Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Home
Hostname: page-component-684899dbb8-x64cq Total loading time: 0.325 Render date: 2022-05-26T13:40:43.004Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, "shouldUseHypothesis": true, "isUnsiloEnabled": true, "useRatesEcommerce": false, "useNewApi": true }
Group Dynamics and Emotional Expression Group Dynamics and Emotional Expression
Buy print or eBook[Opens in a new window]

Book contents

7 - Apples and Oranges: Methodological Requirements for Testing a Possible Ingroup Advantage in Emotion Judgments from Facial Expressions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2009

By
David Matsumoto
Edited by
Ursula Hess  and
Pierre Philippot
David Matsumoto
Affiliation:
San Francisco State University
Ursula Hess
Affiliation:
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Pierre Philippot
Affiliation:
Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
Get access

Summary

Author's Note

I thank Marija Drezgic, Shannon Pacaoa, Janice Cheng, Aaron Estrada, and Victoriya Tebeleva for their assistance in the general laboratory program.

Correspondence concerning this chapter should be addressed to David Matsumoto, Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132; telephone (415) 338-1114, fax (510) 217-9608, or e-mail at dm@sfsu.edu.b.

Introduction

The ability to recognize certain facial expressions of emotion is universal. Studies reported more than thirty years ago provided the first systematic and reliable evidence of this (Ekman, 1972; Ekman & Friesen, 1971; Ekman, Sorenson, & Friesen, 1969; Izard, 1971), and those studies have been replicated time and again by different researchers using different methodologies (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002b; Matsumoto, 2001). A recent meta-analysis including 168 data sets involving judgments of emotion in different cultures summarized this area and indicated that the core components of emotion recognition are pancultural and likely biological (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002b).

However, there are also cultural differences in emotion judgments. One of the first studies that documented cultural differences reported correlations between Hofstede's cultural dimension data (Hofstede, 1980, 1984) with accuracy rates of judgments of universal facial expressions of emotion across cultures in an ecological analysis (Matsumoto, 1988). Subsequent studies showed that cultural differences existed between Americans and Japanese (Matsumoto, 1992), and then across a broader range of cultures (Biehl et al., 1997) and ethnic groups (Matsumoto, 1993), and in bilinguals depending on the language in which they are tested (Matsumoto & Assar, 1992).

Type
Chapter
Information
Group Dynamics and Emotional Expression , pp. 140 - 181
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Purchase

Buy Book

Buy print or eBook[Opens in a new window]

References

Albas, D. C., McCluskey, K. W., & Albas, C. A. (1976). Perception of the emotional content of speech: A comparison of two Canadian groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 7, 481–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaupré, M., & Hess, U. (2005). Cross-cultural emotion recognition among Canadian ethnic groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 355–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bem, S. L. (1981). The BSRI and gender schema theory: A reply to Spence and Helmreich. Psychological Review, 88, 369–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenbaum, H., & Oltmanns, T. (1992). Emotional experience and expression in schizophrenia and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 37–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biehl, M., Matsumoto, D., Ekman, P., Hearn, V., Heider, K., Kudoh, T., & Ton, V. (1997). Matsumoto and Ekman's Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE): Reliability data and cross-national differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonanno, G. A., & Keltner, D. (2004). The coherence of emotion systems: Comparing “on-line” measures of appraisal and facial expressions, and self-report. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 431–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, C., Omar, A., Mahmoud, A., Bonser, R. N. (1990). Lie detection across cultures. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 14, 189–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boucher, J. D., & Carlson, G. E. (1980). Recognition of facial expression in three cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 11, 263–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchman, J. S. (1973). Nonverbal communication of emotions among New York City cultural groups. Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 406–407.Google Scholar
Buck, R. W. (1984). The communication of emotion. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Campos, J., Oster, H., Camras, L. A., Miyake, K., Ujiiee, T., Meng, Z. L.. (2004). Emotional expression in American, Japanese, and Chinese infants. Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI.Google Scholar
Camras, L. A., Oster, H., Campos, J., Miyake, K., & Bradshaw, D. (1992). Japanese and American infants' responses to arm restraint. Developmental Psychology, 28, 578–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chesney, M. A., Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., Black, G. W., & Hecker, M. H. L. (1990). Type A behavior pattern: Facial behavior and speech components. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52, 307–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P. (1972). Universal and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion. In Cole, J. R. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1971 (pp. 207–283). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Ekman, P. (1979). Facial signs: Facts, fantasies, and possibilities. In Sebeok, T. (Ed.), Sight, sound, and sense (pp. 124–156). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 58, 342–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1969). The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and coding. Semiotica, 1, 49–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1971). Constants across culture in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 124–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face; a guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system: Investigator's guide. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Ekman, P., Friesen, W., & Ancoli, S. (1980). Facial signs of emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1125–1134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. (1972). Emotion in the human face: Guide-lines for research and an integration of findings. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & O'Sullivan, M. (1988). Smiles when lying. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 54, 414–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., O'Sullivan, M., Chan, A., Diacoyanni-Tarlatzis, I., Heider, K.. (1987). Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 53, 712–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P., Hager, J., & Friesen, W. (1981). The symmetry of emotional and deliberate facial actions. Psychophysiology, 18, 101–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P., Matsumoto, D., & Friesen, W. (1997). Facial expression in affective disorders. In Ekman, P. & Rosenberg, E. L. (Eds.), What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) (pp. 331–341). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ekman, P., Sorenson, E. R., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Pancultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164, 86–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002a). Is there an ingroup advantage in emotion recognition?Psychological Bulletin, 128, 243–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002b). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 205–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2003a). Cultural similarity's consequences: A distance perspective on cross-cultural differences in emotion recognition. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 92–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2003b). When familiarity breeds accuracy: Cultural exposure and facial emotion recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 276–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elfenbein, H. A., Mandal, M. K., Ambady, N., & Harizuka, S. (2002). Cross-cultural patterns in emotion recognition: Highlighting design and analytic techniques. Emotion, 2, 75–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elfenbein, H. A., Mandal, M. K., Ambady, N., Harizuka, S., & Kumar, S. (2004). Hemifacial differences in the ingroup advantage in emotion recognition. Cognition & Emotion, 18, 613–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellgring, H. (1986). Nonverbal expression of psychological states in psychiatric patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 236, 31–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frank, M. G., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1993). Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 64, 83–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gitter, A. G., Black, H., & Mostofsky, D. (1971a). Race and sex in the communication of emotion. Journal of Social Psychology, 88, 273–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gitter, A. G., Black, H., Mostofsky, D. (1971b). Race and sex in the perception of emotion. Journal of Social Issues, 28, 63–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gitter, A G., Mostofsky, D. I., & Quincy, A. J. (1971). Race and sex differences in the child's perception of emotion. Child Development, 42, 2071–2075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosselin, P., Kirouac, G., & Dore, F. (1995). Components and recognition of facial expression in the communication of emotion by actors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 83–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottman, J. M. (1993). Studying emotion in social interaction. In Lewis, M. & Haviland, J. M. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 475–487). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (1984). Individual and cultural influences on uncertainty reduction. Communication Monographs, 51, 23–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudykunst, W. B., Nishida, T., & Chua, E. (1986). Uncertainty reduction in Japanese–North American dyads. Communication Research Reports, 3, 39–46.Google Scholar
Gudykunst, W. B., Yang, S.-M., & Nishida, T. (1985). A cross-cultural test of uncertainty reduction theory: Comparisons of acquaintances, friends, and dating relationships in Japan, Korea, and the United States. Human Communication Research, 11, 407–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hager, J. C., & Ekman, P. (1985). The asymmetry of facial actions is inconsistent with models of hemispheric specialization. Psychophysiology, 22, 307–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J., & Keltner, D. (1999). Culture and facial expression: Open-ended methods find more expressions and a gradient of recognition. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 225–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 845–857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: Accuracy of communication and expressive style. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, J. A., & Matsumoto, D. (2004). Sex differences in judgments of multiple emotions from facial expressions. Emotion, 4, 201–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heller, M., & Haynal, V. (1994). Depression and suicide faces. Cahiers Psychiatriques Genevois, 16, 107–117.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. H. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. H. (1984). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values (Abridged ed.). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1971). The face of emotion. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Keltner, D., Moffitt, T., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1995). Facial expressions of emotion and psychopathology in adolescent boys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 644–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keppel, G. (1991). Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Kilbride, J. E., & Yarczower, M. (1980). Recognition and imitation of facial expressions: A cross-cultural comparison between Zambia and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 11, 281–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kretsch, R. A. (1969). Communication of emotional meaning across national groups. Dissertation Abstracts International, 29, 3914.Google Scholar
Machida, S. K. (1986). Teacher accuracy in decoding nonverbal indicants of comprehension and noncomprehension in Anglo- and Mexican-American children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 454–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandal, M. K., Bryden, M. P., & Bulman-Fleming, M. B. (1996). Similarities and variations in facial expressions of emotion: Cross-cultural evidence. International Journal of Psychology, 31, 49–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markham, R., & Wang, L. (1996). Recognition of emotion by Chinese and Australian children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 616–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, A. A., Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2003). Nonverbal “accents”: Cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. Psychological Science, 14, 373–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsumoto, D. (1993). Ethnic differences in affect intensity, emotion judgments, display rule attitudes, and self-reported emotional expression in an American sample. Motivation & Emotion, 17, 107–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D. (1989a). Cultural influences on the perception of emotion. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20, 92–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D. (1989b). Face, culture, and judgments of anger and fear: Do the eyes have it?Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13, 171–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D. (1992). American–Japanese cultural differences in the recognition of universal facial expressions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 23, 72–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D. (1993). Ethnic differences in affect intensity, emotion judgments, display rule attitudes, and self-reported emotional expression in an American sample. Motivation & Emotion, 17, 107–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D. (2001). Culture and emotion. In Matsumoto, D. (Ed.), The handbook of culture and psychology (pp. 171–194). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, D. (2002). Methodological requirements to test a possible ingroup advantage in judging emotions across cultures: Comments on Elfenbein and Ambady and evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 236–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D., & Assar, M. (1992). The effects of language on judgments of universal facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 16, 85–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D., & Choi, J. W. (2004). Exploring decoder sources of the ingroup advantage effect in recognizing facial expressions of emotions. Unpublished manuscript.
Matsumoto, D., Choi, J. W., Hirayama, S., Domae, A., & Yamaguchi, S. (2003). Culture, display rules, emotion regulation, and emotion judgments. Manuscript currently submitted for publication.
Matsumoto, D., Consolacion, T., Yamada, H., Suzuki, R., Franklin, B., Paul, S., Ray, R., & Uchida, H. (2002). American–Japanese cultural differences in judgments of emotional expressions of different intensities. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 721–747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D., & Ekman, P. (1988). American–Japanese cultural differences in intensity ratings of facial expressions of emotion. Motivation & Emotion, 13, 143–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D., Ekman, P., & Fridlund, A. (1991). Analyzing nonverbal behavior. In Dowrick, P. W. (Ed.), Practical guide to using video in the behavioral sciences (pp. 153–165). New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, D., Kasri, F., & Kooken, K. (1999). American–Japanese cultural differences in judgments of expression intensity and subjective experience. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 201–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D., & Lee, M. (1993). Consciousness, volition, and the neuropsychology of facial expressions of emotion. Consciousness & Cognition: An International Journal, 2, 237–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J. A., Bernhard, R., & Gray, H. (2004). Personality and behavioral correlates of intercultural adjustment potential. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28, 281–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J. A., Wilson-Cohn, C., Raroque, J., Kooken, K., Ekman, P., Yrizavvy, N., Loewinjer, S., Uchida, H., Yee, A., Amo, L., & Goh, A. (2000). A new test to measure emotion recognition ability: Matsumoto and Ekman's Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition Test (JACBART). Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 179–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCluskey, K., Albas, D., Niemi, R., Cuevas, C., & Ferrer, C. (1975). Cultural differences in the perception of the emotional content of speech: A study of the development of sensitivity in Canadian and Mexican children. Developmental Psychology, 11, 551–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehta, S. D., Ward, C., & Strongman, K. (1992). Cross-cultural recognition of posed facial expressions of emotion. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 21, 74–77.Google Scholar
Mullins, D. T., & Duke, M. P. (2004). Effects of social anxiety on nonverbal accuracy and response time, I: Facial expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28, 3–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowicki, S. Jr., Glanville, D., & Demertzis, A. (1998). A test of the ability to recognize emotion in the facial expression of African American adults. Journal of Black Psychology, 24, 333–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricci-Bitti, P. E., Brighetti, G., Garotti, P. L., & Boggi-Cavallo, P. (1989). Is contempt expressed by pancultural facial movements? In Forgas, J. P. & Innes, J. M. (Eds.), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective (pp. 329–339). Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Rinn, W. E. (1984). The neuropsychology of facial expression: A review of the neurological and psychological mechanisms for producing facial expressions. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 52–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, E. L., & Ekman, P. (1994). Coherence between expressive and experiential systems in emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 8, 201–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1985). Contrast analysis: Focused comparisons in the analysis of variance. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1991). Essentials of behavioral research: Methods and data analysis (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Ruch, W. (1993). Extraversion, alcohol, and enjoyment. Personality & Individual Differences, 16, 89–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruch, W. (1995). Will the real relationship between facial expression and affective experience stand up: The case of exhilaration. Cognition & Emotion, 9, 33–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimoda, K., Argyle, M., & Ricci Bitti, P. (1978). The intercultural recognition of emotional expressions by three national racial groups: English, Italian and Japanese. European Journal of Social Psychology, 8, 169–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, L., & Markham, R. (1999). The development of a series of photographs of Chinese facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 397–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3
Cited by

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×