Chapter 4 complicates the picture by adding advanced evolutionary notions and theories. This includes older topics like neutral drift, founder effects, symbiosis and the origin of life, and more recent ones such as epigenetic inheritance, non-random or adaptive mutation, modular evolution, niche construction theory and notions of macroevolution, including debated ones like punctuated equilibrium. This enriches the reader’s understanding of modern evolutionary biology, and may inspire the evolutionary social sciences as deliberated in later chapters. Further attention is given to coevolution, a notion frequently encountered in the social sciences, and the associated, broader area of research known as evolutionary ecology, which addresses the evolution of interspecies relationships. Next, a rather unusual theme is considered, namely the role of economic mechanisms like exchange and markets in animal and human evolution. A specific question addressed is how early economic activities and institutions affected physiological and mental evolution of humans. A final section examines sexual selection in animals and humans, along with implications for human culture.