Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T14:46:58.178Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 29 - Other Infectious Conditions in Pregnancy (Content last reviewed: 11th November 2020)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 November 2017

David James
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
Philip Steer
Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Carl Weiner
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Bernard Gonik
Affiliation:
Wayne State University, Detroit
Stephen Robson
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle
Get access

Summary

Infections are an important contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality rates. The relative immunosuppression that occurs during pregnancy may alter the natural course of many infectious diseases. Higher attack rates for a variety of bacterial and viral infections are seen in pregnancy. Furthermore, many of these infections may be associated with adverse outcomes, including preterm labor and delivery, low birth weight, and stillbirth. This chapter addresses a large group of infectious diseases and conditions not discussed in other chapters, including streptococcal infections, listeriosis, common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and vaginitis.

Type
Chapter
Information
High-Risk Pregnancy
Management Options
, pp. 728 - 778
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
First published in: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Further Reading

Brocklehurst, P, Gordon, A, Heatley, E, Milan, SJ. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (1): CD000262.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep 2014; 63 (RR-02): 119.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update to CDC’s sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010: oral cephalosporins no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 61: 590–4.Google Scholar
Lamont, RF, Sobel, J, Mazaki-Tovi, S, et al. Listeriosis in human pregnancy: a systematic review. J Perinat Med 2011; 39: 227–36.Google Scholar
Liu, C, Bayer, A, Cosgrove, SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52: e18–55.Google Scholar
Sheffield, JS. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in obstetrics. Am J Perinatol 2013; 30: 125–9.Google Scholar
Stevens, DL. The flesh-eating bacterium: what’s next? J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 2): S366–74.Google Scholar
Verani, JR, McGee, L, Schrag, SJ. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59 (RR-10): 136.Google Scholar
Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: rationale and consensus definition. JAMA 1993; 269: 390–1.Google Scholar
Workowski, KA, Berman, SM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53 (Suppl 3): S59–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Adriaanse, AH, Pel, M, Bleker, OP. Semmelweis: the combat against puerperal fever. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000; 90: 153–8.Google Scholar
Cunningham, MW. Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13: 470511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: rationale and consensus definition. JAMA 1993; 269: 390–1.Google Scholar
Lancefield, RC. A serologic differentiation of human and other groups of hemolytic streptococci A. J Exp Med 1933; 57: 571–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Efstratiou, A. Group A streptococci in the 1990s. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 45 (Suppl): 312.Google Scholar
Bannan, J, Visvanathan, K, Zabriskie, JB. Structure and function of streptococcal and staphylococcal superantigens in septic shock. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1999; 13: 387–96, ix.Google Scholar
Stevens, DL. The flesh-eating bacterium: what’s next? J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 2): S366–74.Google Scholar
Chuang, I, Van Beneden, C, Beall, B, Schuchat, A. Population-based surveillance for postpartum invasive group a streptococcus infections, 1995–2000. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 665–70.Google Scholar
Barnham, MR, Weightman, NC. Bacteraemic Streptococcus pyogenes infection in the peri-partum period: now a rare disease and prior carriage by the patient may be important. J Infect 2001; 43: 173–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deutscher, M, Lewis, M, Zell, ER, et al. Incidence and severity of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A Streptococcus, and group B Streptococcus infections among pregnant and postpartum women. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: 114–23.Google Scholar
Greenberg, D, Leibovitz, E, Shinnwell, ES, Yagupsky, P, Dagan, R. Neonatal sepsis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes: resurgence of an old etiology? Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18: 479–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verboon-Maciolek, MA, Krediet, TG, van Ertbruggen, I, Gerards, LJ, Fleer, A. Severe neonatal group A streptococcal disease. Eur J Pediatr 2000; 159: 450–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panaro, NR, Lutwick, LI, Chapnick, EK. Intrapartum transmission of group A streptococcus. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 7981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, DL, Tanner, MH, Winship, J, et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 17.Google Scholar
Mead, PB, Winn, WC. Vaginal–rectal colonization with group A streptococci in late pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2000; 8: 217–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stefonek, KR, Maerz, LL, Nielsen, MP, Besser, RE, Cieslak, PR. Group A streptococcal puerperal sepsis preceded by positive surveillance cultures. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98: 846–8.Google Scholar
Okumura, K, Schroff, R, Campbell, R, Nishioka, L, Elster, E. Group A streptococcal puerperal sepsis with retroperitoneal involvement developing in a late postpartum woman: case report. Am Surg 2004; 70: 730–2.Google Scholar
Stevens, DL, Gibbons, AE, Bergstrom, R, Winn, V. The Eagle effect revisited: efficacy of clindamycin, erythromycin, and penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal myositis. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 23–8.Google Scholar
Norrby-Teglund, A, Kaul, R, Low, DE, McGeer, A, Andersson, J, Andersson, U, et al. Evidence for the presence of streptococcal-superantigen-neutralizing antibodies in normal polyspecific immunoglobulin G. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 5395–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linner, A, Darenberg, J, Sjolin, J, Henriques-Normark, B, Norrby-Teglund, A. Clinical efficacy of polyspecific intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a comparative observational study. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59: 851–7.Google Scholar
Eickhoff, TC, Klein, JO, Daly, AK, Ingall, D, Finland, M. Neonatal sepsis and other infections due to group B beta-hemolytic streptococci. N Engl J Med 1964; 271: 1221–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion. Prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal disease in newborns. Number 173: June 1996. Committee on Obstetric Practice. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1996; 54: 197205.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: a public health perspective. MMWR Recomm Rep 1996; 45 (RR-7): 124.Google Scholar
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Revised guidelines for prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal (GBS) infection. Pediatrics 1997; 99: 489–96.Google Scholar
Schrag, S, Gorwitz, R, Fultz-Butts, K, Schuchat, A. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Revised guidelines from CDC. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002; 51 (RR-11): 122.Google Scholar
Verani, JR, McGee, L, Schrag, SJ. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59 (RR-10): 136.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Prevention of group B Streptococcal early-onset disease in newborns. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 797, February 2020. www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/02/prevention-of-group-b-streptococcal-early-onset-disease-in-newborns (accessed August 2020).Google Scholar
Regan, JA, Klebanoff, MA, Nugent, RP, et al. Colonization with group B streptococci in pregnancy and adverse outcome. VIP Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 1354–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turrentine, MA, Ramirez, MM. Recurrence of group B streptococci colonization in subsequent pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 259–64.Google Scholar
Hoogkamp-Korstanje, JA, Gerards, LJ, Cats, BP. Maternal carriage and neonatal acquisition of group B streptococci. J Infect Dis 1982; 145: 800–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, CJ, Edwards, MS, Kasper, DL. Role of antibody to native type III polysaccharide of group B Streptococcus in infant infection. Pediatrics 1981; 68: 544–9.Google Scholar
Blanco, JD, Gibbs, RS, Castaneda, YS. Bacteremia in obstetrics: clinical course. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 58: 621–5.Google Scholar
Anderson, BL, Simhan, HN, Simons, KM, Wiesenfeld, HC. Untreated asymptomatic group B streptococcal bacteriuria early in pregnancy and chorioamnionitis at delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196: 524.e1–5.Google Scholar
Romero, R, Mazor, M, Oyarzun, E, et al. Is there an association between colonization with group B streptococcus and prematurity? J Reprod Med 1989; 34: 797801.Google Scholar
Moller, M, Thomsen, AC, Borch, K, Dinesen, K, Zdravkovic, M. Rupture of fetal membranes and premature delivery associated with group B streptococci in urine of pregnant women. Lancet 1984; 2: 6970.Google Scholar
Thomsen, AC, Morup, L, Hansen, KB. Antibiotic elimination of group-B streptococci in urine in prevention of preterm labour. Lancet 1987; 1: 591–3.Google Scholar
Schrag, SJ, Zywicki, S, Farley, MM, et al. Group B streptococcal disease in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1520.Google Scholar
Jamie, WE, Edwards, RK, Duff, P. Vaginal–perianal compared with vaginal–rectal cultures for identification of group B streptococci. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 1058–61.Google Scholar
Orafu, C, Gill, P, Nelson, K, Hecht, B, Hopkins, M. Perianal versus anorectal specimens: is there a difference in Group B streptococcal detection? Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99: 1036–9.Google Scholar
Price, D, Shaw, E, Howard, M, et al. Self-sampling for group B streptococcus in women 35 to 37 weeks pregnant is accurate and acceptable: a randomized cross-over trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2006; 28: 1083–8.Google Scholar
Yancey, MK, Armer, T, Clark, P, Duff, P. Assessment of rapid identification tests for genital carriage of group B streptococci. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 1038–47.Google Scholar
Walker, CK, Crombleholme, WR, Ohm-Smith, MJ, Sweet, RL. Comparison of rapid tests for detection of group B streptococcal colonization. Am J Perinatol 1992; 9: 304–8.Google Scholar
Honest, H, Sharma, S, Khan, KS. Rapid tests for group B streptococcus colonization in laboring women: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 1055–66.Google Scholar
Aziz, N, Baron, EJ, D’Souza, H, et al. Comparison of rapid intrapartum screening methods for group B streptococcal vaginal colonization. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005; 18: 225–9.Google Scholar
Rallu, F, Barriga, P, Scrivo, C, Martel-Laferriere, V, Laferriere, C. Sensitivities of antigen detection and PCR assays greatly increased compared to that of the standard culture method for screening for group B streptococcus carriage in pregnant women. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 725–8.Google Scholar
Gavino, M, Wang, E. A comparison of a new rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction system to traditional culture in determining group B streptococcus colonization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 388.e1–4.Google Scholar
Edwards, RK, Novak-Weekley, SM, Koty, PP, et al. Rapid group B streptococci screening using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111: 1335–41.Google Scholar
Boyer, KM, Gadzala, CA, Burd, LI, et al. Selective intrapartum chemoprophylaxis of neonatal group B streptococcal early-onset disease. I. Epidemiologic rationale. J Infect Dis 1983; 148: 795801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyer, KM, Gotoff, SP. Strategies for chemoprophylaxis of GBS early-onset infections. Antibiot Chemother 1985; 35: 267–80.Google Scholar
Allardice, JG, Baskett, TF, Seshia, MM, Bowman, N, Malazdrewicz, R. Perinatal group B streptococcal colonization and infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 142: 617–20.Google Scholar
Boyer, KM, Gotoff, SP. Prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease with selective intrapartum chemoprophylaxis. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 1665–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morales, WJ, Lim, DV, Walsh, AF. Prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis by the use of a rapid screening test and selective intrapartum chemoprophylaxis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155: 979–83.Google Scholar
Morales, WJ, Lim, D. Reduction of group B streptococcal maternal and neonatal infections in preterm pregnancies with premature rupture of membranes through a rapid identification test. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157: 1316.Google Scholar
Tuppurainen, N, Hallman, M. Prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal disease: intrapartum detection and chemoprophylaxis of heavily colonized parturients. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 73: 583–7.Google Scholar
Matorras, R, Garcia-Perea, A, Omenaca, F, et al. Intrapartum chemoprophylaxis of early-onset group B streptococcal disease. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1991; 40: 5762.Google Scholar
Garland, SM, Fliegner, JR. Group B streptococcus (GBS) and neonatal infections: the case for intrapartum chemoprophylaxis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 31: 119–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, UD, Navas, L, King, SM. Effectiveness of intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis in preventing early-onset group B streptococcal infection: results of a meta-analysis. CMAJ 1993; 149: 1659–65.Google Scholar
Schrag, SJ, Zell, ER, Lynfield, R, et al. A population-based comparison of strategies to prevent early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 233–9.Google Scholar
de Cueto, M, Sanchez, MJ, Sampedro, A, et al. Timing of intrapartum ampicillin and prevention of vertical transmission of group B streptococcus. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91: 112–14.Google Scholar
Lin, FY, Brenner, RA, Johnson, YR, et al. The effectiveness of risk-based intrapartum chemoprophylaxis for the prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184: 1204–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phares, CR, Lynfield, R, Farley, MM, et al. Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999–2005. JAMA 2008; 299: 2056–65.Google Scholar
Baker, CJ, Paoletti, LC, Wessels, MR, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines for group B streptococcal types Ia and Ib. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: 142–50.Google Scholar
Baker, CJ, Paoletti, LC, Rench, MA, et al. Use of capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine for type II group B Streptococcus in healthy women. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 1129–38.Google Scholar
Kasper, DL, Paoletti, LC, Wessels, MR, et al. Immune response to type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2308–14.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, M, Schrag, SJ, Alderson, MR, et al. WHO consultation on group B Streptococcus vaccine development: report from a meeting held on 27–28 April 2016. Vaccine 2016; pii: S0264-410X(16)31236-1. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.029.Google Scholar
Gorwitz, RJ, Kruszon-Moran, D, McAllister, SK, et al. Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2001–2004. J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 1226–34.Google Scholar
Andrews, JI, Shamshirsaz, AA, Diekema, DJ. Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 933–8.Google Scholar
Andrews, WW, Schelonka, R, Waites, K, et al. Genital tract methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: risk of vertical transmission in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 111: 113–18.Google Scholar
Chen, KT, Huard, RC, Della-Latta, P, Saiman, L. Prevalence of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 482–7.Google Scholar
Gray, JW, Suviste, J. Three years’ experience of screening for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in obstetrics. J Hosp Infect 2013; 83: 61–3.Google Scholar
Liu, C, Bayer, A, Cosgrove, SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children: executive summary. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52: 285–92.Google Scholar
Liu, C, Bayer, A, Cosgrove, SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52: e18–55.Google Scholar
Sheffield, JS. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in obstetrics. Am J Perinatol 2013; 30: 125–9.Google Scholar
Branch-Elliman, W, Lee, GM, Golen, TH, et al. Health and economic burden of post-partum Staphylococcus aureus breast abscess. PloS One 2013; 8 (9): e73155.Google Scholar
Silver, HM. Listeriosis during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1998; 53: 737–40.Google Scholar
Adams, DA, Thomas, KR, Jajosky, RA, et al. Summary of notifiable infectious diseases and conditions: United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 63 (54): 1152.Google Scholar
Silk, BJ, Date, KA, Jackson, KA, et al. Invasive listeriosis in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004–2009: further targeted prevention needed for higher-risk groups. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54 (Suppl 5): S396–404.Google Scholar
Southwick, FS, Purich, DL. Intracellular pathogenesis of listeriosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 770–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rappaport, F, Rabinovitz, M, Toaff, R, Krochik, N. Genital listeriosis as a cause of repeated abortion. Lancet 1960; 1: 1273–5.Google Scholar
Macnaughton, MC. Listeria monocytogenes in abortion. Lancet 1962; 2: 484–6.Google Scholar
Ansbacher, R, Borchardt, KA, Hannegan, MW, Boyson, WA. Clinical investigation of Listeria monocytogenes as a possible cause of human fetal wastage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966; 94: 386–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawler, FC, Wood, WS, King, S, Metzger, WI. Listeria monocytogenes as a cause of fetal loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1964; 89: 915–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elinav, H, Hershko-Klement, A, Valinsky, L, et al. Pregnancy-associated listeriosis: clinical characteristics and geospatial analysis of a 10-year period in Israel. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59: 953–61.Google Scholar
Mascola, L, Ewert, DP, Eller, A. Listeriosis: a previously unreported medical complication in women with multiple gestations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1328–32.Google Scholar
Mylonakis, E, Paliou, M, Hohmann, EL, Calderwood, SB, Wing, EJ. Listeriosis during pregnancy: a case series and review of 222 cases. Medicine 2002; 81: 260–9.Google Scholar
McLauchlin, J. Human listeriosis in Britain, 1967–85, a summary of 722 cases. 1. Listeriosis during pregnancy and in the newborn. Epidemiol Infect 1990; 104: 181–9.Google Scholar
Craig, S, Permezel, M, Doyle, L, Mildenhall, L, Garland, S. Perinatal infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 36: 286–90.Google Scholar
Lamont, RF, Sobel, J, Mazaki-Tovi, S, et al. Listeriosis in human pregnancy: a systematic review. J Perinat Med 2011; 39: 227–36.Google Scholar
Schlech, WF, Lavigne, PM, Bortolussi, RA, et al. Epidemic listeriosis: evidence for transmission by food. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 203–6.Google Scholar
Linnan, MJ, Mascola, L, Lou, XD, et al. Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 823–8.Google Scholar
Gaulin, C, Ramsay, D, Bekal, S. Widespread listeriosis outbreak attributable to pasteurized cheese, which led to extensive cross-contamination affecting cheese retailers, Quebec, Canada, 2008. J Food Prot 2012; 75: 71–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tappero, JW, Schuchat, A, Deaver, KA, Mascola, L, Wenger, JD. Reduction in the incidence of human listeriosis in the United States. Effectiveness of prevention efforts? The Listeriosis Study Group. JAMA 1995; 273: 1118–22.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Multistate outbreak of listeriosis associated with Jensen Farms cantaloupe: United States, August-September 2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011; 60: 1357–8Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee Opinion No. 614: Management of pregnant women with presumptive exposure to Listeria monocytogenes. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124: 1241–4.Google Scholar
Cruikshank, DP, Warenski, JC. First-trimester maternal Listeria monocytogenes sepsis and chorioamnionitis with normal neonatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 73: 469–71.Google Scholar
Fleming, AD, Ehrlich, DW, Miller, NA, Monif, GR. Successful treatment of maternal septicemia due to Listeria monocytogenes at 26 weeks’ gestation. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66 (3 Suppl): 52S53S.Google Scholar
Charles, AG, Cohen, S, Kass, MB, Richman, R. Asymptomatic gonorrhea in prenatal patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1970; 108: 595–9.Google Scholar
Spence, MR. Gonorrhea in a military prenatal population. Obstet Gynecol 1973; 42: 223–6.Google Scholar
Kirkcaldy, RD, Harvey, A, Papp, JR, et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance: the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 27 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ 2016; 65 (7): 119.Google Scholar
Corman, LC, Levison, ME, Knight, R, Carrington, ER, Kaye, D. The high frequency of pharyngeal gonococcal infection in a prenatal clinic population. JAMA 1974; 230: 568–70.Google Scholar
Holmes, KK, Counts, GW, Beaty, HN. Disseminated gonococcal infection. Ann Intern Med 1971; 74: 979–93.Google Scholar
Edwards, LE, Barrada, MI, Hamann, AA, Hakanson, EY. Gonorrhea in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978; 132: 637–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkman, RT, Tonascia, JA, Atienza, MF, King, TM. Untreated endocervical gonorrhea and endometritis following elective abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 126: 648–51.Google Scholar
Miller, JM, Maupin, RT, Mestad, RE, Nsuami, M. Initial and repeated screening for gonorrhea during pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 728–30.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep 2014; 63 (RR-02): 119.Google Scholar
Workowski, KA, Berman, SM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53 (Suppl 3): S59–63.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update to CDC’s sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010: oral cephalosporins no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012; 61: 590–4.Google Scholar
Allen, VG, Mitterni, L, Seah, C, et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment failure and susceptibility to cefixime in Toronto, Canada. JAMA 2013; 309: 163–70.Google Scholar
Johnson, NB, Hayes, LD, Brown, K, Hoo, EC, Ethier, KA. CDC National Health Report: leading causes of morbidity and mortality and associated behavioral risk and protective factors: United States, 2005–2013. MMWR Suppl 2014; 63 (4): 327.Google Scholar
Hardy, PH, Hardy, JB, Nell, EE, et al. Prevalence of six sexually transmitted disease agents among pregnant inner-city adolescents and pregnancy outcome. Lancet 1984; 2: 333–7.Google Scholar
Schachter, J, Grossman, M, Sweet, RL, et al. Prospective study of perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis. JAMA 1986; 255: 3374–7.Google Scholar
Sweet, RL, Landers, DV, Walker, C, Schachter, J. Chlamydia trachomatis infection and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 824–33.Google Scholar
Johnson, NB, Hayes, LD, Brown, K, Hoo, EC, Ethier, KA. CDC National Health Report: leading causes of morbidity and mortality and associated behavioral risk and protective factors: United States, 2005–2013. MMWR Surveill Summ 2014; 63 (Suppl 4): 327.Google Scholar
Torrone, E, Papp, J, Weinstock, H. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection among persons aged 14–39 years: United States, 2007–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63: 834–8.Google Scholar
Baud, D, Greub, G. Intracellular bacteria and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1312–22.Google Scholar
Martin, DH, Koutsky, L, Eschenbach, DA, et al. Prematurity and perinatal mortality in pregnancies complicated by maternal Chlamydia trachomatis infections. JAMA 1982; 247: 1585–8.Google Scholar
Gravett, MG, Nelson, HP, DeRouen, T, et al. Independent associations of bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection with adverse pregnancy outcome. JAMA 1986; 256: 1899–903.Google Scholar
Alger, LS, Lovchik, JC, Hebel, JR, Blackmon, LR, Crenshaw, MC. The association of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and group B streptococci with preterm rupture of the membranes and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 397404.Google Scholar
Wager, GP, Martin, DH, Koutsky, L, et al. Puerperal infectious morbidity: relationship to route of delivery and to antepartum Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 1028–33.Google Scholar
Blas, MM, Canchihuaman, FA, Alva, IE, Hawes, SE. Pregnancy outcomes in women infected with Chlamydia trachomatis: a population-based cohort study in Washington State. Sex Transm Infect 2007; 83: 314–18.Google Scholar
Harrison, HR, Alexander, ER, Weinstein, L, et al. Cervical Chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasmal infections in pregnancy: epidemiology and outcomes. JAMA 1983; 250: 1721–7.Google Scholar
Ryan, GM, Abdella, TN, McNeeley, SG, Baselski, VS, Drummond, DE. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy and effect of treatment on outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 34–9.Google Scholar
Rastogi, S, Das, B, Salhan, S, Mittal, A. Effect of treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003; 80: 129–37.Google Scholar
Cohen, I, Veille, JC, Calkins, BM. Improved pregnancy outcome following successful treatment of chlamydial infection. JAMA 1990; 263: 3160–3.Google Scholar
Crombleholme, WR, Schachter, J, Grossman, M, Landers, DV, Sweet, RL. Amoxicillin therapy for Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 752–6.Google Scholar
Alger, LS, Lovchik, JC. Comparative efficacy of clindamycin versus erythromycin in eradication of antenatal Chlamydia trachomatis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 375–81.Google Scholar
Carne, CA, Gibbs, J, Delaney, A, et al. Prevalence, clinical features and quantification of genital non-viral infections. Int J STD AIDS 2013; 24: 273–7.Google Scholar
McKechnie, ML, Hillman, RJ, Jones, R, et al. The prevalence of urogenital micro-organisms detected by a multiplex PCR-reverse line blot assay in women attending three sexual health clinics in Sydney, Australia. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60: 1010–16.Google Scholar
Mobley, VL, Hobbs, MM, Lau, K, et al. Mycoplasma genitalium infection in women attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic: diagnostic specimen type, coinfections, and predictors. Sex Transm Dis 2012; 39: 706–9.Google Scholar
Watts, DH, Eschenbach, DA, Kenny, GE. Early postpartum endometritis: the role of bacteria, genital mycoplasmas, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 73: 5260.Google Scholar
Capoccia, R, Greub, G, Baud, D. Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2013; 26: 231–40.Google Scholar
Braun, P, Lee, YH, Klein, JO, et al. Birth weight and genital mycoplasmas in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1971; 284: 167–71.Google Scholar
Shurin, PA, Alpert, S, Bernard Rosner, BA, Driscoll, SG, Lee, YH. Chorioamnionitis and colonization of the newborn infant with genital mycoplasmas. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 58.Google Scholar
Kundsin, RB, Driscoll, SG, Monson, RR, et al. Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the placenta with perinatal morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 941–5.Google Scholar
Hillier, SL, Martius, J, Krohn, M, et al. A case–control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 972–8.Google Scholar
Witt, A, Berger, A, Gruber, CJ, et al. Increased intrauterine frequency of Ureaplasma urealyticum in women with preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of the membranes and subsequent cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193: 1663–9.Google Scholar
Harwick, HJ, Purcell, RH, Iuppa, JB, Fekety, FR. Mycoplasma hominis and abortion. J Infect Dis 1970; 121: 260–8.Google Scholar
Tafari, N, Ross, S, Naeye, RL, Judge, DM, Marboe, C. Mycoplasma T strains and perinatal death. Lancet 1976; 1: 108–9.Google Scholar
McCormack, WM, Rosner, B, Lee, YH, Munoz, A, Charles, D, Kass, EH. Effect on birth weight of erythromycin treatment of pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 202–7.Google Scholar
Eschenbach, DA, Nugent, RP, Rao, AV, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin for the treatment of Ureaplasma urealyticum to prevent premature delivery. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 734–42.Google Scholar
Workowski, KA, Bolan, GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep 2015; 64 (RR-03): 1137.Google Scholar
Willcox, RR. International aspects of the venereal diseases and nonvenereal treponematoses. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1975; 18: 207–22.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men: Netherlands, 2003–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004; 53: 985–8.Google Scholar
Kuberski, T. Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis). Sex Transm Dis 1980; 7: 2936.Google Scholar
Scott, CW, Harper, DM, Jason, RS, Helwig, EB. Neonatal granuloma venereum. AMA Am J Dis Child 1953; 85: 308–15.Google Scholar
Christmas, JT, Wendel, GD, Bawdon, RE, et al. Concomitant infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74: 295–8.Google Scholar
Huggins, GR, Preti, G. Vaginal odors and secretions. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1981; 24: 355–77.Google Scholar
Redondo-Lopez, V, Cook, RL, Sobel, JD. Emerging role of lactobacilli in the control and maintenance of the vaginal bacterial microflora. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 856–72.Google Scholar
Eschenbach, DA, Davick, PR, Williams, BL, et al. Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in normal women and women with bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 251–6.Google Scholar
Fleury, FJ. Adult vaginitis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1981; 24: 407–38.Google Scholar
Spiegel, CA, Amsel, R, Eschenbach, D, Schoenknecht, F, Holmes, KK. Anaerobic bacteria in nonspecific vaginitis. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 601–7.Google Scholar
Hillier, SL, Nugent, RP, Eschenbach, DA, et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1737–42.Google Scholar
Minkoff, H, Grunebaum, AN, Schwarz, RH, et al. Risk factors for prematurity and premature rupture of membranes: a prospective study of the vaginal flora in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 150: 965–72.Google Scholar
Leitich, H, Bodner-Adler, B, Brunbauer, M, et al. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189: 139–47.Google Scholar
Watts, DH, Krohn, MA, Hillier, SL, Eschenbach, DA. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for post-cesarean endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 52–8.Google Scholar
Guise, JM, Mahon, S, Aickin, M, Helfand, M. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews. Screening for Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2001.Google Scholar
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to prevent preterm delivery: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 214–19.Google Scholar
Bejar, R, Curbelo, V, Davis, C, Gluck, L. Premature labor. II. Bacterial sources of phospholipase. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 57: 479–82.Google ScholarPubMed
Amsel, R, Totten, PA, Spiegel, CA, et al. Nonspecific vaginitis: diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983; 74: 1422.Google Scholar
Nugent, RP, Krohn, MA, Hillier, SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 297301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burtin, P, Taddio, A, Ariburnu, O, Einarson, TR, Koren, G. Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 525–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caro-Paton, T, Carvajal, A, Martin de Diego, I, et al. Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 44: 179–82.Google Scholar
McGregor, JA, French, JI, Jones, W, et al. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1048–59.Google Scholar
Joesoef, MR, Hillier, SL, Wiknjosastro, G, et al. Intravaginal clindamycin treatment for bacterial vaginosis: effects on preterm delivery and low birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173: 1527–31.Google Scholar
Kurkinen-Raty, M, Vuopala, S, Koskela, M, et al. A randomised controlled trial of vaginal clindamycin for early pregnancy bacterial vaginosis. BJOG 2000; 107: 1427–32.Google Scholar
Guaschino, S, Ricci, E, Franchi, M, et al. Treatment of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis to prevent pre-term delivery: a randomised trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003; 110: 149–52.Google Scholar
McDonald, HM, O’Loughlin, JA, Vigneswaran, R, Jolley, PT, McDonald, PJ. Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy and efficacy of short-course oral metronidazole treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84: 343–8.Google Scholar
Carey, JC, Klebanoff, MA, Hauth, JC, et al. Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 534–40.Google Scholar
Morales, WJ, Schorr, S, Albritton, J. Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171: 345–7.Google Scholar
Hauth, JC, Goldenberg, RL, Andrews, WW, DuBard, MB, Copper, RL. Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1732–6.Google Scholar
Brocklehurst, P, Gordon, A, Heatley, E, Milan, SJ. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (1): CD000262.Google Scholar
McDonald, HM, Brocklehurst, P, Gordon, A. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007: (1): CD000262.Google Scholar
Lamont, RF, Jones, BM, Mandal, D, Hay, PE, Sheehan, M. The efficacy of vaginal clindamycin for the treatment of abnormal genital tract flora in pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2003; 11: 181–9.Google Scholar
Leitich, H, Brunbauer, M, Bodner-Adler, B, et al. Antibiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 752–8.Google Scholar
Jackel, D, Lai, K. Candida glabrata sepsis associated with chorioamnionitis in an in vitro fertilization pregnancy: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56: 555–8.Google Scholar
Diana, A, Epiney, M, Ecoffey, M, Pfister, RE. “White dots on the placenta and red dots on the baby”: congential cutaneous candidiasis – a rare disease of the neonate. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93: 996–9.Google Scholar
Alfei, A, Rizzo, A, Cavanna, C, Lallitto, F, Spinillo, A. Candida glabrata and pre-term premature rupture of membrane complicating in vitro pregnancy: case report and confirmation of mother to neonate transmission. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 290: 211–14.Google Scholar
McLellan, R, Spence, MR, Brockman, M, Raffel, L, Smith, JL. The clinical diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 60: 30–4.Google Scholar
Block, E. Occurrence of trichomonas in sexual partners of women with trichomoniasis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1959; 38: 398403.Google Scholar
Cotch, MF, Pastorek, JG, Nugent, RP, et al. Demographic and behavioral predictors of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among pregnant women. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 1087–92.Google Scholar
Lossick, JG, Kent, HL. Trichomoniasis: trends in diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 1217–22.Google Scholar
Klebanoff, MA, Carey, JC, Hauth, JC, et al. Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 487–93.Google Scholar
Kigozi, GG, Brahmbhatt, H, Wabwire-Mangen, F, et al. Treatment of Trichomonas in pregnancy and adverse outcomes of pregnancy: a subanalysis of a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189: 1398–400.Google Scholar
Okun, N, Gronau, KA, Hannah, ME. Antibiotics for bacterial vaginosis or Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnancy: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105: 857–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yudin, MH, Landers, DV, Meyn, L, Hillier, SL. Clinical and cervical cytokine response to treatment with oral or vaginal metronidazole for bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102: 527–34.Google Scholar
Jamieson, DJ, Uyeki, TM, Callaghan, WM, Meaney-Delman, D, Rasmussen, SA. What obstetrician-gynecologists should know about Ebola: a perspective from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124: 1005–10.Google Scholar
Meaney-Delman, D, Koonin, LM, Jamieson, DJ. US hospital preparedness for obstetrics patients with possible Ebola. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212: 417–19.Google Scholar
Dahl, BA, Kinzer, MH, Raghunathan, PL, et al. CDC’s response to the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic: Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. MMWR Suppl 2016; 65 (3): 1220.Google Scholar
Baize, S, Pannetier, D, Oestereich, L, et al. Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1418–25.Google Scholar
Oduyebo, T, Pineda, D, Lamin, M, et al. A pregnant patient with Ebola virus disease. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126: 1273–5.Google Scholar
Mupapa, K, Mukundu, W, Bwaka, MA, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever and pregnancy. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (Suppl 1): S11–12.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion number 268, February 2002. Management of asymptomatic pregnant or lactating women exposed to anthrax. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99: 366–8.Google Scholar
Meaney-Delman, D, Zotti, ME, Rasmussen, SA, et al. Anthrax cases in pregnant and postpartum women: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120: 1439–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meaney-Delman, D, Zotti, ME, Creanga, AA, et al. Special considerations for prophylaxis for and treatment of anthrax in pregnant and postpartum women. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20 (2). doi: 10.3201/eid2002.130611.Google Scholar
Meaney-Delman, D, Rasmussen, SA, Beigi, RH, et al. Prophylaxis and treatment of anthrax in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 122: 885900.Google Scholar
Fredericks, AC, Fernandez-Sesma, A. The burden of dengue and chikungunya worldwide: implications for the southern United States and California. Ann Glob Health 2014; 80: 466–75.Google Scholar
Johnston, D, Viray, M, Ushiroda, J, et al. Notes from the field: outbreak of locally acquired cases of dengue fever: Hawaii, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65 (2): 34–5.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control. Geneva: WHO, 2009. http://www.who.int/rpc/guidelines/9789241547871/en/ (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar
Machado, CR, Machado, ES, Rohloff, RD, et al. Is pregnancy associated with severe dengue? A review of data from the Rio de Janeiro surveillance information system. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7: e2217.Google Scholar
Sinhabahu, VP, Sathananthan, R, Malavige, GN. Perinatal transmission of dengue: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7: 795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan American Health Organization. Chikungunya: a new virus in the region of the Americas. http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9724 (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar
Fritel, X, Rollot, O, Gerardin, P, et al. Chikungunya virus infection during pregnancy, Reunion, France, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16: 418–25.Google Scholar
Ramful, D, Samperiz, S, Fritel, X, et al. Antibody kinetics in infants exposed to Chikungunya virus infection during pregnancy reveals absence of congenital infection. J Infect Dis 2014; 209: 1726–30.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Zika virus. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2016.Google Scholar
Oehler, E, Watrin, L, Larre, P, et al. Zika virus infection complicated by Guillain–Barré syndrome: case report, French Polynesia, December 2013. Euro Surveill 2014; 19 (9): pii: 20720.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Interim guidance for the care of obstetric patients during a Zika virus outbreak. Practice Advisory, November 2017.Google Scholar
Besnard, M, Lastere, S, Teissier, A, Cao-Lormeau, V, Musso, D. Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill 2014; 19 (13): pii: 20751.Google Scholar
Oliveira Melo, AS, Malinger, G, Ximenes, R, et al. Zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly: tip of the iceberg? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016; 47: 67.Google Scholar
Reynolds, MR, Jones, AM, Peterson, EE, et al. Vital signs: update on Zika virus-associated birth defects and evaluation of all U.S. infants with congenital Zika virus exposure: U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66: 366–73.Google Scholar
Brasil, P, Pereira, JP, Moreira, ME, et al. Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro. N Eng J Med 2016; 375: 2321–34.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Women and their partners trying to become pregnant. www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/zika/women-and-their-partners.html (accessed August 2020).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Zika Virus: Prevention. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2015.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). West Nile Virus: Insect Repellent Use and Safety. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2015.Google Scholar
Oduyebo, T, Polen, KD, Walke, HT, et al. Update: interim guidance for health care providers caring for pregnant women with possible Zika virus exposure – United States (including U.S. territories), July 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017; 66: 781–93.Google Scholar
Petersen, EE, Staples, JE, Meaney-Delma, D, et al. Interim guidelines for pregnant women during a Zika virus outbreak: United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65: 30–3.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Travelers’ health. Zika travel information. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-travel-information (accessed May 2019).Google Scholar
Johns Hopkins University. COVID-19 Dashboard. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (accessed November 11, 2020).Google Scholar
Docherty, AB, Harrison, EM, Green, CA, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterization Protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ 2020; 369: m1985. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1985.Google Scholar
Wong, SF, Chow, KM, de Swiet, M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome and pregnancy. BJOG 2003; 110: 641–2. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.03008.x.Google Scholar
Asiri, A, Abedi, GD, Al Masri, M, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during pregnancy: a report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia. Clin Infec Dis 2016; 63: 951–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw412.Google Scholar
Allotey, J, Stallings, E, Bonet, M, et al. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2020; 370: m3320. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3320.Google Scholar
Breslin, N, Baptiste, C, Gyamfi-Bannerman, C, et al. COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2020; 2: 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100118.Google Scholar
ICNARC. Report on COVID-19 in critical care 2020. Updated 25 September 2020. www.icnarc.org/Our-Audit/Audits/Cmp/Reports (accessed September 28, 2020).Google Scholar
Knight, M, Bunch, K, Vousden, N, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK: national population based cohort study. BMJ 2020; 369: m2107. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2107.Google Scholar
Badr, DA, Mattern, J, Carlin, A, et al. Are clinical outcomes worse for pregnant women at ≥ 20 weeks’ gestation infected with COVID-19? A multicenter case-control study with propensity score matching. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 223: 764–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.045.Google Scholar
Savasi, VM, Parisi, F, Patanè, L, et al. Clinical findings and disease severity in hospitalized pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Obstet Gynecol 2020; 136: 252–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003979.Google Scholar
Zambrano, LD, Ellington, S, Strid, P, et al. Update: characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status – United States, January 22–October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69: 1641–7. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e3.Google Scholar
Di Mascio, D, Khalil, A, Saccone, G, et al. Outcome of coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2020; 2: 100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100107.Google Scholar
Salvatore, CM, Han, JY, Acker, KP, et al. Neonatal management and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observation cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2020; 4: 721–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30235-2.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Outpatient assessment and management for pregnant women with suspected of confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID-19). www.acog.org/-/media/project/acog/acogorg/files/pdfs/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/covid-19-algorithm.pdf (accessed July 29, 2020).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×