic, 130154. Prague: Archeologický ústav AV ČR.Google Scholar
O’Brien, William. 2015. Prehistoric copper mining in Europe, 5500–500 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
O’Brien, William and O’ Driscoll, James. 2017. Hillforts, warfare and society in Bronze Age Ireland. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
O’Connell, Aidan. 2013. Harvesting the stars: A pagan temple at Lismullin, Co. Meath. Dublin: National Roads Authority.Google Scholar
Ó Drisceoil, Cóilín, and Walsh, Aidan. 2021. Materialising power: The archaeology of the Black Pig’s Dyke, Co. Monaghan. Dublin: Wordwell.Google Scholar
O’Driscoll, James. 2017. Hillforts in prehistoric Ireland: A costly display of power? World Archaeology 49: 506525.Google Scholar
Olalde, Iñigo, et al. 2018. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of Northwest Europe. Nature 555: 190196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oppenheimer, Stephen. 2007. The origins of the British. London: Robinson.Google Scholar
O’Rahilly, Thomas. 1946. Early Irish history and mythology. Dublin: Institute for Advanced Studies.Google Scholar
Peaker, Harold and Fleure, Herbert John. 1928. The steppe and the sown. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Poisson, Georges. 1934. Les Aryens: Étude linguistique, ethnologique et préhistorique. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
Rascovan, N. et al. 2019. Emergence and spread of basal lineages of Yersina pestis during the Neolithic decline. Cell 176: 295305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renfrew, Colin 1987. Archaeology and language: The puzzle of Indo-European origins. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Schlerath, Bernfried. 1987. Können wir die urindogermanische Sozialstruktur rekonstruieren? In: Meid, Wolfgang (ed.), Studien zur indogermanische Wortschatz, 249264. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität.Google Scholar
Schrader, Otto. 1907. Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte, 3rd ed. Jena: Hermann Costenoble.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter. 2014. Language contact and the origin of the Germanic languages. Oxford: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schroeder, H., et al. 2019. Unraveling ancestry, kinship, and violence in a Late Neolithic mass grave. PNAS 116: 22, 1070510710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwidetzky, Ilse. 1980. The influence of the Steppe People based on the physical anthropological data in special consideration to the Corded-Battle Axe culture. Journal of Indo-European Studies 8: 345360.Google Scholar
Sheridan, A. 2004. Going around in circles? Understanding the Irish Grooved Ware “complex” in its wider context. In: Roche, H. et al. (ed.), From megalith to metals: Essays in honour of George Eogan, 2637. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Sims-Williams, Patrick. 2020. An alternative to “Celtic from the east” and “Celtic from the west.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30: 511529.Google Scholar
Sulimirski, Tadeusz. 1933. Die schnurkeramischen Kulturen und das indoeuropäische Problem. La Pologne au VIIe Congrès International des Sciences Historiques, vol. 1, 287308. Warsaw: Société Polonaise d’histoire.Google Scholar
Szmyt, Marzena. 1999. Between West and East: People of the Globular Amphora culture in Eastern Europe: 2950–2350 BC (Baltic-Pontic Studies 8). Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University.Google Scholar
Tassi, F. et al. 2017. Genome diversity in the Neolithic Globular Amphorae culture and the spread of Indo-European languages. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 284: 20171540.Google Scholar
Taylor, Griffith. 1921. The evolution and distribution of race, culture, and language. Geographical Review 11: 54119.Google Scholar
Telegin, D. Ya. 2005. The Yamna Culture and the Indo-European homeland problem. Journal of Indo-European Studies 33: 339357.Google Scholar
Van Wijngaarden-Bakker, L. H. 1986. The animal remains from the Beaker settlement at Newgrange, Co. Meath: Final report. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 86C: 17111.Google Scholar
Waddell, J. 1998. The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland. Galway: Galway University Press.Google Scholar
Wells, R. Spencer, et al. 2001. The Eurasian heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. PNAS 98(18): 1024410249.Google Scholar
Wilkin, Neil C. A. 2013. Food Vessel pottery from Early Bronze Age funerary contexts in northern England: A typological and contextual study. PhD diss., University of Birmingham.Google Scholar
Woodman, Peter, Finlay, Nyree, and Anderson, Elizabeth. 2006. The archaeology of a collection: The Keiller-Knowles collection of the National Museum of Ireland. Wordwell: Bray.Google Scholar

References

Abercromby, J. 1912. A study of the Bronze Age pottery of Great Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Almagro-Gorbea, M. 1995. Ireland and Spain in the Bronze Age. In: Waddell, J. & Shee Twohig, E. (ed.), Ireland in the Bronze Age, 136148. Dublin: Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Ambert, P. 1995. Les mines préhistoriques de Cabrières (Herault): quinze ans de recherches. Etat de la question. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 92(4): 499508.Google Scholar
Ambert, P. 1998. Importance de la métallurgie campaniforme en France. In: L’Enigmatique Civilisation Campaniforme, Archéologia 9: 3641.Google Scholar
Ambert, P. 2001. La place de la métallurgie campaniforme dans la première métallurgie française. In: Harrison, R. et al. (ed.), Bell beakers today, 577588. Trento: Proceedings of the 1998 Riva del Garda conference.Google Scholar
Ambert, P., Carozza, L., Lecholon, B., & Houles, N.. 1996. De la mine au metal au sud du Massif Central au Chalcolithique. Archéologie en Languedoc 20: 3542.Google Scholar
Armit, I., & Reich, D.. 2021 The return of the Beaker Folk: Rethinking migration and population change in British Prehistory. Antiquity 95(384): 14641477.Google Scholar
Beddoe, J. 1885. The races of Britain. Bristol: Arrowsmith.Google Scholar
Billard, C. 1991. L’habitat des Florentins à Val-de-Reuil (Eure). Gallia Prehistoire 33: 140171.Google Scholar
Billard, C., Bourhis, J. R., Desfossés, Y., Evin, J., Hault, M. F., Lefèbvre, D., & Paulet-Locard, M. A.. 1991. L’habitat de Florentins à Val-de-Reuil (Eure). Gallia Préhistorie 33: 140171.Google Scholar
Blas Cortina, M. A. De 1998. Producción e intercambio de metal: la singularidad de las minas de cobre prehistóricas del Aramo y El Milagro (Asturias). In: de Castro, G. Delibes, Millán, A. Ramos, et al., Minerales y metales en la prehistoria reciente (Studia Archaeologica 88), 71103. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid y Fundación Duques de Soria.Google Scholar
Blas Cortina, M. A. De 1999. Asturias y Cantabria. In: de Castro, G. Delibes & Ruiz, I. Montero (ed.), Las primeras etapas metalúrgicas en la península Ibérica: II estudios regionals, 4162. Madrid: Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset y Ministerio de Educación y Cultura.Google Scholar
Blas Cortina, M. A. 2015. La cuestión canpaniforme en el Cantábrico Central y las minas de cobre prehistóricas de la sierra del Aramo. CuPauam (Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología) 41: 165179.Google Scholar
Blas Cortina, M. A. De & Fernández, M. Suárez. 2010. La minería subterránea del cobre en Asturias: un capítulo esencial en la prehistoria reciente del norte de Espana. In: Cortina, M. A. De Blas, de Castro, G. Delibes, Valdes, A. Villa, & Fernández, M. Suárez (ed.), Cobre y Oro. Minería y Metalurgia en la Asturias Prehistórica y Antigua, 4382. Oviedo: Real Instituto de Estudios Asturianos.Google Scholar
Bowen, E. G. 1972. Britain and the western seaways. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Brace, S. et al. 2019. Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain. Nature Ecology and Evolution 3: 765771.Google Scholar
Bray, P. & Pollard, A. M.. 2012. A new interpretative approach to the chemistry of copper-alloy objects: Source, recycling and technology. Antiquity 86: 853867.Google Scholar
Briard, J. & Roussot-Larroque, J.. 2012. Les débuts de la métallurgie das la France Atlantique. In: Bartelheim, M., Pernicka, E., & Krause, R., (ed.), The beginnings of metallurgy in the Old World, 135160. Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf.Google Scholar
Brindley, A. 2004. Prehistoric pottery. In: O’Brien, W., Ross Island: Mining, metal and society in early Ireland (Bronze Age Studies 6), 316338. Galway: National University of Ireland Galway.Google Scholar
Burgess, C. 1980. The age of Stonehenge. London: Dent.Google Scholar
Bussmann, H. 1996. Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cardoso, J. 1989. Leceia: Resultados das escavações efectuadas 1983–8. Oeiras: Câmara Municipal de Oeiras.Google Scholar
Carey, J. 2001. Did the Irish come from Spain? History Ireland 9(3): 811.Google Scholar
Carey, J. 2005. Lebor Gabála and the legendary history of Ireland. In: Fulton, H. (ed.), Medieval Celtic literature and society, 3248. Dublin: Four Courts Press.Google Scholar
Carlin, N. 2018. The Beaker phenomenon? Understanding the character and context of social practices in Ireland 2500–2000 BC. Leiden: Sidestone Press.Google Scholar
Carlin, N. & Brück, J.. 2012. Searching for the Chalcolithic: Continuity and change in the Irish Final Neolithic/Early Bronze Age. In: Allen, M. J., Gardiner, J., & Sheridan, A., (ed.), Is there a British Chalcolithic? (Prehistoric Society Research Paper 4), 193210. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Case, H. J. 1995. Irish Beakers in their European context. In: Waddell, J. & Shee Twohig, E. (ed.), Ireland in the Bronze Age, 1429. Dublin: Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Cassidy, L., Martiniano, R., Murphy, E., Teasdale, M., Mallory, J., Hartwell, B., & Bradley, D.. 2016. Neolithic and Bronze age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113(2): 368373.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. L. 1970. Beaker pottery of Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 2001. Facing the ocean: The Atlantic and its peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 2008. Europe between the oceans 9000 BC – AD 1000. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
FitzPatrick, A. 2009. In his hands and in his head: The Amesbury Archer as metalworker. In: Clark, P. (ed.), Bronze Age connections: Cultural contact in prehistoric Europe, 176188. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
FitzPatrick, A. 2013. The arrival of the Beaker set in Britain and Ireland. In: Koch, J., & Cunliffe, B. (ed.), Celtic from the West 2, 4170. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
FitzPatrick, A., Delibes de Castro, G., Guerra Doce, E., & Velasco Vázquez, J.. 2016. Bell Beaker connections along the Atlantic façade: the gold ornaments from Tablada del Rudrón, Burgos, Spain. In: Doce, E. Guerra & Lettow-Vorbeck, C. L. Von (ed.), The economic foundations supporting the social supremacy of the Beaker groups, 3754. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Forde, C. D. 1930. Early cultures of Atlantic Europe. American anthropologist 32(1): 19100.Google Scholar
Gandois, H. & Carlier, C. Le. 2015. Quid des traces d’activités métallurgiques sur le site de l’anse de la République à Talmont-Saint-Hilaire (Vendée)?. In: Boulet-Gazo, S. (ed.), Le campaniforme et l’âge du bronze dans les Pays de la Loire, 146–157. Project Collectif de Recerche Rapport d’activité-Année 2014.Google Scholar
Gandois, H., Burlot, A., Mille, B., & de Veslud, C. Le Carlier. 2019. Early Bronze Age axe-ingots from Brittany: Evidence for connections with southwest Ireland? Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 119: 136.Google Scholar
Gibson, C. 2013. Beakers into bronze: Tracing connections between western Iberia and the British Isles 2800–800 BC. In: Koch, J. & Cunliffe, B. (ed.), Celtic from the West 2, 7199. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Grogan, E. & Roche, H.. 2010. Clay and fire: The development and distribution of pottery traditions in prehistoric Ireland. In: Stanley, M., Danaher, E., & Eogan, J. (ed.), Creative minds: Production, manufacturing and invention in ancient Ireland, 2745. Dublin: National Roads Authority.Google Scholar
Koch, J. & Cunliffe, B. (ed.). 2010. Celtic from the West 1. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Koch, J. & Cunliffe, B. (ed.), 2013. Celtic from the West 2. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Koch, J. & Cunliffe, B. (ed.), 2016. Celtic from the West 3. Oxford: Oxbow Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labaune, M. 2013. Bell Beaker metal and metallurgy in Western Europe. In: Prieto Martínez, M. Pilar & Salanova, L. (ed.), Current researches on Bell Beakers. Proceedings of the 15th international Bell Beaker conference: From Atlantic to Ural, 177188. Santiago de Compostela: Copynino.Google Scholar
MacWhite, E. 1951. Estudios sobre las relaciones Atlánticas de la Península Ibérica en la Edad del Bronze. Madrid: Seminario de historia primitiva.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. 1989. In search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, archaeology and myth. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Mallory, J. P. 2013. The origins of the Irish. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Mallory, J.P. 2016. Archaeology and language shift in Atlantic Europe. In: Koch, J. & Cunliffe, B. (ed.), Celtic from the West 3, 387406. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Merkl, M. B. 2010. Bell Beaker metallurgy and the emergence of fahlore-copper use in Central Europe. Interdisciplinaria archaeologica 1(1): 1927.Google Scholar
Mitchell, F. & Cooney, T.. 2004. Vegetation history in the Killarney valley. In: W. O’Brien, Ross Island: Mining, metal and society in Early Ireland. Bronze Age Studies 6, 481–493. Galway: National University of Ireland Galway.Google Scholar
Montero Ruiz, I. 1994. El origen de la metalurgia en el sureste Peninsular. Almeria: Instituto de Estudios Almerienses.Google Scholar
Muller, R., Goldenberg, G., Bartleheim, M., Kunst, M., & Pernicka, E.. 2007. Zambujal and the beginnings of metallurgy in southern Portugal. In: La Niece, S., Hook, D., & Craddock, P. (ed.), Metal and mines: Studies in archaeometallurgy, 1526. London: Archetype.Google Scholar
Needham, S. P. 2002. Analytical implications for Beaker metallurgy in north-west Europe. In: Bartelheim, M., Pernicka, E., & Krause, R. (ed.), Die anfänge der metallurgie in der alten welt, 99133. Freiberg: Forschungen zur Archäometrie und Altertumswissenschaf 1.Google Scholar
Needham, S. P. 2005. Transforming Beaker culture in north-west Europe: Processes of fusion and fission. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 71: 171217.Google Scholar
Nicolas, T. 2014. Les lingotières De Trédarzec (Crec’h Choupet; Côtes-d’Armor) et de Bédee (ZAC de Gabrielles, Ille-et-Vilaine). Des indices de métallurgie de la fin du IIIme millenaire AV. J.-C. en Bretagne. Bulletin de l’APRAB 12: 134136.Google Scholar
Ni Lionain, C. 2012. Lebor Gábála Erenn: The use and appropriation of an Irish origin legend in identity construction at home and abroad. Archaeological review from Cambridge 27(2): 1351.Google Scholar
Northover, J. P. 1999. The earliest metalwork in southern Britain. In: Hauptmann, A. (ed.), The Beginnings of Metallurgy: Proceedings of the international conference, 211226. Bochum: Der Anschitt, Beiheft 9.Google Scholar
Northover, J. P. 2004. Ross Island and the physical metallurgy of the earliest Irish copper. In: O’Brien, W., Ross Island: Mining, metal and society in early Ireland (Bronze Age Studies 6), 525538. Galway: National University of Ireland Galway.Google Scholar
O’Brien, W. 2001. New light on Beaker metallurgy in Ireland. In: Harrison, R. et al. (ed.), Bell Beakers Today, 144160. Trento: Proceedings of the Riva del Garda conference, May 1998.Google Scholar
O’Brien, W. 2004. Ross Island: Mining, metal and society in early Ireland (Bronze Age Studies 6). Galway: National University of Ireland Galway.Google Scholar
O’Brien, W. 2012. The Chalcolithic in Ireland: A chronological and cultural framework. In: Allen, M. J., Gardiner, J., & Sheridan, A. (ed.), Is there a British Chalcolithic? (Prehistoric Society Research Paper 4), 211225. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
O’Brien, W. 2015. Prehistoric copper mining in Europe 5500–500 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
O’Brien, W. 2016. Language shift and political context in Bronze Age Ireland: Some implications of hillfort chronology. In: Koch, J. & Cunliffe, B. (ed.), 2016. Celtic from the West 3, 219246. Oxford: Oxbow Books, Oxford.Google Scholar
Olalde, I. et al. 2018. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555: 190196.Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, S. 2007. The origins of the British: The new prehistory of Britain and Ireland from Ice-Age hunter-gatherers to the Vikings as revealed by DNA analysis. London: Constable.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M., Sheridan, A., Jay, M., Chamberlain, A., Richards, M., & Evans, J. (ed.). 2019. The Beaker people: Isotopes, mobility and diet in prehistoric Britain (Prehistoric Society Research Paper 7). Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Querré, G. 2009. Métallurgie et hautes températures Campaniforme et Artenac. In: Laporte, L. (ed.), Des premiers paysans aux premiers métallurgistes su la caçade Atlantique de la France (3500–2000 av. J.-C.), 540541. Chauvigny: Mémoire 33 de L’Association des Publications Chauvinoises.Google Scholar
Quinn, B. 2005. The Atlantean Irish: Ireland’s oriental and maritime heritage. Dublin: Lilliput Press.Google Scholar
Raftery, B. 1994. Pagan Celtic Ireland: the enigma of the Irish Iron Age. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1987. Archaeology and language. The puzzle of Indo-European origins. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 2013. Early Celtic in the West: The Indo-European context. In: Koch, J. & Cunliffe, B. (ed.), Celtic from the West 2, 207217. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Salanova, L. 2016. Bell Beakers and identities in Atlantic Europe (3rd millennium BC). In: Koch, J. & Cunliffe, B. (ed.), Celtic from the West 3, 1339. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Standish, C., Dhuime, B., Hawkesworth, C., & Pike, A.. 2015. A non-local source of Irish Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age gold. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81: 149177.Google Scholar
Timberlake, S. 2016. Copper mining, prospection and the Beaker phenomenon in Wales: The significance of the Banc y Tynddol gold disc. In: Koch, J. & Cunliffe, B. (ed.), Celtic from the West 3, 111138. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Waddell, J. 1992. The Irish Sea in prehistory. The Journal of Irish Archaeology 6: 2940.Google Scholar
Waddell, J. 2010. The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland. Dublin: Wordwell.Google Scholar
Waddell, J. & Conroy, J.. 1999. Celts: Maritime contacts and linguistic change. In: Blench, R. & Spriggs, M. (ed.), Archaeology and language IV, 127138. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

References

Allentoft, Morten E. et al. 2015. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522(7555): 167172.Google Scholar
Almagro Basch, Martín. 1966. La estelas decoradas del suroeste peninsular (Bibliotheca Praehistoria Hispana 8). Madrid: Imprenta Fareso.Google Scholar
Anthony, David W. 2007. The horse, the wheel, and language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Anthony, David W. & Ringe, Don. 2015. The Indo-European homeland from linguistic and archaeological perspectives. Annual Review of Linguistics 1: 199219.Google Scholar
Anthony, David W. & Brown, D. R.. 2017. Molecular archaeology and Indo-European linguistics: Impressions from new data. In: Hansen, Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard et al. (ed.), Usque as radices: Indo-European studies in honour of Birgit Anette Olsen, 2554. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, Boel. 2017. Sailing rock art boats. A reassessment of seafaring abilities in Bronze Age Scandinavia and the introduction of the sail in the North. Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, Lasse (ed.). 2002. Arkeologisk rapport 6. Askum socken (Bohuslän 3). Bengtsfors: Vitlycke Museum.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, Lasse (ed.). 2009. Arkeologisk rapport 7. Tossene socken. Gothenburg: Vitlycke Museum.Google Scholar
Martínez, Blázquez, María, José. 2011. Chipre y la Península Ibérica. In: Martí-Aguilar, Manuel Álvarez (ed.), Fenicios en Tartessos: nuevas perspectivas (BAR International Series 2245), 731. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Brandherm, Dirk. 2007. Algunas reflexiones sobre el bronce inicial en el noroeste peninsular. La cuestion del llamado horizonte “Montelavar.” Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 33: 6990.Google Scholar
Brandherm, Dirk. 2013. Mediterranes, Atlantisches und Kontinentales in der bronze- und ältereisenzeitlichen Stelenkunst der Iberischen Halbinsel. In: Kalaitzoglou, Georg & Lüdorf, Gundula (ed.), Petasos: Festschrift für Hans Lohmann, 131148. Paderborn: Fink & Schöningh.Google Scholar
Brandherm, Dirk. 2016. Stelae, funerary practice, and group identities in the Bronze and Iron Ages of SW Iberia: A moyenne durée perspective. In: Koch, John T., Cunliffe, Barry, Gibson, Catriona D., & Cleary, Kerri (ed.), Celtic from the West 3. Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages. Questions of shared language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 179216. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Burgess, Colin & O’Connor, Brendan. 2008. Iberia, the Atlantic Bronze Age and the Mediterranean. In: Pérez, Sebastián Celestino et al. (ed.), Contacto cultural entre el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico (siglos XII–VIII ANE), La precolonización a debate (Serie Arqueológica 11), 4158. Madrid: Escuela Española de Historia y Arqueología en Roma CSIC.Google Scholar
Cassidy, Lara M. et al. 2016. Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome. PNAS 113(2): 368373.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon. 1939. Notes: About the distribution in Atlantic Europe and Scandinavia of the double looped Galician Axe. The Antiquaries Journal 19: 321323.Google Scholar
Cleary, Kerri & Gibson, Catriona. 2019. Connectivity in Atlantic Europe during the Bronze Age (2800–800 BC). In: Cunliffe, Barry & Koch, John T. (ed.), Exploring Celtic origins: New ways forward in archaeology, linguistics, and genetics (Celtic Studies Publications 22), 80116. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Coles, John M. 2005. Shadows of a northern past: Rock carvings of Bohuslän and Østfold. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, Barry. 2001. Facing the Ocean. The Atlantic and its Peoples 8000 BC–AD 1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, Barry 2010. Celticization from the West. The contribution of archaeology. In: Cunliffe, Barry & Koch, John T. (ed.), Celtic from the West. Alternative perspectives from archaeology, genetics, language and literature (Celtic Studies Publications 15), 1338. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, Barry. 2013. Britain begins. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, Barry. 2019. Setting the scene. In: Cunliffe, Barry & Koch, John T. (ed.), Exploring Celtic Origins: New ways forward in archaeology, linguistics, and genetics (Celtic Studies Publications 22), 117. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
de Barros Damgaard, Peter et al. 2018. The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia. Science 10.1126/science.aar7711.Google Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino Uribe, Marta. 2010. Las estelas decoradas en la Prehistoria de la Península Ibérica. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid.Google Scholar
Díaz-Guardamino Uribe, Marta, & Wheatley, D. W.. 2013. Rock art and digital technologies. The application of Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) and 3D laser scanning to the study of Late Bronze Age Iberian stelae. Menga: Revista de prehistoria de Andalucía 4: 187203.Google Scholar
Earle, Timothy. 2002. Bronze Age economics. Boulder (CO): Westview Press.Google Scholar
Earle, Timothy et al. 2015. The political economy and metal trade in Bronze Age Europe. Understanding regional variability in terms of comparative advantages and articulations. European Journal of Archaeology 18(4): 633657.Google Scholar
Enright, Michael J. 1996. Lady with a mead cup. Ritual, prophecy and lordship in the European warband from La Tène to the Viking Age. Blackrock: Four Courts.Google Scholar
Eogan, George. 1995. Ideas, people and things. Ireland and the external world during the Late Bronze Age. In: Waddell, John & Twohig, Elizabeth Shee (ed.), Ireland in the Bronze Age. Proceedings of the Dublin conference, April 1995, 128135. Dublin: Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Falileyev, Alexander et al. 2010. Dictionary of Continental Celtic place-names. A Celtic companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Aberystwyth: CMCS.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, Andrew P. 2013. The arrival of the Bell Beaker set in Britain and Ireland. In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the West 2. Rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe (Celtic Studies Publications 16), 4170. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Fredsjö, Åke. 1981. Hällristningar Kville härad i Bohuslän, Kville socken. Gothenburg: Fornminnesförening i Göteborg.Google Scholar
Garrett, Andrew. 2006. Convergence in the formation of Indo-European subgroups. Phylogeny and chronology. In: Forster, Peter & Renfrew, Colin (ed.), Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages, 139151. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija. 1970. Proto-Indo-European culture: The Kurgan culture during the 5th to the 3rd millennia BC. In: Cardona, G., Koenigswald, H. M., & Senn, A. (ed.), Indo-European and Indo-Europeans, 155198. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Haak, Wolfgang et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522: 207211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harbison, Peter. 1988. Pre-Christian Ireland: From the first settlers to the early Celts. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Harding, Anthony. 1990. The Wessex connection. Developments and perspectives. In: Schauer, Peter (ed.), Orientalisch-ägäische Einflüsse inder europäischen Bronzezeit. Ergebnisse eines Kolloquiums (1985) (Monographien RGZM 15), 139154. Mainz: Zabern.Google Scholar
Harding, Anthony. 2000. European societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harding, Anthony. 2013. World systems, cores, and peripheries in prehistoric Europe. European Journal of Archaeology 16(3): 378400.Google Scholar
Harrison, Richard J. 2004. Symbols and warriors: Images of the European Bronze Age. Bristol: Western Academic & Specialist Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, Richard J. & Heyd, Volker. 2007. The transformation of Europe in the third millennium BC. The example of “Le Petit Chasseur I + III” (Sion, Valais, Switzerland). Prähistorische Zeitschrift 82: 129214.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian. 2018. The power of ritual in prehistory: Secret societies and origins of social complexity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Herodotus = de Sélincourt, Aubrey (trans.). 1972. Herodotus: The histories, rev. ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin. First published 1954.Google Scholar
Horn, Christian. 2014. Studien zu den europäischen Stabdolchen (Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie 246). Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Horn, Christian & Potter, Richard. 2017. Transforming the rocks: Time and rock art in Bohuslän, Sweden. European Journal of Archaeology 63: 124.Google Scholar
Hyllested, Adam. 2010. The precursors of Celtic and Germanic. In: Jamison, Stephanie W. et al. (ed.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, 107128. Bremen: Hempen.Google Scholar
Isaac, Graham. R. 2007. Studies in Celtic sound changes and their chronology. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Kaul, Flemming. 2013. The Nordic razor and the Mycenaean lifestyle. Antiquity 87(336): 461472.Google Scholar
Kienlin, Tobias L. 2012. Patterns of change, or perceptions deceived? Comments on the interpretation of Late Neolithic and Bronze Age tell settlement in the Carpathian Basin. In: Kienlin, Tobias & Zimmermann, Andreas (ed.), Beyond elites. Alternatives to hierarchical systems in modelling social formations, 251310. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2013a. Out of the flow and ebb of the European Bronze Age. Heroes, Tartessos, and Celtic. In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the West 2. Rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe (Celtic Studies Publications 16), 101146. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2013b. Tartessian. Celtic in the South-west at the dawn of history (Celtic Studies Publications 13). Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2013c. Prologue. Ha C1a ≠ PC (the earliest Hallstatt Iron Age cannot equal Proto-Celtic). In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the West 2. Rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe (Celtic Studies Publications 16), 116. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2016. Phoenicians in the West and break-up of the Atlantic Bronze Age. In: Koch, John T., Cunliffe, Barry, Gibson, Catriona D., & Cleary, Kerri (ed.), Celtic from the West 3. Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages. Questions of shared language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 431476. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2019a. Rock art and Celto-Germanic vocabulary: Shared iconography and words as reflections of Bronze Age contact. Adoranten 2019: 8095.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2019b. Common ground and progress on the Celtic of the South-western (S.W.) inscriptions. Aberystwyth: Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2020. Celto-Germanic: Later prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West. Aberystwyth: Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies.Google Scholar
Koch, John T., with Palacios, Fernando Fernández. 2019. A case of identity theft? Archaeogenetics, Beaker People, and Celtic origins. In: Cunliffe, Barry & Koch, John T. (ed.), Exploring Celtic origins: New ways forward in archaeology, linguistics, and genetics (Celtic Studies Publications 22), 3879. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Koch, John T., with Karl, Raimund, Minard, Antone, & Faoláin, Simon Ó. 2007. An atlas for Celtic studies. Archaeology and names in ancient Europe and early medieval Ireland, Britain, and Brittany (Celtic Studies Publications 12). Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian. 1998. Europe before history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian. 2007. The rules of the game, decentralised complexity and power structures. In: Kohring, Sheila & Wynne-Jones, Stephanie (ed.), Socializing complexity. Structure interaction and power in archaeological discourse, 6075. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian. 2014. Towards a new paradigm? The third science revolution and its possible consequences in archaeology. Current Swedish Archaeology 22, 1134.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian. 2017. When language meets archaeology. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic in northern Europe. In: Hansen, Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard et al. (ed.), Usque as radices: Indo-European studies in honour of Birgit Anette Olsen, 427438. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian. 2018. Warfare and the political economy: Bronze Age Europe 1500−1100 BC. In: Horn, Christian & Kristiansen, Kristian (ed.), Warfare in Bronze Age society, 2346. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian & Suchowska-Ducke, Paulina. 2015. Connected histories. The dynamics of Bronze Age interaction and trade 1500–1100 BC. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81, 361382.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian & Earle, Timothy. 2015. Neolithic versus Bronze Age social formations. A political economy approach. In: Kristiansen, Kristian et al. (ed.), Paradigm found. Archaeological theory – present, past and future. Essays in honour of Evžen Neustupný, 236249. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Kroonen, Guus. 2013. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11). Leiden & Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Lazaridis, Iosif. 2018. The evolutionary history of human populations in Europe. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 53: 2127.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1964. Mythologiques. Part 1. Le cru et le cuit. Paris: Plon.Google Scholar
vander Linden, Marc. 2007. What linked the Bell Beakers in third millennium BC Europe? Antiquity 81(312): 343352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, Johan & Uhnér, Claes. 2015. Rock art and metal trade. Adoranten 2014: 2343.Google Scholar
Ling, Johan & Rowlands, Michael. 2013. Structure from the North content from the South. Rock art, metal trade and cosmopolitical codes. In: Anati, Emmanuel (ed.), Art as a source of history, XXV Valcamonica Symposium Capo di Ponte, September 20–26, 2013, 187196. Capo di Ponte: Edizioni del Centro.Google Scholar
Ling, Johan & Bertilsson, Ulf. 2017. Biography of the Fossum panel. Adoranten 2016: 5872.Google Scholar
Ling, Johan et al. 2013. Moving metals or indigenous mining? Provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age artefacts by lead isotopes and trace elements. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(1): 291304.Google Scholar
Ling, Johan et al. 2014. Moving metals II. Provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age artefacts by lead isotope and elemental analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 41(1): 106112.Google Scholar
Ling, Johan, Chacon, Richard, & Chacon, Yolande. 2018. Rock art, secret societies, long-distance exchange, and warfare in Bronze Age Scandinavia. In: Dolfini, A., Crellin, R., Horn, C., & Uckelmannn, M. (ed.), Prehistoric warfare and violence: Quantitative and qualitative approaches, 149174. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Ling, Johan, Earle, Timothy, & Kristiansen, Kristian. 2018. Maritime mode of production. Raiding and trading in seafaring chiefdoms. Current Anthropology 59(5): 488524.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P. 1989. In search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, archaeology and myth. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P. 2013. The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe. In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the West 2. Rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe (Celtic Studies Publications 16), 1740. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P. & Adams, Douglas Q.. 2006. The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Maran, Joseph. 2004. Wessex und Mykene. Zur Deutung des Bernsteins in der Schachtgräberzeit Südgriechenlands. In: Hänsel, Bernhard & Studeníkova, Etela (ed.), Zwischen Karpaten und Ägais. Neolithikum und Ältere Bronzezeit. Gedenkschrift für Viera Nemejcová-Pavúková, 4765. Rahden: Leidorf.Google Scholar
Maran, Joseph. 2016. Bright as the sun. The appropriation of amber objects in Mycenaean Greece. In: Hahn, Hans Peter & Weiss, Hadas (ed.), Mobility, meaning and the transformation of things, 147169. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Martiniano, Rui et al. 2017. The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia. Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods. PLoS Genet 13(7): e1006852.Google Scholar
Matasović, Ranko. 2009. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series). Leiden & Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
McCone, Kim R. 1996. Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change (Maynooth Studies in Celtic Linguistics 1). Maynooth: St Patrick’s College.Google Scholar
McKinley, Jacqueline I. et al. 2013. Dead sea connections. A Bronze Age and Iron Age ritual site on the Isle of Thanet. In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the West 2. Rethinking the Bronze Age and the arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe (Celtic Studies Publications 16), 157183. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
McKinley, Jacqueline I. et al. 2015. Cliffs End Farm, Isle of Thanet, Kent. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Mederos Martín, Alfredo. 1996. La conexión levantino-chipriota. Indicios de comercio atlántico con el Mediterráneo oriental durante el Bronce Final (1150–950 AC). Trabajos de prehistoria 53(2): 95115.Google Scholar
Melheim, Lena & Ling, Johan. 2017. Taking the stranger on board. In: Skoglund, Peter, Ling, Johan, & Bertilsson, Ulf (ed.), North meets south. Theoretical aspects on the northern and southern rock art traditions in Scandinavia, 5986. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Melheim, Lena et al. 2018. Moving metals III. Possible origins for copper in Bronze Age Denmark based on lead isotopes and geochemistry. Journal of Archaeological Science 96: 85105.Google Scholar
Milcent, Pierre-Yves. 2012. Le temps des élites en Gaule atlantique. Chronologie des mobiliers et rythmes de constitution des dépots métalliques dans le contexte européen (XIIIe–VIIe av. J.-C.). Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.Google Scholar
Monteagudo, Luis. 1977. Die Beile auf der Iberischen Halbinsel. Munich: C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Murillo-Barroso, Mercedes & Martinón-Torres, Marcos. 2012. Amber sources and trade in the prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. European Journal of Archaeology 15(2): 187216.Google Scholar
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. et al. 2018. The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science 365(6457).Google Scholar
Needham, Stuart P. 1996. Chronology and periodisation in the British Bronze Age. Acta Archaeologica 67: 121140.Google Scholar
Needham, Stuart P. 2016. The lost cultures of the halberd bearers: A non-Beaker ideology in later 3rd millennium Atlantic Europe. In: Koch, John T., Cunliffe, Barry, Gibson, Catriona D., & Cleary, Kerri (ed.), Celtic from the West 3. Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages. Questions of shared language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 4081. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Van de Noort, Robert. 2011. North Sea archaeologies. A maritime biography, 10,000 BC to AD 1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordén, Arthur. 1925. Östergötlands bronsålder: Med omkr. 500 textbilder och 141 pl. Linköping: H. Carlsons bokhandel.Google Scholar
Nørgaard, Heide W. et al. 2019. Provenance studies on metal artefacts of the Danish Bronze Age: The archaeological and chemical evidence of metal trade 2100–1600 BC. Paper read at the 15th Nordic Bronze Age Symposium, Lund, June 2019.Google Scholar
O’Brien, William. 2004. Ross Island. Mining, metal and society in early Ireland (Bronze Age Studies 6). Galway: National University of Ireland.Google Scholar
O’Brien, William. 2016. Language shift and political context in Bronze Age Ireland: Some implications of hillfort chronology. In: Koch, John T., Cunliffe, Barry, Gibson, Catriona D., & Cleary, Kerri (ed.), Celtic from the West 3. Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages. Questions of shared language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 219246. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
O’Brien, William & O’Driscoll, James. 2017. Hillforts, warfare and society in Bronze Age Ireland. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Odriozola, Carlos P. et al. 2017. Amber, beads and social interaction in the Late Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula: An update. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 1–29.Google Scholar
Olalde, Iñigo et al. 2018. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of Northwest Europe. Nature 555: 190196.Google Scholar
Olalde, Iñigo et al. 2019. The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years. Science 363: 12301234.Google Scholar
Pare, Christopher F. E. 2000. Bronze and the Bronze Age. In: Pare, C. F. E. (ed.), Metals make the world go round. Supply and circulation of metals in Bronze Age Europe, 137. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Patterson, Nick et al. 2021. Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Nature 601: 588594.Google Scholar
Radivojević, Miljana et al. 2018. The provenance, use, and circulation of metals in the European Bronze Age: The state of debate. Journal of Archaeological Research 27: 155.Google Scholar
Ringe, Don. 2017. A linguistic history of English. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. First published 2006.Google Scholar
Ringe, Don, Warnow, T., & Taylor, A. 2002. Indo-European and computational cladistics. Transactions of the Philological Society 100(1): 59129.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Gálvez Priego, Marisa. 2013. Con el fenicio en los talones: Los inicios de la Edad del hierro en la cuenca del Mediterráneo. Barcelona: Bellaterra.Google Scholar
Schleicher, August. 1861/1862. Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. (Kurzer Abriss der indogermanischen Ursprache, des Altindischen, Altiranischen, Altgriechischen, Altitalischen, Altkeltischen, Altslawischen, Litauischen und Altdeutschen.). 2 vols. Weimar: H. Boehlau. Reprinted by Minerva GmbH, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter. 2016. Sound change: The Italo-Celtic linguistic unity, and the Italian homeland of Celtic. In: Koch, John T., Cunliffe, Barry, Gibson, Catriona D. & Cleary, Kerri (ed.), Celtic from the West 3. Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages. Questions of shared language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 489502. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Schulz Paulsson, Bettina. 2017. Time and stone. The emergence and development of megaliths and megalithic societies in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Schulz-Paulsson, Bettina. 2019. Radiocarbon dates and Bayesian modeling support maritime diffusion model for megaliths in Europe. PNAS 116(9): 34603465.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew. 1993. What would a Bronze-Age world system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in later prehistory. Journal of European Archaeology 1(2): 157.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Susan. 2003. The Mediterranean economy. “Globalisation” at the end of the second millennium BCE. In: Dever, William G. & Gitin, Seymour (ed.), Symbiosis, symbolism, and the power of the past. Canaan, ancient Israel, and their neighbours from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina, 3762. Winona Lake (IN): Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Susan. 2009. The Aegean and the wider world. Some thoughts on a world-system perspective. In: Parkinson, William A. & Galaty, Michael L. (ed.), Archaic state interaction. The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age, 81107. Santa Fe (NM): School for Advanced Research Press.Google Scholar
Thrane, H. 1990. The Mycenaean fascination: A northerners’ view. In: Bader, T. (ed.), Orientalisch-ägäische Einflüsse in der europäischen Bronzezeit: Ergebnisse eines Kolloquiums, 165179. Bonn: Habelt.Google Scholar
Uckelmann, Marion. 2012. Die Schilde der Bronzezeit in Nord-, West- und Zentraleuropa. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Untermann, Jürgen (with Dagmar S. Wodtko). 1997. Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. Vol. 4. Die tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
de Vaan, M. 2008. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages. Leiden, Brill.Google Scholar
Valdiosera, Cristina et al. 2018. Four millennia of Iberian biomolecular prehistory illustrate the impact of prehistoric migrations at the far end of Eurasia. PNAS 115(13): 34283433.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, Helle et al. (ed.). 2006. Warfare and society. Archaeological and social anthropological perspectives. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, Helle. 2013. Bronze Age voyaging and cosmologies in the making. The helmets from Viksø revisited. In Bergerbrant, Sophie & Sabatini, Serena (ed.), Counterpoint. Essays in archaeology and heritage studies in honour of Professor Kristian Kristiansen, 165177. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Vandkilde, Helle. 2016. Bronzization. The Bronze Age as pre-modern globalization. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 91(1): 103123.Google Scholar
Ventris, Michael & Chadwick, John. 2008. Documents in Mycenaean Greek, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Witzel, Michael. 2019. Early “Aryans” and their neighbors outside and inside India. Journal of Biosciences 44: 58.Google Scholar

References

An Roinn Oideachais. 1978. Ainmneacha Plandaí agus Ainmhithe. Flora and fauna nomenclature. Dublin: Oifig an tSoláthair.Google Scholar
Bauer, Bernhard. 2015. Intra-Celtic loanwords. PhD diss., University of Vienna.Google Scholar
Beekes, Robert. 2010. Etymological dictionary of Greek. With the assistance of Lucien van Beek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Blom, Alderik. 2011. Endlicher’s glossary. Études Celtiques 37: 159–181.Google Scholar
Çınar, Ümüt. 2010. Bretonca Balık Adları. Breton fish names. Accessed July 13, 2021. www.academia.edu/36642557/Breton_Fish_Names.Google Scholar
Cowgill, Warren. 1985. PIE *duu̯o “2” in Germanic and Celtic, and the nom.-acc. dual of non-neuter o-stems. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 46: 1328.Google Scholar
de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia. 1999. Nominale Wortbildung des älteren Irischen. Stammbildung und Derivation (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 15). Tübingen: Niemeyer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delamarre, Xavier. 2003. Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise. Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Paris: Éditions errance.Google Scholar
Delamarre, Xavier. 2017. Les noms de Gaulois. Paris: Les Cent Chemins.Google Scholar
Deshayes, Albert. 2003. Dictionnaire étymologique du breton. Douarnenez: Le Chasse-Marée.Google Scholar
de Vaan, Michiel. 2008. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Dinneen, Pádraig S. 1927. Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla. An Irish-English dictionary, being a thesaurus of the words, phrases and idioms of the Modern Irish language. New edition, revised and greatly enlarged. Dublin: Irish Texts Society.Google Scholar
Dwelly, Edward. 1911. Faclair Gaidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan. The illustrated Gaelic-English dictionary. Glasgow: Gairm Publications.Google Scholar
eDIL 2015 = An electronic dictionary of the Irish language, based on the contributions to a dictionary of the Irish language (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1913‒1976). Accessed July 13, 2021. http://edil.qub.ac.uk/.Google Scholar
Falileyev, Alexander. 2000. Etymological glossary of Old Welsh (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 18). Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Falileyev, Alexander, & Owen, Morfydd E.. 2005. The Leiden leechbook. A study of the earliest Neo-Brittonic medical compilation. With two appendices contributed by Helen McKee (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft Sonderheft 122), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Favereau, Francis. 2016. Geriadur Bras. Morlaix: Skol Vreizh. http://geriadurbrasfavereau. monsite-orange.fr/index.html.Google Scholar
GPC 2014 = Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online. Aberystwyth: University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies. http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html.Google Scholar
Greene, David. 1975. Varia III. 1. Ceciderunt ab oculis eius tamquam scamae. Ériu 26: 175178.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 1996. Varia. Études Celtiques 32: 8790.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 1997. Varia. Études Celtiques 33: 8182.Google Scholar
Heiermeier, Anne. 1955. Indogermanische Etymologien des Keltischen. Heft 2. Würzburg: Institut für Keltologie und Irlandkunde.Google Scholar
Irslinger, Britta Sofie. 2002. Abstrakta mit Dentalsuffixen im Altirischen. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Kelly, Fergus. 1988. A guide to early Irish law (Early Irish Law Series 3). Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.Google Scholar
Kelly, Fergus. 1998. Early Irish farming (Early Irish Law Series 4). Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.Google Scholar
Kroonen, Guus. 2013. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionaries 11). Leiden & Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Kümmel, Martin. 2011‒. Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV². Accessed July 13, 2021. http://www.martinkuemmel.de/liv2add.html.Google Scholar
LEIA = Vendryes, Joseph et al. 1959. Lexique étymologique de l’irlandais ancien. Vols. A, B, C, D, M N O P, R S, T U. Paris & Dublin: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.Google Scholar
LIV = Rix, Helmut, Kümmel, Martin, Zehnder, Thomas, Lipp, Reiner, & Schirmer, Brigitte (ed.). 2001. Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. 2., erw. und verb. Aufl. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Iomaire, Mac an, Séamus, , & Ó Máille, Tomás. 1938. Cladaigh Chonamara. Dublin: Oifig an tSoláthair.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P., & Adams, Douglas Q. (ed.). 1997. Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. London & Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P., & Adams, Douglas Q.. 2006. The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCone, Kim. 1991. The Indo-European origins of the Old Irish nasal presents, subjunctives and futures (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 66). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar
McCone, Kim. 1993. Zisalpinisch-gallisch uenia und lokan. In: Heidermanns, Frank, Rix, Helmut, & Seebold, Elmar (ed.), Sprachen und Schriften des antiken Mittelmeerraums. Festschrift für Jürgen Untermann zum 65. Geburtstag (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 78), 243249. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Google Scholar
McManus, Damian. 1991. A guide to ogam (Maynooth Monographs 4). Maynooth: An Sagart.Google Scholar
Nic Dhonnchadha, Aoibheann. 2019. Some words from “Almusór” (1400). Ossory, Laois and Leinster 7: 14‒31.Google Scholar
Nyberg, Harri. 1993. Celtic ideas of plants. In: Huttunen, Hannu-Pekka & Latvio, Riita (ed.), Entering the arena. Presenting Celtic studies in Finland. Papers read at the seminar “Celtic studies, what are they?,” held at the University of Turku, Finland, 18th to 19th of September, 1992 (Etiäinen 2), 85‒114. Turku: Department of Cultural Studies, University of Turku & The Finnish Society for Celtic Studies.Google Scholar
Nyberg, Harri, & Gall, Erwan Ar. 1996. Traditional material culture and regulations concerning the use of seaweeds in Celtic areas. In: Ahlqvist, Anders, Banks, Glyn Welden, Latvio, Riita, Nyberg, Harri, & Sjöblom, Tom (ed.), Celtica helsingiensia. Proceedings from a symposium on Celtic studies. (Commentationes humanarum litterarum Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 107), 149178. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Micheal A. 1956. Etymologies and notes. Celtica 3: 168184.Google Scholar
O’Rahilly, Thomas F. 1935. The Goidels and their predecessors (Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lecture British Academy 1935). London: Humphrey Milford.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, Aidan, & Breen, Colin. 2007. Maritime Ireland. An archaeology of coastal communities. Stroud: Tempus.Google Scholar
Qiu, Fangzhe. 2019. Aue ‘descendant’ and its descendants. Indogermanische Forschungen 124: 343374.Google Scholar
RM (unidentified). 2018. Molluscs species names. Accessed July 13, 2021. www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-05/Molluscs%20consultation%20-%20species%20names.pdf.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter. 1995. Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden Studies in Indo-European 5). Amsterdam & Atlanta: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter. 1997. Animal, vegetable and mineral: Some Western European substratum words. In: Lubotsky, Alexander (ed.), Sound law and analogy. Papers in honor of Robert S. P. Beekes on the occasion of his 60th birthday (Leiden Studies in Indo-European 9), 293316. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter. 2000. Varia V. Non-Indo-European surviving in Ireland in the first millenium AD. Ériu 51: 195199.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter. 2005. Varia I. More on non-Indo-European surviving in Ireland in the first millennium AD. Ériu 55: 137144.Google Scholar
Schumacher, Stefan. 2004. Die keltischen Primärverben. Ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon. Unter Mitarbeit von Britta Schulze-Thulin und Caroline aan de Wiel (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 110). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. 2004. Study in red. Die Sprache 40(2): 202223.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. 2005. Zur Bedeutung und Etymologie von altirisch sirem. Die Sprache 45: 160189.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. 2015. The language of the poems of Blathmac. In: Ó Riain, Pádraig (ed.), The poems of Blathmac son of Cú Brettan: Reassessments (Irish Texts Society Subsidiary Series 27), 47103. London: Irish Texts Society.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. 2017. The phonology of Celtic. In: Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian, & Fritz, Matthias (ed.), Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics. An international handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 41/2), 11881202. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. 2018. An early Irish poetic formula. In: O’Neill, Pamela & Ahlqvist, Anders (ed.), Fír Fesso: A Festschrift for Neil McLeod (Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 17), 223232. Sydney: University of Sydney.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. 2018b. The stars look very different today. Ériu 68: 2954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stifter, David. forthc. The gravyty of dark matter. An edition of Fil and griän Glinne Aí. In: Kobel, Chantal (ed.), Obscurity. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. forthc. b. Die Behandlung von Gruppen von Labiallaut und n im Keltischen.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. forthc. c. The rise of gemination in Celtic. Open Research Europe.Google Scholar
Stüber, Karin. 2015. Die Verbalabstrakta des Altirischen. 2 vols. (Münchner Forschungen zur historischen Sprachwissenschaft 15). Bremen: Hempen.Google Scholar
Zair, Nicholas. 2012. The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic (Brill’s Studies in Indo-European Languages and Linguistics 7). Leiden & Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Ziegler, Sabine. 1994. Die Sprache der altirischen Ogam-Inschriften (Historische Sprachforschung Ergänzungsheft 36). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar

References

Adams, Douglas Q. 2013. A dictionary of Tocharian B, revised and greatly enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European 10). Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi.Google Scholar
ALEW = Hock, Wolfgang, Fecht, Rainer, Feulner, Anna Helene, Hill, Eugen, & Wodtko, Dagmar S.. 2019. Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (ALEW).Google Scholar
Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Rasmussen, Simon, Rasmussen, Morten, Stenderup, Jesper, Damgaard, Peter B., et al. 2015. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522(7555): 167172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Artursson, M. 2013. Ships in stone: Ship-like stone settings, war canoes and sailing ships in Bronze Age southern Scandinavia. In: Bergerbrant, S. & Sabatini, S. (ed.), Counterpoint: Essays in Archaeology and Heritage Studies in Honour of Professor Kristian Kristiansen (British Archaeological Reports International Series), 499504. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Birkhan, Helmut. 1967. Das gallische Namenelement *cassi- und die germanisch-keltische Kontaktzone. In: Meid, Wolfgang (ed.) Beiträge zur Indogermanistik und Keltologie: Julius Pokorny zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft 13), 115–45. Innsbruck: Sprachwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Birkhan, Helmut. 1970. Germanen und Kelten bis zum Ausgang der Römerzeit: der Aussagewert von Wörtern und Sachen für die frühesten Keltisch-Germanischen Kulturbeziehungen (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschiften, philosophisch-historische Klasse: Sitzungsberichte 272). Vienna: Kommissionsverlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Birkhan, Helmut. 1999. Ein Strauß nicht durchwegs bekömmlicher Kräuter aus dem keltischen und germanischen Altertum: Wort- und Sachkundliches zu einigen Pflanzen. In: Anreiter, P., Erszebét, J. (ed.), Studia celtica et indogermanica: Festschrift für Wolfgang Meid zum 70. Geburtstag, 4352. Budapest: Archaeolingua.Google Scholar
Birkhan, Helmut. 2012. Keltisches in germanischen Runennamen? In: Bammesberger, A., Waxenberger, A. & G. (ed.), Das fuþark und seine einzelsprachlichen Weiterentwicklungen: Akten der Tagung in Eichstätt vom 20. bis 24. Juli 2003 (Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde), 80100. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Bjorvand, Harald, & Lindeman, Frederik O.. 2000. Våre arveord: Etymologisk ordbok. Oslo: Novus Forlag.Google Scholar
Blöndal Magnússon, Á. 1989. Íslensk Orðsifjabók. Reykjavik: Orðabók Háskólans.Google Scholar
Bomhard, Allan. 2014. Hittite pa-ak-nu-. Journal of Indo-European Studies 42: 291–93.Google Scholar
Boutkan, Dirk. F. H. 2003. On Gothic magaþ ~ Old Frisian megith and the form of some North European substratum words in Germanic. Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 58: 1128.Google Scholar
Boutkan, Dirk F. H., & Kossmann, Maarten G.. 2001. On the etymology of “silver.” NOWELE : North-Western European Language Evolution 38: 315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brumlich, Markolf. 2005. Schmiedegräber der älteren vorrömischen Eisenzeit in Norddeutschland. Ethnogr.-Arch. Zeitschr. 46(2): 189220.Google Scholar
Caudullo, G., Welk, E., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J. 2017. Chorological maps for the main European woody species. Data in Brief 12: 662666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheung, Johnny. 2007. Etymological dictionary of the Iranian verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 2). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Cleary, Kerry, & Gibson, Catriona. 2019. Connectivity in Atlantic Europe during the Bronze Age (2800-800 BC). In: Cunliffe, B. & Koch, J. T. (ed.), Exploring Celtic origins: New ways forward in archaeology, linguistics, and genetics (Celtic Studies Publications XXII), 80116. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, Barry, & Koch, John T.. (ed.). 2019. Exploring Celtic origins: New ways forward in archaeology, linguistics, and genetics (Celtic Studies Publications 22). Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia. 2001. Gotisch in-weitiþ guþ und gallisch ande-díon uēdiíu-mi (Chamalières, Z. 1 ). Historische Sprachforschung/Historical Linguistics 114: 164170.Google Scholar
De Bhaldraithe, Tomás. 1981. Varia I. Ériu 32: 149152.Google Scholar
Demiraj, Bardhyl. 1997. Albanische Etymologien (Leiden Studies in Indo-European 7). Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Dinneen, Patrick S. 1904. Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla. An Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: Irish Text Society.Google Scholar
Ebel, H. 1861. Die stellung des celtischen. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung 2: 137194.Google Scholar
EDHIL = Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2007. Etymological dictionary of the Hittite inherited lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
eDIL = 2019. An electronic dictionary of the Irish language. Accessed July 29, 2021. www.dil.ie.Google Scholar
EDLI = Vaan, Michiel de. 2008. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
EDPC = Matasović, Ranko. 2009. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 9). Leiden; Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
EDPG = Kroonen, Guus. 2013. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Antoine, Fages, et al. 2019. Tracking five millennia of horse management with extensive ancient genome time series. Cell 177(6): 14191435.e31.Google Scholar
Falileyev, Alexander. 2000. Etymological glossary of Old Welsh (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 18). Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Fleuriot, Léon. 1964. Dictionnaire des gloses en vieux breton (Collection linguistique 62). Paris: Klincksieck.Google Scholar
Fraenkel, Ernst. 1962–1965. Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.Google Scholar
French, Katherine E. 2017. Palaeoecology and GIS modeling reveal historic grasslands as “hotspots” of biodiversity and plant genetic resources. Journal of Ethnobiology 37: 581600.Google Scholar
Gnesin, G. G., 2016. Iron Age: Origin and evolution of ferrous metallurgy. Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 55: 114123.Google Scholar
Haak, Wolfgang, Lazaridis, Iosif, Patterson, Nick, Rohland, Nadin, Mallick, Swapan, Llamas, Bastien, et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522: 207211.Google Scholar
Heidermanns, Frank. 1993. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia Linguistica Germanica 33). Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Heinertz, N. Otto. 1915. Friesisches. Indogermanische Forschungen 35: 304335.Google Scholar
Hellquist, Elof. 1922. Svensk etymologisk Ordbok. Lund: Gleerup.Google Scholar
Hill, Eugen. 2002. Ein germanisch-keltisches Suffix für Nominalabstrakta. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 62: 3970.Google Scholar
Hill, Eugen. 2012. Die Entwicklung von *u vor unsilbischem *i in den indogermanischen Sprachen Nord- und Mitteleuropas: die Stammsuppletion bei u-adjektiven und das Präsens von “sein.” NOWELE 64/65: 536.Google Scholar
Hodgson, J. G., Halstead, P., Wilson, P. J., & Davis, S.. 1999. Functional interpretation of archaeobotanical data: Making hay in the archaeological record. Veget. Hist. Archaebot. 8: 261271.Google Scholar
Adam, Hyllested. 2010. The precursors of Celtic and Germanic. In: Jamison, S. W., Melchert, H. C., Vine, B. H, & Mercado, A. (ed.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference: Los Angeles, October 30th and 31st, 2009, 107–28. Bremen: Hempen.Google Scholar
Hyllested, Adam. 2014. Word exchange at the gates of Europe: Five millenia of language contact. PhD diss., University of Copenhagen.Google Scholar
IEW = Pokorny, Julius. 1959. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bern: A. Francke.Google Scholar
Irslinger, Britta. 2002. Abstrakta mit Dentalsuffixen im Altirischen. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.Google Scholar
Iversen, Rune, & Kroonen, Guus. 2017. Talking Neolithic: Linguistic and archaeological perspectives on how Indo-European was implemented in southern Scandinavia. American Journal of Archaeology 121: 511525.Google Scholar
Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone. 1953. Language and History in Early Britain: A chronological survey of the Brittonic languages, first to twelfth century A.D. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Johannsen, Jens Winter. 2016. Heavy metal: Lead in Bronze Age Scandinavia. Fornvännen 111: 153161.Google Scholar
Johnston, Robert. 2013. Bronze Age fields and land division. In: Fokkens, H. & Harding, A. F. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age, 311327. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, Anders Richardt. 2006. Etymologies to go: Some further reflexes of Celtic *keng-. Keltische Forschungen 1: 5971.Google Scholar
Kluge, Friedrich. 1913. Urgermanisch: Vorgeschichte der altgermanischen Dialekte. Strassburg: Verlag von Karl J. Trübner.Google Scholar
Ko = Koch, John T.. 2018. Rock art and Celto-Germanic vocabulary: Shared iconography and words as reflections of Bronze Age contact. Adoranten: 1–16.Google Scholar
Koch, John T. 2020. Celto-Germanic: Later prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the north and west. Aberystwyth: Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru.Google Scholar
KPV = Schumacher, Stefan. 2004. Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar
Kr = Krahe, Hans. 1954. Sprache und Vorzeit. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian, et al. 2017. Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe. Antiquity 91(356): 334347.Google Scholar
Kroonen, Guus. 2011. The Proto-Germanic n-stems. A study in diachronic morphophonology (Leiden Studies in Indo-European 18). Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Kroonen, Guus. 2012. Non-Indo-European root nouns in Germanic: Evidence in support of the Agricultural Substrate. In: Grünthal, Riho & Kallio, Petri (ed.), A linguistic map of prehistoric Northern Europe, 239260. Helsinki: Société Finno-Ougrienne.Google Scholar
L = Lane, Geo. S.. 1933. The Germano-Celtic Vocabulary. Language 9: 244246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LEIA = Vendryes, Joseph, Bachallery, Édouard, & Lambert, Pierre-Yves. 1959–1996. Lexique étymologique de l’irlandais ancien. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.Google Scholar
Lidén, Evald. 1891. Etymologien. Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 15: 507522.Google Scholar
LIV² = Rix, Helmut, Kümmel, Martin, Zehnder, Thomas, Lipp, Reiner, & Schirmer, Briggite. 2001. Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludweig Reichert Verlag.Google Scholar
Lubotsky, Alexander M. 1988. On the system of nominal accentuation in Sanskrit and Indo-European (Memoirs of the Kern Institute 4). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Lühr, Rosemarie. 1988. Expressivität und Lautgesetz im Germanischen (Monographien zur Sprachwissenschaft 15). Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.Google Scholar
Lull, Vicente, Micó, Roberto, Herrada, Christina Rihuete, & Risch, Roberto. 2014. The social value of silver in El Argar. In: Meller, Harald, Risch, Roberto, & Pernicka, Ernst (ed.), Metalle der Macht – frühes Gold und Silber (Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 11/2), 557576. Halle: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P. 1989. In search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, archaeology and myth. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P., 2016. Archaeology and language shift in Atlantic Europe. In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry W. (ed.), Celtic from the West 3: Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages: Questions of Shared Language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 387406. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P., & Huld, Martin. 1984. Proto-Indo-European ‘silver’. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 97(1): 112.Google Scholar
Marstrander, Carl. 1910. Hibernica. Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 7: 357418.Google Scholar
Marstrander, Carl. 1915. Bidrag til det norske sprogs historie i Irland (Skrifter Norske videnskaps-akademi i Oslo. II-Hist.-filos. klasse 5). Kristiania: I kommission hos J. Dybwad.Google Scholar
McClatchie, Meriel. 2018. Barley, rye, and oats. In: Varela, Sandra L. López (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences, 14. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
McManus, Damian. 1991. A guide to Ogam. Maynooth: An Sagart.Google Scholar
Meller, Harald. 2019. Princes, armies, sanctuaries: The emergence of complex authority in the central German Únětice culture. Acta Archaeologica 90: 3979.Google Scholar
Neumann, Günter. 1961. Hethitische Etymologien. III. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 77: 7681.Google Scholar
Noble, Gordon. 2017. Woodland in the Neolithic of Northern Europe: The forest as ancestor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
O’Brien, William. 2016. Language shift and political context in Bronze Age Ireland: Some implications of hill fort chronology. In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the West 3: Atlantic Europe in the metal ages: Questions of shared language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 219246. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Oettinger, Norbert. 1997. Grundsätzliche Überlegungen Zum Nordwest-Indogermanischen. Incontri Linguistici 20: 93111.Google Scholar
Oettinger, Norbert. 1999. Zum nordwest-indogermanischen Lexikon (mit einer Bemerkung zum hethitischen Genitiv auf -l). In: Anreiter, P. & Erszebét, J. (ed.), Studia celtica et indogermanica: Festschrift für Wolfgang Meid zum 70. Geburtstag, 261267. Budapest: Archaeolingua.Google Scholar
Olalde, Iñigo, Brace, Selina, Allentoft, Morten E., Armit, Ian, Kristiansen, Kristian, Booth, Thomas, et al. 2018. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555(7695): 190196.Google Scholar
Orel, Vladimir. 1998. Albanian etymological dictionary. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Panaino, Antonio. 2016. Later Avestan maɣauua- (?) and the (mis)adventures of a “pseudo-ascetic.” In: Redard, C. (ed.), Des Contrées Avestiques à Mahabad, via Bisotun. Etudes Offertes En Hommage à Pierre Lecoq, 167186. Neuchâtel: Recherches et Publications.Google Scholar
Pedersen, Holger. 1913. Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen II. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Pl = Polomé, Edgar C.. 1983. Celto-Germanic isoglosses (revisited). Journal of Indo-European Studies 11: 281298.Google Scholar
Pr = Porzig, Walter. 1974. Die Gliederung des indogermanischen Sprachgebiets. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.Google Scholar
Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia Elisabeth. 2012. The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic: Origin and accentuation. PhD diss., Leiden University.Google Scholar
Pryor, Francis. 2010. The making of the British landscape: How we have transformed the land, from prehistory to today. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Riecke, Jörg. 1996. Die schwachen jan-Verben des Althochdeutschen: Ein Gliederungsversuch (Studien zum Althochdeutschen 32). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Robinson, Patrick. 1986. Trees as fodder crops. In: Cannell, M. G. R. & Jackson, J. E. (ed.), Attributes of trees as crop plants, 281296. Penicuik: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, NERC.Google Scholar
Rübekeil, Ludwig. 2001. Einige Bemerkungen zur Wortfamilie um germ. *hatis-. In: Brogyányi, B. (ed.), Germanisches Altertum und christliches Mittelalter: Festschrift für Heinz Klingenberg zum 65. Geburtstag, 239294. Hamburg: Kovač.Google Scholar
Rusu, Mircea. 1969. Das keltische Fürstengrab von Ciumeşti in Rumänien. Germania 50: 267300.Google Scholar
Sahlgren, G. F. Jöran. 1953. Ortnamnet Nymden och lat. nemus. Namn och Bygd: Tidskrift för nordisk ortnamnsforskning 41: 4650.Google Scholar
SBCHP = Schrijver, Peter C. H.. 1995. Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden Studies in Indo-European 5). Amsterdam: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schm = Schmidt, Karl Horst. 1991. The Celts and the ethnogenesis of the Germanic people. Historische Sprachforschung/Historical Linguistics 104: 129152.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter C. H. 1997. Animal, vegetable and mineral: Some Western European substratum words. In: Lubotsky, A. (ed.), Sound law and analogy (Leiden Studies in Indo-European 9), 293314. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter C. H. 2003. The etymology of Welsh chwith and the semantics and morphology of PIE *k(w)sweibh-. In: Russell, Paul (ed.), Yr Hen Iaith: Studies in Early Welsh, 124. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter C. H. 2004. Apes, dwarfs, rivers and Indo-European internal derivation. In: Hyllested, Adam & Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård (ed.), Per aspera ad asteriscos: Studia Indogermanica in honorem Jens Elmegård Rasmussen sexagenarii Idibus Martiis anno MMIV, 507511. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter C. H. 2016. Sound change, the Italo-Celtic linguistic unity, and the Italian homeland of Celtic. In: Koch, John T. & Cunliffe, Barry (ed.), Celtic from the West 3: Atlantic Europe in the metal ages: Questions of shared language (Celtic Studies Publications 19), 489502. Oxford: Oxbow Books.Google Scholar
Schu = Schumacher, Stefan. 2007. Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme: Lexikalische und strukturelle Sprachkontaktphänomene entlang der keltisch-germanischen Übergangszone. Keltische Forschungen 2: 167208.Google Scholar
Seebold, Elmar. 1970. Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum Series Practica 85). The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Sims-Williams, Patrick., 2020. An alternative to “Celtic from the East” and “Celtic from the West.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30(3): 119.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. 1998. Study in red. Die Sprache: Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 40: 202223.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. 2009. The Proto-Germanic shift *ā>*ō and early Germanic linguistic contacts. Historische Sprachforschung/Historical Linguistics 122: 268–83.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. 2011. Lack of syncope and other nichtlautgesetzlich vowel developments in OIr. consonant-stem nouns. Animacy rearing its head in morphology? In: Krisch, Thomas & Lindner, Thomas (ed.), Indogermanistik und Linguistik im Dialog. Akten der XIII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 21. bis 27. September 2008 in Salzburg, 556565. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. 2015. The language of the poems of blathmac. In: Ó Riain, Pádraig (ed.), The poems of Blathmac son of Cú Brettan: Reassessments (Irish Texts Society Subsidiary Series 27), 47103. London: Irish Texts Society.Google Scholar
Stifter, David. 2018. The stars look very different today. Ériu 68: 2954.Google Scholar
Stika, Hans-Peter, & Heiss, Andreas G.. 2013. Plant cultivation in the Bronze Age. In: Fokkens, H. & Harding, A. F. (ed.), The Oxford handbook of the European Bronze Age, 348369. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stokes, Whitley. 1901. Irish etymologies. Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 3: 467473.Google Scholar
Thier, Katrin. 2011. Language and technology: Some examples from seafaring (Germanic and Celtic). Transactions of the Philological Society 109: 186199.Google Scholar
Thorpe, Nick. 2013. Warfare in the European Bronze Age. In: Fokkens, H. & Harding, A. F. (ed.), The Oxford handbook of the European Bronze Age, 234247. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Trautmann, Reinhold. 1923. Baltisch-Slavisches Wörterbuch. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Van der Vaart-Verschoof, Sasja. 2017. Fragmenting the chieftain: A practice-based study of Early Iron Age Hallstatt C elite burials in the Low Countries (Papers on Archaeology of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities 15A). Leiden: Sidestone Press.Google Scholar
Van Windekens, Albert Joris. 1941. Lexique étymologique des dialectes tokhariens (Bibliothèque du Muséon 11). Louvain: Bureaux du Muséon.Google Scholar
Wadstein, Elis. 1895. Bidrag till tolkning och belysning av skalde- ock Edda-dikter. Arkiv för nordisk filologi 11: 6492.Google Scholar
Williams, Alan R., 1980. The manufacture of mail in medieval Europe: A technical note. Gladius 15: 105134.Google Scholar
Wissmann, Wilhelm. 1961. Ahd. seffo. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen 77: 81.Google Scholar
Wright, John. 2016. A natural history of the hedgerow: And ditches, dykes and dry stone walls. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Zair, N. 2013. Lat. glārea ‘gravel.’ Historische Sprachforschung/Historical Linguistics 126: 280286.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×