Steadman, HJ, Osher, FC, Robbins, PC, Case, B, Samuels, S. Prevalence of serious mental illness among jail inmates. Psychiatr Serv. 2009; 60(6): 761–765.Google Scholar

U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States, 2018. Clarksburg, WV; 2019.Google Scholar

Treatment Advocacy Center. Serious Mental Illness (SMI) prevalence in jails and prisons. Arlington, VA: Author; September 2016.Google Scholar

Fuller, DA, Sinclair, E, Geller, J, Quanbeck, C, Snook, J. Going, going, gone: trends and consequences of eliminating state psychiatric beds, 2016. Arlington, VA: Treatment Action Center; 2016.Google Scholar

Jackson Health System, Corrections Health Services. CHS Operational Statistics. Unpublished raw data. Miami, FL; 2019.Google Scholar

Miami-Dade County Grand Jury. Mental illness and the criminal justice system: a recipe for disaster/a prescription for improvement, Final Report of the Miami-Dade County Grand Jury; Spring Term 2004. Miami, FL: Author; 2004.Google Scholar

Florida Mental Health Institute. Miami-Dade County heavy user data analysis. Unpublished raw data. Tampa, FL; 2010.Google Scholar

Dupont, R, Cochran, S. Police response to mental health emergencies – barriers to change. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2000; 28(3): 338–344.Google Scholar

Institute of Behavioral Research. Texas Christian University Drug Screen 5. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University: Author; 2017.Google Scholar

Latessa, E, Smith, P, Lemke, R, Makarios, M, Lowenkamp, C. Creation and validation of the Ohio Risk Assessment System: Final report. Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati, School of Criminal Justice, Center for Criminal Justice Research; 2009.Google Scholar

Osher, F, Steadman, HJ, Barr, H. A Best Practice Approach to Community Re-Entry from Jails for Inmates With Co-Occurring Disorders: The APIC Model. Delmar, NY: The National GAINS Center; 2002.Google Scholar

Dennis, D, Lassiter, M, Connelly, WH, Lupfer, KS. Helping adults who are homeless gain disability benefits: the SSI/SSDI Outreach, Access, and Recovery (SOAR) program. Psychiatr Serv. 2011; 62(11): 1373–1376.Google Scholar

Walmsley, R. World prison population list.World Prison Brief. 12th edn. London, UK: Institute for Criminal Policy Research; 2018. www.prisonstudies.org (accessed August 10, 2019).Google Scholar

Hoge, SK, Buchanan, AW, Kovasznay, MB, Roskes, EJ. Outpatient Services for the Mentally Ill Involved in the Criminal Justice System. American Psychiatric Association Task Force Report: Washington, DC; 2009: 1–15.Google Scholar

Bronson, J, Stroop, J, Zimmer, S, Berzofsky, M. Drug Use, Dependence, and Abuse Among State Prisoners and Jail Inmates, 2007–2009. NCJ250546. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2017.Google Scholar

Pinals, DA. Forensic services, public mental health policy, and financing: charting the course ahead. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2014; 42(1): 7–19.Google Scholar

Dewa, CS, Loong, D, Grujillo, A, Bonato, S. Evidence for the effectiveness of police-based pre-booking diversion programs in decriminalizing mental illness: a systematic literature review. PLoS One. 2018; 13(6): e0199368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Winick, B, Wexler, DB. Judging in a Therapeutic Key: Therapeutic Jurisprudence and the Court. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press; 2003.Google Scholar

Munetz, MR, Griffin, PA. Use of the sequential intercept model as an approach to decriminalization of people with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2006; 57(4): 544–549.Google Scholar

Livingston, JD. Contact between police and people with mental disorders: a review of rates. Psychiatr Serv. 2016; 67(8): 850–857.Google Scholar

Fisher, WH, Roy-Bujnowski, KM, Grudzinskas, A, et al. Patterns and prevalence of arrest in a statewide cohort of mental health care consumers. Psychiatr Serv. 2006; 56(11): 1623–1628.Google Scholar

Fuller, DA, Kamb, HR, Biasotti, M, Snook, J. Overlooked in the undercounted: the role of mental illness in fatal law enforcement encounters. Treatment Advocacy Center; . www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/evidence-and-research/studies.Google Scholar

Reuland, M, Schwarzfeld, M, Draper, L. Law Enforcement Responses to People with Mental Illnesses: A Guide to Research-Informed Policy and Practice. New York, NY: Council of State Governments Justice Center; 2012.Google Scholar

Wood, JD, Watson, AC. Improving police interventions during mental health-related encounters: past, present and future. Policing Soc. 2017; 27: 289–299.Google Scholar

Dupont, R, Cochran, MJ, Pillsbury, S. Crisis Intervention Team Core Elements. The University of Memphis, School of Urban Affairs and Public Policy, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, CIT Center. 2007: 1–20.Google Scholar

Crisis Intervention Training. National Curriculum. University of Memphis, CIT Center. http://cit.memphis.edu/curriculuma.php?id-0 (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Cuddeback, GS, Kurtz, RA, Wilson, AB, VanDeinse, T, Burgin, SE. Segmented versus traditional Crisis Intervention Team training. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2016; 44(3): 338–343.Google ScholarPubMed

Watson, AC, Ottati, VC, Morabito, M, et al. Outcomes of police contacts with persons with mental illness: the impact of CIT. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2010; 37: 302–317.Google Scholar

Compton, MT, Bahor, M, Watson, AC, Oliva, JR. A comprehensive review of extant research on Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) programs. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2008; 36(1): 47–55.Google Scholar

Compton, MT, Bakeman, R, Broussard, B, D’Orio, B, Watson, AC. Police officers’ volunteering for (rather than being assigned to) Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training: evidence for a beneficial self-selection effect. Behav Sci Law. 2017; 35 (6–6): 470–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Strassle, CG. CIT in small municipalities: officer level outcomes. Behav Sci Law. 2019; 37(4): 342–352.Google Scholar

Steadman, HJ, Morrissette, D. Police responses to persons with mental illness: going beyond CIT training. Psych Serv. 2016; 67(10): 1054–1056.Google Scholar

Compton, MT, Halpern, B, Broussard, B, et al. A potential new form of jail diversion and reconnection to mental health services: 1. Stakeholders’ views on acceptability. Behav Sci Law. 2017; 35: 480–491.Google Scholar

Puntis, S, Perfect, D, Kirubarajan, A, et al. A systematic review of co-responder models of police mental health ‘street’ triage. BMC Psychiatry. 2018; 18(1): 1–11.Google Scholar

Meehan, T, Brack, J, Mansfield, Y, Stedman, T. Do police-mental health co-responder programmes reduce emergency department presentations or simply delay the inevitable? Australas Psychiatry. 2019; 27(1): 18–20.Google Scholar

Scott, RL. Evaluation of a mobile crisis program: effectiveness, efficiency, and consumer satisfaction. Psychiatr Serv. 2000; 51(9): 1153–1156.Google Scholar

Steadman, HJ, Stainbrook, KA, Griffin, P, et al. A specialized crisis response site as a core element of police-based diversion programs. Psychiatr Serv. 2001; 52(2): 219–222.Google Scholar

Sirotich, F. The criminal justice outcomes of jail diversion programs for persons with mental illness; a review of the evidence. J Am Acad Psych Law. 2009; 37(4): 461–472.Google Scholar

Shafer, MS, Arthur, B, Franczak, MJ. An analysis of post-booking jail diversion programming for persons with co-occurring disorders. Behav Sci Law. 2004; 22: 771–785.Google Scholar

Gill, KJ, Murphy, AA. Jail diversion for persons with serious mental illness coordinated by a prosecutor’s office. Biomed Res Int. 2017; 2017: 7917616.Google Scholar

Salzberg, PM, Klingberg, CL. The effectiveness of deferred prosecution for driving while intoxicated. J Stud Alcohol. 1983; 44(2): 299–306.Google Scholar

Barnoski, R. Deferred prosecution of DUI cases in Washington State: evaluating the impact on recidivism, August 2008. www.wsipp.wa.gov (accessed August 21, 2019).Google Scholar

Fulkerson, A, Keena, LD, O’Brien, E. Understanding success and nonsuccess in the drug court. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2012; 57(10): 1297–1316.Google Scholar

Harrell, A, Roman, J. Reducing drug use and crime among offenders: the impact of graduated sanctions. J Drug Issues. 2001; 31: 207–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lindquist, CH, Krebs, C, Lattimore, PK. Sanctions and rewards in drug court programs: implementation, perceived efficacy, and decision making. J Drug Issues. 2006; 36: 119–145.Google Scholar

Fulkerson, A. Drug treatment versus probation: an examination of comparative recidivism rates. Southwest J Crim Justice. 2012; 8: 30–45.Google Scholar

Goldkamp, JS, Irons-Guynn, C. Emerging judicial strategies for the mentally ill in the criminal caseload: mental health courts in Fort Lauderdale, Seattle, San Bernardino, and Anchorage. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance Monograph; 2000. Pub no. NCJ 182504.Google Scholar

McNeil, DE, Binder, RL. Effectiveness of a mental health court in reducing criminal recidivism and violence. Am J Psychiatry. 2007; 164: 1395–1403.Google Scholar

Lowder, EM, Rade, CB, Desmarais, SL. Effectiveness of mental health courts in reducing recidivism: a meta-analysis. Psychiatr Serv. 2018; 69(1): 15–22.Google Scholar

Redlich, AD, Steadman, HJ, Monahan, K, Petrila, J, Griffin, PA. The second generation of mental health courts. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2005; 11(4): 527–538.Google Scholar

Yuan, Y, Capriotti, MR. The impact of mental health court: a Sacramento case study. Behav Sci Law. 2019; 37: 452–467.Google Scholar

Pinals, DA, Gaba, A, Clary, KM, et al. Implementation of MISSION – criminal justice in a treatment court: preliminary outcomes among individuals with co-occurring disorders. Psychiatr Serv. 2019; 70(11): 1044–1048.Google Scholar

Bazelon, D. Foreword. In: Donaldson K, Insanity Inside Out. New York: Crown University of Michigan; 1976.Google Scholar

Munetz, MR, Griffin, PA. Use of the Sequential Intercept Model as an approach to decriminalization of people with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2006; 57(4): 544–549.Google Scholar

Case, B, Steadman, HJ, Dupuis, SA, Morris, LS. Who succeeds in jail diversion programs for persons with mental illness?: a multi-site study. Behav Sci Law. 2009; 27(5): 661–674.Google Scholar

US Department of Health & Human Services. Adult mental health treatment court locator. SAMHSA’s GAINS Center; 2019. www.samhsa.gov/gains-center/mental-health-treatment-court-locator/adults (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Monahan, J, Skeem, JL. Risk assessment in criminal sentencing. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016; 12: 489–513.Google Scholar

Casey, PM, Warren, RK, Elek, JK. Using Offender Risk and Needs Assessment Information at Sentencing: Guidance for Courts from a National Working Group. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts; 2011.Google Scholar

Desmarais, SL, Lowder, EM. Pretrial Risk Assessment Tools: A Primer for Judges, Prosecutors, and Defense Attorneys. Chicago, IL; 2019.Google Scholar

Barber-Rioja, V, Rotter, M, Schombs, F. Diversion evaluations: a specialized forensic examination. Behav Sci Law. 2017; 35(5–6): 418–430.Google Scholar

Talesh, S. Mental health court judges as dynamic risk managers: a new conceptualization of the role of judges. DePaul L Rev. 2007; 57: 93.Google Scholar

Ægisdóttir, S, White, MJ, Spengler, PM, et al. The meta-analysis of clinical judgment project: fifty-six years of accumulated research on clinical versus statistical prediction. Couns Psychol. 2006; 34(3): 341–382.Google Scholar

Grove, WM, Meehl, PE. Comparative efficiency of informal (subjective, impressionistic) and formal (mechanical, algorithmic) prediction procedures: The clinical-statistical controversy. Psychol Public Policy Law. 1996; 2(2): 293–323.Google Scholar

Grove, WM, Zald, DH, Lebow, BS, Snitz, BE, Nelson, C. Clinical versus mechanical prediction: a meta-analysis. Psychol Assess. 2000; 12(1): 19.Google Scholar

Mamalian, CA. State of the Science of Pretrial Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance; 2011.Google Scholar

Singh, JP, Desmarais, SL, Sellers, BG, et al. From risk assessment to risk management: matching interventions to adolescent offenders’ strengths and vulnerabilities. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2014; 47: 1–9.Google Scholar

Vieira, TA, Skilling, TA, Peterson-Badali, M. Matching court-ordered services with treatment needs: predicting treatment success with young offenders. Crim Justice Behav. 2009; 36(4): 385–401.Google Scholar

Vincent, GM, Paiva-Salisbury, ML, Cook, NE, Guy, LS, Perrault, RT. Impact of risk/needs assessment on juvenile probation officers’ decision making: importance of implementation. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2012; 18(4): 549–576.Google Scholar

Krug, EG, Mercy, JA, Dahlberg, LL, Zwi, AB. The world report on violence and health. Lancet. 2002; 360(9339): 1083–1088.Google Scholar

Cartwright, JK, Desmarais, SL, Johnson, KL, Van Dorn, RA. Performance and clinical utility of a short violence risk screening tool in U.S. adults with mental illness. Psychol Serv. 2018; 15(4): 398–408.Google Scholar

Dolan, M, Doyle, M. Violence risk prediction: clinical and actuarial measures and the role of the Psychopathy Checklist. Br J Psychiatry. 2000; 177: 303–311.Google Scholar

Singh, JP, Desmarais, SL, Hurducas, C, et al. International perspectives on the practical application of violence risk assessment: a global survey of 44 countries. Int J Forensic Ment Health. 2014; 13(3): 193–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Viljoen, JL, McLachlan, K, Vincent, GM. Assessing violence risk and psychopathy in juvenile and adult offenders: a survey of clinical practices. Assessment. 2010; 17(3): 377–395.Google Scholar

Kraemer, HC, Kazdin, AE, Offord, DR, et al. Coming to terms with the terms of risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997; 54(4): 337–343.Google Scholar

Klepfisz, G, Daffern, M, Day, A. Understanding protective factors for violent reoffending in adults. Aggress Violent Behav. 2017; 32: 80–87.Google Scholar

Webster, CD, Nicholls, TL, Martin, ML, Desmarais, SL, Brink, J. Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): the case for a new structured professional judgment scheme. Behav Sci Law. 2006; 24(6): 747–766.Google Scholar

Rogers, R. The uncritical acceptance of risk assessment in forensic practice. Law Hum Behav. 2000; 24(5): 595–605.Google Scholar

Rutter, M. Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1987; 57(3): 316–331.Google Scholar

Desmarais, SL, Nicholls, TL, Wilson, CM, Brink, J. Using dynamic risk and protective factors to predict inpatient aggression: reliability and validity of START assessments. Psychol Assess. 2012; 24(3): 685–700.Google Scholar

Serin, RC, Chadwick, N, Lloyd, CD. Dynamic risk and protective factors. Psychol Crime Law. 2016; 22(1–2): 151–170.Google Scholar

Lowder, EM, Desmarais, SL, Rade, CB, Coffey, T, Van Dorn, RA. Models of protection against recidivism in justice-involved adults with mental illnesses. Crim Justice Behav. 2017; 44(7): 893–911.Google Scholar

Lowder, EM, Desmarais, SL, Rade, CB, Johnson, KL, Van Dorn, RA. Reliability and validity of START and LSI-R assessments in mental health jail diversion clients. Assessment. 2019; 26(7): 1347–1361.Google Scholar

Webster, CD, Martin, M-L, Brink, J, Nicholls, TL, Desmarais, SL. Manual for the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START). 1.1 edn. Coquitlam, Canada: British Columbia Mental Health and Addiction Services; 2009.Google Scholar

Yuan, Y, Capriotti, MR. The impact of mental health court: a Sacramento case study. Behav Sci Law. 2019; 37(4): 452–467.Google Scholar

Douglas, KS, Skeem, JL. Violence risk assessment: getting specific about being dynamic. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2005; 11(3): 347–383.Google Scholar

Osher, F, Steadman, HJ, Barr, H. A best practice approach to community reentry from jails for inmates with co-occurring disorders: the APIC model. Crime Delinq. 2003; 49(1): 79–96.Google Scholar

Douglas, KS, Skeem, JL. Violence risk assessment: getting specific about being dynamic. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2005; 11(3): 347.Google Scholar

Johnson, KL, Desmarais, SL, Grimm, KJ, et al. Proximal risk factors for short-term community violence among adults with mental illnesses. Psychiatr Serv. 2016; 67(7): 771–778.Google Scholar

Sadeh, N, Binder, RL, McNiel, DE. Recent victimization increases risk for violence in justice-involved persons with mental illness. Law Hum Behav. 2014; 38(2): 119–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Buchanan, A, Binder, R, Norko, M, Swartz, M. Psychiatric violence risk assessment. Am J Psychiatry. 2012; 169(3): 340.Google Scholar

Andrews, DA, Bonta, J. Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2010; 16(1): 39–55.Google Scholar

Van Dorn, RA, Grimm, KJ, Desmarais, SL, et al. Leading indicators of community-based violent events among adults with mental illness. Psychol Med. 2017; 47(7): 1179–1191.Google Scholar

Van Dorn, RA, Andel, R, Boaz, TL, et al. Risk of arrest in persons with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in a Florida Medicaid program: the role of atypical antipsychotics, conventional neuroleptics, and routine outpatient behavioral health services. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011; 72(4): 502–508.Google Scholar

Van Dorn, RA, Desmarais, SL, Petrila, J, Haynes, D, Singh, JP. Effects of outpatient treatment on risk of arrest of adults with serious mental illness and associated costs. Psychiatr Serv. 2013; 64(9): 856–862.Google Scholar

Skeem, JL, Winter, E, Kennealy, PJ, Louden, JE, Tatar, JR. Offenders with mental illness have criminogenic needs, too: toward recidivism reduction. Law Hum Behav. 2014; 38(3): 212–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Honegger, LN, Honegger, KS. Criminogenic factors associated with noncompliance and rearrest of mental health court participants. Crim Justice Behav. 2019; 46(9): 1276–1294.Google Scholar

Skeem, JL, Steadman, HJ, Manchak, SM. Applicability of the risk-need-responsivity model to persons with mental illness involved in the criminal justice system. Psychiatr Serv. 2015; 66(9): 916–922.Google Scholar

Hilton, NZ, Harris, GT, Rice, ME. Sixty-six years of research on the clinical versus actuarial prediction of violence. Couns Psychol. 2006; 34(3): 400–409.Google Scholar

Guy, LS, Packer, IK, Warnken, W. Assessing risk of violence using structured professional judgment guidelines. J Forensic Psychol Pract. 2012; 12(3): 270–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fazel, S, Sing, JP, Doll, H, Grann, M. Use of risk assessment instruments to predict violence and antisocial behaviour in 73 samples involving 24 827 people: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br Med J. 2012; 345: e4692.Google Scholar

Guay, J-P, Parent, G. Broken legs, clinical overrides, and recidivism risk: an analysis of decisions to adjust risk levels with the LS/CMI. Crim Justice Behav. 2018; 45(1): 82–100.Google Scholar

Schmidt, F, Sinclair, SM, Thomasdóttir, S. Predictive validity of the youth level of service/case management inventory with youth who have committed sexual and non-sexual offenses: the utility of professional override. Crim Justice Behav. 2016; 43(3): 413–430.Google Scholar

Desmarais, SL, Johnson, KL, Singh, JP. Performance of recidivism risk assessment instruments in U.S. correctional settings. Psychol Serv. 2016; 13(3): 206–222.Google Scholar

Skeem, JL, Monahan, J. Current directions in violence risk assessment. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2011; 20(1): 38–42.Google Scholar

Broner, N, Mayrl, DW, Landsberg, G. Outcomes of mandated and nonmandated New York City jail diversion for offenders with alcohol, drug, and mental disorders. Prison J. 2005; 85(1): 18–49.Google Scholar

Webster, C, Douglas, K, Eaves, D, Hart, S. HCR-20: Assessing Risk for Violence (Version 2). Burnaby, Canada: Mental Health Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University; 1997.Google Scholar

Barber-Rioja, V, Dewey, L, Kopelovich, S, Kucharski, LT. The utility of the HCR-20 and PCL: SV in the prediction of diversion noncompliance and reincarceration in diversion programs. Crim Justice Behav. 2012; 39(4): 475–492.Google Scholar

Andrews, DA, Bonta, J. Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R): User’s Manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems; 2001.Google Scholar

Bonfine, N, Ritter, C, Munetz, MR. Exploring the relationship between criminogenic risk assessment and mental health court program completion. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2016; 45: 9–16.Google Scholar

Vincent, GM, Guy, LS, Grisso, T. Risk Assessment in Juvenile Justice: A Guidebook for Implementation. Chicago, IL: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; 2012.Google Scholar

Desmarais, SL. Commentary: risk assessment in the age of evidence-based practice and policy. Int J Forensic Ment Health. 2017; 16(1): 18–22.Google Scholar

Levin, SK, Nilsen, P, Bendtsen, P, Bulow, P. Structured risk assessment instruments: a systematic review of implementation determinants. Psychiatr Psychol Law. 2016; 23(4): 602–628.Google Scholar

Desmarais, SL, Van Dorn, RA, Telford, RP, Petrila, J, Coffey, T. Characteristics of START assessments completed in mental health jail diversion programs. Behav Sci Law. 2012; 30(4): 448–469.Google Scholar

Proctor, E, Silmere, H, Raghavan, R, et al. Outcomes for implementation research: conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2011; 38(2): 65–76.Google Scholar

Nonstad, K, Webster, CD. How to fail in the implementation of a risk assessment scheme or any other new procedure in your organization. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2011; 81(1): 94–99.Google Scholar

Hanley, D. Appropriate services: examining the case classification principle. J Offender Rehabil. 2006; 42(4): 1–22.Google Scholar

Spring, B. Sound health care economics: provide the treatment needed (not less, not more). Health Psychol. 2019; 38(8): 701–704.Google Scholar

Andrews, DA, Dowden, C. Risk principle of case classification in correctional treatment: a meta-analytic investigation. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2006; 50(1): 88–100.Google Scholar

Lowenkamp, CT, Latessa, EJ, Holsinger, AM. The risk principle in action: what have we learned from 13,676 offenders and 97 correctional programs? Crime Delinq. 2006; 52(1): 77–93.Google Scholar

Hanson, KR, Bourgon, G, McGrath, RJ, et al. A Five-Level Risk and Needs System: Maximizing Assessment Results in Corrections through the Development of a Common Language. New York: Council of State Governments Justice Center; 2017.Google Scholar

Andrews, DA, Bonta, J, Wormith, JS. The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment. Crime Delinq. 2006; 52(1): 7–27.Google Scholar

Campbell, MA, Canales, DD, Wei, R, et al. Multidimensional evaluation of a mental health court: adherence to the Risk-Need-Responsivity model. Law Hum Behav. 2015; 39(5): 489–502.Google Scholar

Andrews, DA, Bonta, J, Wormith, JS. The Level of Service/ Risk, Need, Responsivity (LS/RNR) Manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems; 2008.Google Scholar

Nelson, RJ, Vincent, GM. Matching services to criminogenic needs following comprehensive risk assessment implementation in juvenile probation. Crim Justice Behav. 2018; 45(8): 1136–1153.Google Scholar

Dowden, C, Andrews, DA. The importance of staff practice in delivering effective correctional treatment: a meta-analytic review of core correctional practice. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2004; 48(2): 203–214.Google Scholar

Vergara, AT, Kathuria, P, Woodmass, K, Janke, R, Wells, SJ. Effectiveness of culturally appropriate adaptations to juvenile justice services. J Juv Justice. 2016; 5(2): 85.Google Scholar

Covington, SS, Bloom, BE. Gender responsive treatment and services in correctional settings. Women Ther. 2007; 29(3–4): 9–33.Google Scholar

Levenson, JS, Willis, GM. Implementing trauma-informed care in correctional treatment and supervision. J Aggress Maltreatment Trauma. 2019; 28(4): 481–501.Google Scholar

Heilbrun, K, Pietruszka, V, Thornewill, A, Phillips, S, Schiedel, R. Diversion at re-entry using criminogenic CBT: review and prototypical program development. Behav Sci Law. 2017; 35(5–6): 562–572.Google Scholar

Van Dorn, RA, Desmarais, SL, Rade, CB, et al. Jail-to-community treatment continuum for adults with co-occurring substance use and mental disorders: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017; 18(1): 365.Google Scholar

Skeem, JL, Manchak, S, Peterson, JK. Correctional policy for offenders with mental illness: creating a new paradigm for recidivism reduction. Law Hum Behav. 2011; 35(2): 110–126.Google Scholar

Young, S, Chick, K, Gudjonsson, G. A preliminary evaluation of reasoning and rehabilitation 2 in mentally disordered offenders (RR2M) across two secure forensic settings in the United Kingdom. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol. 2010; 21(3): 336–349.Google Scholar

Wilson, CM, Desmarais, SL, Nicholls, TL, Hart, SD, Brink, J. Predictive validity of dynamic factors: assessing violence risk in forensic psychiatric inpatients. Law Hum Behav. 2013; 37(6): 377–388.Google Scholar

Sellers, BG, Desmarais, SL, Hanger, MW. Measurement of change in dynamic factors using the START: AV. J Forensic Psychol Pract. 2017; 17(3): 198–215.Google Scholar

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention. The social-ecological model: a framework for prevention. Updated January 16, 2019. Accessed August 24, 2019.Google Scholar

Taipale, H, Mittendorfer-Rutz, E, Alexanderson, K, et al. Antipsychotics and mortality in a nationwide cohort of 29,823 patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018; 197: 274–280.Google Scholar

Tiihonen, J, Mittendorfer-Rutz, E, Majak, M, et al. Real-world effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in a nationwide cohort of 29 823 patients with schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017; 74(7): 686–693.Google Scholar

Wortzel, H, Binswanger, IA, Martinez, R, Filley, CM, Anderson, CA. Crisis in the treatment of incompetence to proceed to trial: harbinger of a systemic illness. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2007; 35(3): 357–363.Google Scholar

Gowensmith, NW, Frost, LE, Speelman, DW, Therson, DE. Lookin’ for beds in all the wrong places: outpatient competency restoration as a promising approach to modern challenges. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2016; 22(3): 293–305.Google Scholar

Torrey, EF, Kennard, AD, Eslinger, D, Lamb, R, Pavle, J. More mentally ill persons are in jails and prisons than hospitals: a survey of the states. Treatment Advocacy Center Arlington, VA and National Sheriff’s Association; 2010. www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/final_jails_v_hospitals_study.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Hunter, SB, Scherling, A. Los Angeles County Office of Diversion and Reentry’s Supportive Housing Program: A Study of Participants’ Housing Stability and New Felony Convictions. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation; 2019. www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR3232.html (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Martin, AB, Hartman, M, Washington, B, Catlin, A, Team NHEA. National health care spending in 2017: growth slows to post-great recession rates; share of GDP stabilizes. Health Aff. 2019; 38(1): 05085.Google Scholar

White House Council of Economic Advisors. Economic Perspectives on Incarceration and the Criminal Justice System. Washington DC: Penny Hill Press; 2016.Google Scholar

Giliberti, M. NAMI Website. -Executive-Director/May-2015/Treatment,-Not-Jail-It’s-Time-to-Step-Up. 2015.Google Scholar

Salas, N. NYC Jail’s Population: Who’s There and Why. New York, NY: New York City Independent Budget Office, Department of Correction; 2012.Google Scholar

Lutterman, T, Shaw, R, Fisher, W, Manderscheid, R. Trend in Psychiatric Inpatient Capacity, United States and Each State, 1970 to 2014. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors; 2017.Google Scholar

Munetz, MR, Griffin, PA. Use of the Sequential Intercept Model as an approach to decriminalization of people with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2006; 57(4): 544–549.Google Scholar

Cowell, AJ, Hinde, JM, Broner, N, Aldridge, AP. The impact on taxpayer costs of a jail diversion program for people with serious mental illness. Eval Program Plann. 2013; 41: 31–37.Google Scholar

Broner, N, Mayrl, DW, Landsberg, G. Outcomes of mandated and nonmandated New York City jail diversion for offenders with alcohol, drug, and mental disorders. Prison J. 2005; 85(1): 18–49.Google Scholar

Department of State Hospitals. DSH Diversion Funding Program. Sacramento, CA; 2018.Google Scholar

An Estimate of Persons in the Jail Mental Health Population Likely to be Appropriate for Safe Release into Community Services. Los Angeles County, CA: Health Services; 2019.Google Scholar

Miller, JE. Too Significant to Fail: the Importance of State Behavioral Health Agencies in the Daily Lives of Americans with Mental Illness, for Their Families, and for Their Communities. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors; 2012.Google Scholar

Hoff, RA, Baranosky, MV, Buchanan, J, Zonana, H, Rosenheck, RA. The effects of a jail diversion program on incarceration: a retrospective cohort study. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1999; 27(3): 377–386.Google Scholar

Tyuse, SW. The effectiveness of a jail diversion program in linking participants to federal entitlements and stable housing. Calif J Health Promot. 2005; 3: 84–98.Google Scholar

Steadman, HJ, Naples, M. Assessing the effectiveness of jail diversion programs for persons with serious mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorders. Behav Sci Law. 2005; 23(2): 163–170.Google Scholar

Henrichson, C, Joshua, R, Delaney, R. The price of jails: measuring the taxpayer cost of local incarceration. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice; 2015.Google Scholar

Segal, A, Daffern, M, Thomas, S, Ferguson, M. Needs and risks of patients in a state-wide inpatient forensic mental health population. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2010; 19(4): 223–230.Google Scholar

Shah, A, Waldron, G, Boast, N, Coid, JW, Ullrich, S. Factors associated with length of admission at a medium secure forensic psychiatric unit. J Forens Psychiatry Psychol. 2011; 22(4): 496–512.Google Scholar

Fazel, S, Seewald, K. Severe mental illness in 33 588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2012; 200(5): 364–373.Google Scholar

Fazel, S, Gulati, G, Linsell, L, Geddes, JR, Grann, M. Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2009; 6(8): e1000120.Google Scholar

Short, T, Thomas, S, Mullen, P, Ogloff, JRP. Comparing violence in schizophrenia patients with and without comorbid substance-use disorders to community controls. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013; 128(4): 306–313.Google Scholar

Sariaslan, A, Larsson, H, Lichtenstein, P, Fazel, S. Neighborhood influences on violent reoffending risk in released prisoners diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2017; 43(5): 1011–1020.Google Scholar

Keers, R, Ullrich, S, DeStavola, B, Coid, J. Association of violence with emergence of persecutory delusions in untreated schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2014; 171(3): 332–339.Google Scholar

Fazel, S, Yu, R. Psychotic disorders and repeat offending: systematic review and metaanalysis. Schizophr Bull. 2011; 37(4): 800–810.Google Scholar

Walsh, E, Gilvarry, C, Samele, C, et al. Reducing violence in severe mental illness: randomised controlled trial of intensive case management compared with standard care. Br Med J. 2001; 323(7321): 1093.Google Scholar

Swanson, JW, Swartz, MS, Borum, R, et al. Involuntary out-patient commitment and reduction of violent behaviour in persons with severe mental illness. Br J Psychiatr. 2000; 176: 324–331.Google Scholar

Swanson, JW, Swartz, MS, Elbogen, EB, Van Dorn, RA. Reducing violence risk in persons with schizophrenia: olanzapine versus risperidone. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004; 65(12): 1666–1673.Google Scholar

Rampling, J, Furtado, V, Winsper, C, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for reducing aggression and violence in serious mental illness: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Eur Psychiatry. 2016; 34: 17–28.Google Scholar

Petersen, L, Nordentoft, M, Jeppesen, P, et al. Improving 1-year outcome in first-episode psychosis: OPUS trial. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2005; 48: s98–s103.Google Scholar

Stevens, H, Agerbo, E, Dean, K, Mortensen, PB, Nordentoft, M. Reduction of crime in first-onset psychosis: a secondary analysis of the OPUS randomized trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013; 74(5): e439–e444.Google Scholar

Nielssen, OB, Malhi, GS, McGorry, PD, Large, MM. Overview of violence to self and others during the first episode of psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012; 73(5): e580–e587.Google Scholar

Brucato, G, Appelbaum, PS, Lieberman, JA, et al. A longitudinal study of violent behavior in a psychosis-risk cohort. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018; 43(2): 264–271.Google Scholar

Dean, K, Singh, S, Kemp, R, Johnson, A, Nielssen, O. Profile and post-release-reoffending patterns in a 25-year Australian cohort of male and female Forensic Patients. Submitted. 2019Google Scholar

Nielssen, O, Large, M. Rates of homicide during the first episode of psychosis and after treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2010; 36(4): 702–712.Google Scholar

Fazel, S, Fiminska, Z, Cocks, C, Coid, J. Patient outcomes following discharge from secure psychiatric hospitals: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2016; 208(1): 17–25.Google Scholar

Hayes, H, Kemp, RI, Large, MM, Nielssen, OB. A 21-year retrospective outcome study of New South Wales forensic patients granted conditional and unconditional release. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014; 48(3): 259–282.Google Scholar

Nielssen, O, Yee, NY, Dean, K, Large, M. Outcome of serious violent offenders with psychotic illness and cognitive disorder dealt with by the New South Wales criminal justice system. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2019; 53(5): 441–446.Google Scholar

Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. Re-offending statistics for NSW. NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (NSW Justice); 2017.Google Scholar

Fazel, S, Wolf, A, Fiminska, Z, Larsson, H. Mortality, rehospitalisation and violent crime in forensic psychiatric patients discharged from hospital: rates and risk factors. PLoS One. 2016; 11(5): e0155906.Google Scholar

Skeem, JL, Winter, E, Kennealy, PJ, Louden, JE, Tatar, JR, 2nd. Offenders with mental illness have criminogenic needs, too: toward recidivism reduction. Law Hum Behav. 2014; 38(3): 212–224.Google Scholar

MacKenzie, DL, Farrington, DP. Preventing future offending of delinquents and offenders: what have we learned from experiments and meta-analyses? J Exp Criminol. 2015; 11(4): 565–595.Google Scholar

Monson, CM, Gunnin, DD, Fogel, MH, Kyle, LL. Stopping (or slowing) the revolving door: factors related to NGRI acquittees’ maintenance of a conditional release. Law Hum Behav. 2001; 25(3): 257–267.Google Scholar

Milosevic, A, Ahmed, AG, Adamson, D, et al. Evaluation of a substance use treatment program for forensic psychiatric inpatients. J Subst Use. 2018; 23(6): 640–647.Google Scholar

Steadman, HJ, Osher, FC, Robbins, PC, et al. Prevalence of serious mental illness among jail inmates. Psychiatr Serv. 2009; 60: 761–765.Google Scholar

Baillargeon, J, Binswanger, AI, Penn, JV, Williams, BE, Murray, OJ. Psychiatric disorders and repeat incarcerations: the revolving prison door. Am J Psychiatry. 2009; 166: 103–109.Google Scholar

Steadman, HJ, Barbera, SS, Dennis, DL. A national survey of jail diversion programs for mentally ill detainees. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 1994; 45: 1109–1113.Google Scholar

National Institute of Mental Health. Serious Mental Illness. www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml#:~:text=Serious%20mental%20illness%20(SMI)%20is,or%20more%20major%20life%20activities (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Ford, EB, Silverman, KD, Solimo, A, et al. Clinical outcomes of specialized treatment units for patients with serious mental illness in the New York City jail system. Psychiatr Serv. 2020; 71: 547–555.Google Scholar

Kubiak, S, Comartin, EB, Hanna, J, Swanson, L. Identification, referral, and services for individuals with serious mental illness across multiple jails. J Correct Health Care. 2020; 26(2): 168–182.Google Scholar

Steadman, HJ, Scott, JE, Osher, F, Agnese, TK, Robbins, PC. Validation of the brief jail mental health screen. Psychiatr Serv. 2005; 56: 816–822.Google Scholar

Kessler, RC, Andrews, G, Colpe, LJ, et al. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in nonspecific psychological distress. Psychol Med. 2002; 32: 959–976.Google Scholar

Kessler, RC, Barker, PR, Colpe, LJ, et al. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003; 60: 184–189.Google Scholar

Bronson, J, Berzofsky, M. Indicators of mental health problems reported by prisoners and jail inmates, 2011–2012 (NCJ 250612). US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2017. www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/imhprpji1112.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Bonfine, N, Wilson, AB, Munetz, MR. Meeting the needs of justice-involved people with serious mental illness within community behavioral health systems. Psychiatr Serv. 2020; 71: 355–363.Google Scholar

Epperson, MW, Wolff, N, Morgan, RD, et al. Envisioning the next generation of behavioral health and criminal justice interventions. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2014; 37: 427–438.Google Scholar

Peterson, J, Skeem, JL, Hart, E, Vidal, S, Keith, F. Analyzing offense patterns as a function of mental illness to test the criminalization hypotheses. Psychiatr Serv. 2010; 61: 1217–1222.Google Scholar

Peterson, J, Skeem, JL, Kennealy, P, Bray, B, Zvonkovic, A. How often and how consistently do symptoms directly precede criminal behavior among offenders with mental illness. Law Hum Behav. 2014; 39: 439–449.Google Scholar

Andrews, DA, Bonta, J. The Psychology of Criminal Conduct, 5th edn. New Providence, NJ: Anderson; 2010.Google Scholar

Munetz, MR, Griffin, PA. Use of the Sequential Intercept Model as an approach to decriminalization of people with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2006; 57: 544–549.Google Scholar

Steadman, HJ, Morris, SM, Dennis, DL. The diversion of mentally ill persons from jails to community-based services: a profile of programs. Am J Public Health. 1995; 85: 1630–1635.Google Scholar

Steadman, HJ, Deane, MW, Morrissey, JP, et al. A SAMHSA research initiative assessing the effectiveness of jail diversion programs for mentally ill persons. Psychiatr Serv. 1999; 50: 1620–1623.Google Scholar

Karel, LI, Delisle, DR, Anagnostis, EA, Wordell, CJ. Implementation of a formulary management process. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2017; 74: 1245–1252.Google Scholar

Hawthorne, WB, Folsom, DP, Sommerfeld, DH, et al. Incarceration among adults who are in the public mental health system: rates, risk factors, and short-term outcomes. Psychiatr Serv. 2012; 63: 26–32.Google Scholar

Berge, D, Mane, A, Salgado, P, et al. Predictors of relapse and functioning in first-episode psychosis: a two-year follow-up study. Psychiatr Serv. 2016; 67: 227–233.Google Scholar

Gill, KJ, Murphy, AA. Jail diversion for persons with serious mental illness coordinated by a prosecutor’s office. Biomed Res Int. 2017; 2017: 7917616.Google Scholar

Comartin, E, Kubiak, SP, Ray, B, Tillander, E, Hanna, J. Short- and long-term outcomes of mental health court participants by psychiatric diagnosis. Psychiatr Serv. 2015; 66: 923–929.Google Scholar

Gottfried, ED, Christopher, SC. Mental disorders among criminal offenders: a review of the literature. J Correct Health Care. 2017; 23: 336–346.Google Scholar

Cummings, MA, Proctor, GJ, Arias, AW. Dopamine antagonist antipsychotics in diverted forensic populations. CNS Spectr. 2020; 25(2): 128–135.Google Scholar

Garcia, S, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M, Lopez-Zurbano, S, et al. Adherence to antipsychotic medication in bipolar disorder and schizophrenic patients: a systematic review. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016; 36: 355–371.Google Scholar

de Haan, L, Lavalaye, J, van Bruggen, M, et al. Subjective experience and dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in patients treated with antipsychotics: clinical implications. Can J Psychiatry. 2004; 49: 290–296.Google Scholar

Ostuzzi, G, Barbui, C. Comparative effectiveness of long-acting antipsychotics: issues and challenges from a pragmatic randomised study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2016; 25: 21–23.Google Scholar

Mohr, P, Knytl, P, Vorackova, V, Bravermanova, A, Melicher, T. Long-acting injectable antipsychotics for prevention and management of violent behaviour in psychotic patients. Int J Clin Pract. 2017; 71: 1–7.Google Scholar

Stevens, GL, Dawson, G, Zummo, J. Clinical benefits and impact of early use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2016; 10: 365–377.Google Scholar

Taipale, H, Mittendorfer-Rutz, E, Alexanderson, K, et al. Antipsychotics and mortality in a nationwide cohort of 29,823 patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018; 197: 274–280.Google Scholar

Howes, OD, McCutcheon, R, Agid, O, et al. Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology. Am J Psychiatry. 2017; 174(3): 216–229.Google Scholar

Beck, K, McCutcheon, R, Stephenson, L, et al. Prevalence of treatment-resistant psychoses in the community: a naturalistic study. J Psychopharmacol. 2019; 33(10): 1248–1253.Google Scholar

Meyer, JM, Stahl, SM. The Clozapine Handbook. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2019.Google Scholar

Meyer, JM, Cummings, MA, Proctor, G, Stahl, SM. Psychopharmacology of persistent violence and aggression. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016; 39: 541–556.Google Scholar

Suppes, T, Webb, A, Paul, B, et al. Clinical outcome in a randomized 1-year trial of clozapine versus treatment as usual for patients with treatment-resistant illness and a history of mania. Am J Psychiatry. 1999; 156: 1164–1169.Google Scholar

Meltzer, HY, Alphs, L, Green, AI, et al. Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). [erratum appears in Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003; 60(7): 735]. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003; 60(1): 82–91.Google Scholar

Yoshimura, B, Yada, Y, So, R, Takaki, M, Yamada, N. The critical treatment window of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: secondary analysis of an observational study. Psychiatry Res. 2017; 250: 65–70.Google Scholar

Sheitman, BB, Catlett, TL, Zarzar, TR. Limited availability and use of clozapine in state prisons. Psychiatr Serv. 2019; 70: 256.Google Scholar

Meyer, JM. Monitoring and improving antipsychotic adherence in outpatient forensic diversion programs. CNS Spectr. 2020; 25(2): 136–144.Google Scholar

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Principles of drug addiction treatment: a research-based guide, 3rd edn. 2018. www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Connery, HS. Medication-assisted treatment of opioid use disorder: review of the evidence and future directions. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2015; 23: 63–75.Google Scholar

Crowley, RA, Kirschner, N. The integration of care for mental health, substance abuse, and other behavioral health conditions into primary care: executive summary of an American College of Physicians position paper. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 163(4): 298–299.Google Scholar

Kampman, K, Jarvis, M. American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) national practice guideline for the use of medications in the treatment of addiction involving opioid use. J Addict Med. 2015; 9(5): 358–367.Google Scholar

Connor, JP, Haber, PS, Hall, WD. Alcohol use disorders. Lancet. 2016; 387: 988–998.Google Scholar

Davis, DR, Kurti, AN, Skelly, JM, et al. A review of the literature on contingency management in the treatment of substance use disorders, 2009–2014. Prev Med. 2016; 92: 36–46.Google Scholar

Higgins, ST, Sigmon, SC, Heil, SH. Contingency management in the treatment of substance use disorders: trends in the literature. In: Ruiz, P, Strain, E., eds. Lowinson and Ruiz’s Substance Abuse: a Comprehensive Textbook. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011: 603–621.Google Scholar

Lussier, JP, Heil, SH, Mongeon, JA, Badger, GJ, Higgins, ST. A meta‐analysis of voucher‐based reinforcement therapy for substance use disorders. Addiction 2006; 101: 192–203.Google Scholar

Prochaska, JO, DiClemente, CC. The Transtheoretical Approach: Crossing Traditional Boundaries of Therapy. Florida, US: Krieger Pub Co; 1994.Google Scholar

DiClemente, CC, Nidecker, M, Bellack, AS. Motivation and the stages of change among individuals with severe mental illness and substance abuse disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2008; 34(1): 25–35.Google Scholar

Smedslund, G, Berg, RC, Hammerstrøm, KT, et al. Motivational interviewing for substance abuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (5): CD008063.Google Scholar

McHugh, RK, Hearon, BA, Otto, MW. Cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorders. Psychiatr Clin. 2010; 33: 511–525.Google ScholarPubMed

Lee, EB, An, W, Levin, ME, Twohig, MP. An initial meta-analysis of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for treating substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015; 155: 1–7.Google Scholar

Stotts, AL, Northrup, TF. The promise of third-wave behavioral therapies in the treatment of substance use disorders. Curr Opin Psychol. 2015; 2: 75–81.Google Scholar

Bassuk, EL, Hanson, J, Greene, RN, Richard, M, Laudet, A. Peer-delivered recovery support services for addictions in the United States: a systematic review. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016; 63: 1–9.Google Scholar

Reif, S, Braude, L, Lyman, DR, et al. Peer recovery support for individuals with substance use disorders: assessing the evidence. Psychiatr Serv. 2014; 65: 853–861.Google Scholar

Committee on Crossing the Quality Chasm: Adaptation to Mental Health and Addictive Disorders, Board on Health Care Services, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences. Improving the Quality of Health Care for Mental and Substance-Use Conditions (Quality Chasm). Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006.Google Scholar

Bond, J, Kaskutas, LA, Weisner, C. The persistent influence of social networks and alcoholics anonymous on abstinence. J Stud Alcohol. 2003; 64(4): 579–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Stevens, E, Jason, LA, Ram, D, Light, J. Investigating social support and network relationships in substance use disorder recovery. Subst Abus. 2015; 36(4): 396–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Redlich, AD, Steadman, HJ, Monahan, J, Petrila, J, Griffin, PA. The second generation of mental health courts. Psychol Public Policy Law. 2005; 11: 527–538.Google Scholar

Jaggi, LJ, Mezuk, B, Watkins, DC, Jackson, JS. The relationship between trauma, arrest, and incarceration history among Black Americans: findings from the national survey of American life. Soc Ment Health. 2016; 6: 187–206.Google Scholar

US Department of Health & Human Services. Housing and Shelter. SAMHSA; 2019. www.samhsa.gov/homelessness-programs-resources/hpr-resources/housing-shelter (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Mueser, K, Goodman, L, Trumbetta, S, et al. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998; 66(3): 493–499.Google Scholar

Seow, LSE, Ong, C, Mahesh, MV, et al. A systematic review on comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2016; 176: 441–451.Google Scholar

Green, K, Browne, K, Chou, S. The relationship between childhood maltreatment and violence to others in individuals with psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2019; 20: 358–373.Google Scholar

Guarino, K, Bassuk, E. Working with families experiencing homelessness: understanding trauma and its impact. Zero to Three J. 2010; 30: 11–20.Google Scholar

Ko, S, Ford, J, Kassam-Adams, N, et al. Creating trauma-informed systems: child welfare, education, first responders, health care, juvenile justice. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 2008; 39(4): 396–404.Google Scholar

Bratina, MP. Forensic Mental Health: Framing Integrated Solutions. New York and Abingdon, UK: Routledge; 2017.Google Scholar

Fowler, PJ, Farrell, AF. Housing and child well being: implications for research, policy, and practice. Am J Community Psychol. 2017; 60(1–2): 3–8.Google Scholar

Roy, L, Crocker, AG, Nicholls, TL, Latimer, E, Isaak, CA. Predictors of criminal justice system trajectories of homeless adults living with mental illness. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2016; 49: 75–83.Google Scholar

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US). Trauma Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. Treatment Improved Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 57. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2014.Google Scholar

US Department of Health and Human Services. SAMHSA’s Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-informed Approach. SAMHSA’s Trauma and Justice Strategic Initiative; 2014. https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4884.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Thompson-Lastad, A, Yen, IH, Fleming, MD, et al. Defining trauma in complex care management: safety-net providers’ perspectives on structural vulnerability and time. Soc Sci Med. 2017; 186: 104–112.Google Scholar

Muskett, C. Trauma-informed care in inpatient mental health settings: a review of the literature. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2014; 23: 51–59.Google Scholar

Skeem, JL, Peterson, JK. Major risk factors for recidivism among offenders with mental illness. 2011. http://risk-resilience.berkeley.edu/journal-article/major-risk-factors-recidivism-among-offenders-mental-illness (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Andrews, D, Bonta, J, Wormith, JS. Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LC/CMI): an offender assessment system. User’s manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems. 2004.Google Scholar

Morgan, RD, Fisher, WH, Duan, N, Mandracchia, JT, Murray, D. Prevalence of criminal thinking among state prison inmates with serious mental illness. Law Hum Behav. 2010; 43: 324–336.Google Scholar

Ross, R, Fabiano, E, Ewles, C. Reasoning and rehabilitation. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 1988; 32: 29–35.Google Scholar

Little, GL, Robinson, KD. Moral Reconation Therapy: a systematic step-by-step treatment system for treatment resistant clients. Psychol Rep. 1998; 62: 135–151.Google Scholar

Bush, J, Glick, B, Taymans, J. Thinking for a Change: Integrated Cognitive Behavior Change Program. Washington DC: National Institute of Corrections, US Department of Justice; 1997 (revised 1998).Google Scholar

Kurtz, MM, Donato, J, Rose, J. Crystallized verbal skills in schizophrenia: relationship to neurocognition, symptoms, and functional status. Neuropsychology. 2011; 25: 784–791.Google Scholar

Wilk, CM, Gold, JM, McMahon, RP, et al. No, it is not possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal. Neuropsychology. 2005; 19: 778–786.Google Scholar

Kern, RS, Green, MF, Satz, P. Neuropsychological predictors of skills training for chronic psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res. 1992; 43: 223–230.Google Scholar

Mueser, KT, Bellack, AS, Douglas, MS, Wade, JH. Prediction of social skill acquisition in schizophrenic and major affective disorder patients from memory and symptomatology. Psychiatry Res. 1991; 37: 281–296.Google Scholar

Green, MF, Kern, RS, Braff, DL, Mintz, J. Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the ‘right stuff’? Schizophr Bull. 2000; 26: 119–136.Google Scholar

Green, MF, Kern, RS, Heaton, RK. Longitudinal studies of cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: implications for MATRICS. Schizophr Res. 2004; 72: 41–51.Google Scholar

Reinharth, J, Reynolds, G, Dill, C, Serper, M. Cognitive predictors of violence in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Schizophr Res: Cogn. 2014; 1(2): 101–111.Google Scholar

Horan, W, Roberts, DL, Holshausen, K. Integrating social cognitive training. In: Medalia, A, Bowie, C, eds. Cognitive Remediation to Improve Functional Outcomes. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995: 194–210.Google Scholar

Deckler, E, Hodgins, G, Pinkham, A, Penn, D, Harvey, PD. Social cognition and neurocognition in schizophrenia and healthy controls: intercorrelations of performance and effects of manipulations aimed at increasing task difficulty. Front Psychiatry. 2018; 9: 356.Google Scholar

Jones, MT, Harvey, PD. Neurocognition and social cognition training as treatments for violence and aggression in people with severe mental illness. CNS Spectr. 2020; 25(2): 145–153.Google Scholar

Picchioni, M, Harris, S, Surgladze, S, Reichenberg, AVI, Murphy, D. A neuro-psychological model of violence propensity in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. 2015; 30: 28–31.Google Scholar

O’Reilly, K, Donohoe, G, Coyle, C, et al. Prospective cohort study of the relationship between neuro-cognition, social cognition and violence in forensic patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2015; 15: 155.Google Scholar

Silberstein, JM, Pinkham, AE, Penn, DL, Harvey, PD. Self-assessment of social cognitive ability in schizophrenia: association with social cognitive test performance, informant assessments of social cognitive ability, and everyday outcomes. Schizophr Res. 2018; 199: 75–82.Google Scholar

Burns, T, Catty, J, White, S, et al. The impact of supported employment and working on clinical and social functioning: results of an international study of individual placement and support. Schizophr Bull. 2009; 35: 949–958.Google Scholar

Mueser, KT, Becker, DR, Torrey, WC, et al. Work and nonvocational domains of functioning in persons with severe mental illness: a longitudinal analysis. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1997; 185: 419–426.Google Scholar

Luciano, A, Bond, GR, Drake, RE. Does employment alter the course and outcome of schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses?: a systematic review of longitudinal research. Schizophr Res. 2014; 159: 312–321.Google Scholar

Tsang, HWH, Chen, EYH. Perceptions on remission and recovery in schizophrenia. Psychopathology. 2007; 40(6): 469.Google Scholar

Vance, DE, Bail, J, Enah, CC, Palmer, JJ, Hoenig, AK. The impact of employment on cognition and cognitive reserve: implications across diseases and aging. Nurs: Res Rev. 2016; 6: 61–71.Google Scholar

Anthony, WA, Cohen, M, Farkas, M, Gagne, C. Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 2nd edn. Boston, MA: Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University; 2002.Google Scholar

Cook, JA, Leff, HS, Blyler, CR, et al. Results of a multisite randomized trial of supported employment interventions for individuals with severe mental illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005; 62: 505–512.Google Scholar

Tsang, HW, Leung, AY, Chung, RC, Bell, M, Cheung, WM. Review on vocational predictors: a systematic review of predictors of vocational outcomes among individuals with schizophrenia: an update since 1998. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010; 44: 495–504.Google Scholar

Liberman, RP, Green, MF. Whither cognitive-behavioral therapy for schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull. 1992; 18: 27–35.Google Scholar

van Duin, D, de Winter, L, Oud, M, et al. The effect of rehabilitation combined with cognitive remediation on functioning in persons with severe mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2019; 49: 1414–1425.Google Scholar

McGurk, SR, Mueser, KT, Pascaris, A. Cognitive training and supported employment for persons with severe mental illness: one-year results from a randomized controlled trial. Schizophr Bull. 2005; 31: 898–909.Google Scholar

Bellack, A, Mueser, KT, Gingerich, S, Agresta, J. Social Skills Training for Schizophrenia: a Step by Step Guide, 2nd edn. New York and London: Guildford Press; 2004: 3.Google Scholar

Tenhula, WN, Bellack, AS. Social skills training. In: Mueser, KT, Jeste, DV, eds. Clinical Handbook of Schizophrenia. New York and London: Guildford Press; 2008: 241–248.Google Scholar

Dixon, LB, Dickerson, F, Bellack, AS, et al. The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychosocial treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophr Bull. 2010; 36: 48–70.Google Scholar

Granholm, E, McQuaid, JR, Holden, J. Cognitive Behavioral Social Skills Training for Schizophrenia: a Practical Treatment Guide. New York and London: Guildford Press; 2016.Google Scholar

Sommerfeld, DH, Aarons, GA, Naqvi, JB, et al. Stakeholder perspectives on implementing cognitive behavioral social skills training on assertive community treatment teams. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2019; 46(2): 188–199.Google Scholar

Sommerfeld, DH, Granholm, E, Holden, J, et al. Concept mapping study of stakeholder perceptions of implementation of cognitive-behavioral social skills training on assertive community treatment teams. Psychol Serv. 2019; 10.1037/ser0000335.Google Scholar

Dixon, L, Adams, C, Lucksted, A. Update on family psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2000; 26: 5–20.Google Scholar

Rosenberg SJR, Rosenberg J. Community Mental Health: Challenges for the 21st Century, 3rd edn. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group; 2018.Google Scholar

Toohey, MJ, Muralidharan, A, Medoff, D, Lucksted, A, Dixon, L. Caregiver positive and negative appraisals: effects of the national alliance on mental illness family-to-family intervention. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2016; 204: 156.Google Scholar

Hayes, L, Harvey, C, Farhall, J. Family psychoeducation for the treatment of psychosis. InPsych. 2013; 35: 16–17.Google Scholar

Brister, T, Cavaleri, MA, Olin, SS, et al. An evaluation of the NAMI basics program. J Child Fam Stud. 2012; 21: 439–442.Google Scholar

McFarlane, WR. Family interventions for schizophrenia and the psychoses: a review. Fam Process. 2016; 55(3): 460–482.Google Scholar

Pharoah, F, Mari, J, Rathbone, J, Wong, W. Family intervention for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; (12): CD000088.Google Scholar

Hooley, JM. Expressed emotion: a review of the critical literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 1985; 5: 119–139.Google Scholar

Harvey, C. Family psychoeducation for people living with schizophrenia and their families. BJPsych Adv. 2018; 24(1): 9–19.Google Scholar

Padgett, DK. There’s no place like (a) home: ontological security among persons with serious mental illness in the United States. Soc Sci Med. 2007; 64(9): 1925–1936.Google Scholar

Kertesz, SG, Crouch, K, Milby, JB, Cusimano, RE, Schumacher, JE. Housing first for homeless persons with active addiction: are we overreaching? Milbank Q. 2009; 87(2): 495–534.Google Scholar

Aubry, T, Nelson, G, Tsemberis, S. Housing first for people with severe mental illness who are homeless: a review of the research and findings from the At Home – Chez Soi demonstration project. Can J Psychiatry. 2015; 60: 467–474.Google Scholar

Tsemberis, S, Eisenberg, RF. Pathways to housing: supported housing for street-dwelling homeless individuals with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatr Serv. 2000; 51(4): 487–493.Google Scholar

Peterson, T. Finding group homes for mentally ill adults. Healthy Place; 2019. www.healthyplace.com/other-info/mental-illness-overview/finding-group-homes-for-mentally-ill-adults (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Mares, AS, Kasprow, WJ, Rosenheck, RA. Outcomes of supported housing for homeless veterans with psychiatric and substance abuse problems. Ment Health Serv Res. 2004; 6: 199–211.Google Scholar

Tsai, J, Rosenheck, RA, Kasprow, WJ, McGuire, JF. Sobriety as an admission criterion for transitional housing: a multi-site comparison of programs with a sobriety requirement to programs with no sobriety requirement. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012; 125(3): 223–229.Google Scholar

National Alliance to End Homelessness. Fact sheet: Housing First. 2016. http://endhomelessness.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/housing-first-fact-sheet.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Pearson, CL. The applicability of Housing First models to homeless persons with serious mental illness. United States Department of Housing and Urban Development – Office of Policy Development Research; 2007. www.huduser.gov/Publications/pdf/hsgfirst.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Aubry, T, Tsemberis, S, Adair, CE, et al. One-year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of housing first with ACT in five Canadian cities. Psychiatr Serv. 2015; 66: 463–469.Google Scholar

Stergiopoulos, V, Hwang, SW, Gozdzik, A, et al. Effect of scattered-site housing using rent supplements and intensive case management on housing stability among homeless adults with mental illness: a randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2015; 313: 905–915.Google Scholar

Anderson, JM, Buenaventura, M, Heaton, P. The effects of holistic defense on criminal justice outcomes. Harv Law Rev. 2019; 132(3): 819.Google Scholar

Grudzinskas, AJ, Jr., Clayfield, JC, Roy‐Bujnowski, K, Fisher, WH, Richardson, MH. Integrating the criminal justice system into mental health service delivery: the Worcester diversion experience. Behav Sci Law. 2005; 23(2): 277–293.Google Scholar

Buchanan, S, Nooe, RM. Defining social work within holistic public defense: challenges and implications for practice. Soc Work. 2017; 62(4): 333–339.Google Scholar

Steinberg, R. Heeding Gideon’s call in the twenty-first century: holistic defense and the new public defense paradigm. Washington Lee L Rev. 2013; 70: 961.Google Scholar

Dieterich, M, Irving, CB, Bergman, H, et al. Intensive case management for severe mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 1(1): CD007906.Google Scholar

Bond, GR, Drake, RE, Mueser, KT, et al. Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental illness. Dis Manage Health Outcomes. 2001; 9(3): 141–159.Google Scholar

Dieterich, M, Irving, CB, Bergman, H, et al. Intensive case management for severe mental illness. Schizophr Bull. 2017; 43: 698–700.Google Scholar

Neale, MS, Rosenheck, RA. Therapeutic alliance and outcome in a VA intensive case management program. Psychiatr Serv. 1995; 46: 719–721.Google Scholar

US Department of Health and Human Services. Adult mental health treatment court locator. SAMHSA’s GAINS Center; 2019. www.samhsa.gov/gains-center/mental-health-treatment-court-locator/adults (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Skeem, JL, Manchak, S, Peterson, JK. Correctional policy for offenders with mental illness: creating a new paradigm for recidivism reduction. Law Hum Behav. 2011; 35: 110–126.Google Scholar

Huz, S, Thorning, H, White, CN, et al. Time in assertive community treatment: a statewide quality improvement initiative to reduce length of participation. Psychiatr Serv. 2017; 68: 539–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lamberti, JS, Weisman, RL, Cerulli, C, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the Rochester Forensic Assertive Community Treatment Model. Psychiatr Serv. 2017; 68: 1016–1024.Google Scholar

Haneberg, R, Fabelo, T, Osher, F, Thompson, M. Reducing the number of people with mental illnesses in jail: six questions county leaders need to ask. The Stepping Up Initiative; 2017. https://stepuptogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Reducing-the-Number-of-People-with-Mental-Illnesses-in-Jail_Six-Questions.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Dunn, T, Dempsey, C. Agitation in field settings: emergency medical services providers and law enforcement. In: Zeller, SL, Nordstrom, KD, Wilson, MP, eds. Diagnosis and Management of Agitation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2017.Google Scholar

Treatment Advocacy Center. Emergency hospitalization for evaluation: assisted psychiatric treatment standards by state. www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/Emergency%5FHospitalization%5Ffor%5FEvaluation.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Counsel of State Governments – Justice Center. Stepping up initiative. https://csgjusticecenter.org/mental-health/county~improvement-project/stepping-up/pdf (accessed February 2019).Google Scholar

Reuland, M, Draper, L, Norton, B. Improving responses to people with mental illness: tailoring law enforcement initiatives to individual jurisdictions. Bureau of Justice Assistance, Council of State Governments Justice Center; 2010. www.bja.gov/Publications/CSG_LE_Tailoring.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Dupont, R, Major Cochran, S, Pillsbury, S. Crisis Intervention Team Core Elements. The University of Memphis, School of Urban Affairs and Public Policy, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, CIT Center; 2007. http://cit.memphis.edu/pdf/CoreElements.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Bakeman, R, Broussard, B, D’Orio, B, Watson, CW. Police officers’ volunteering for (rather than being assigned to) Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training: evidence for a beneficial self-selection effect. Behav Sci Law. 2017; 35(5–6): 470–479.Google Scholar

Compton, MT, Bakeman, R, Broussard, B, et al. The police-based crisis intervention team (CIT) model: I. Effects on officers’ knowledge, attitudes, and skills. Psychiatr Serv. 2014; 65(4): 517–522.Google Scholar

van den Brink, RH, Broer, J, Tholen, AJ, et al. Role of the police in linking individuals experiencing mental health crises with mental health services. BMC Psychiatry. 2012; 12: 171.Google Scholar

El-Mallakh, PL, Kiran, K, El-Mallakh, RS. Costs and savings associated with implementation of a police crisis intervention team. South Med J. 2014; 107(6): 391–395.Google Scholar

Compton, MT, Demir Neubert, BN, Broussard, B, et al. Use of force preferences and perceived effectiveness of actions among Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) police officers and non-CIT officers in an escalating psychiatric crisis involving a subject with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2011; 37(4): 737–745.Google Scholar

Compton, MT, Broussard, B, Reed, TA, et al. Survey of police chiefs and sheriffs and of police officers about CIT programs. Psychiatr Serv. 2015; 66(7): 760–763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Demir, B, Broussard, B, Goulding, SM, et al. Beliefs about causes of schizophrenia among police officers before and after crisis intervention team training. Community Ment Health J. 2009; 45(5): 385–392.Google Scholar

Silverstone, PH, Krameddine, YI, DeMarco, D, et al. A novel approach to training police officers to interact with individuals who may have a psychiatric disorder. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2013; 41(3): 344–355.Google Scholar

Krameddine, YI, DeMarco, D, Hassel, R, et al. A novel training program for police officers that improves interactions with mentally ill individuals and is cost-effective. Front Psychiatry. 2013; 4: 9.Google Scholar

Gur, OM. Persons with mental illness in the criminal justice system: police interventions to prevent violence and criminalization. J Police Crisis Negot. 2010; 10(1–2): 220–240.Google Scholar

Dempsey, C. Beating mental illness: crisis intervention team training and law enforcement response trends. South Calif Interdiscip Law J. 2017; 26(2): 323–340.Google Scholar

Lamanna, D, Shapiro, GK, Kirst, M, et al. Co-responding police-mental health programmes: service user experiences and outcomes in a large urban centre. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2018; 27(2): 891–900.Google Scholar

Kisely, S, Campbell, LA, Peddle, S, et al. A controlled before-and-after evaluation of a mobile crisis partnership between mental health and police services in Nova Scotia. Can J Psychiatry. 2010; 55(10): 662–668.Google Scholar

Lee, SJ, Thomas, P, Doulis, C, et al. Outcomes achieved by and police and clinician perspectives on a joint police officer and mental health clinician mobile response unit. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2015; 24(6): 538–546.Google Scholar

McKenna, B, Furness, T, Oakes, J, et al. Police and mental health clinician partnership in response to mental health crisis: a qualitative study. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2015; 24(5): 386–393.Google Scholar

Evangelista, E, Lee, S, Gallagher, A, et al. Crisis averted: how consumers experienced a police and clinical early response (PACER) unit responding to a mental health crisis. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2016; 25(4): 367–376.Google Scholar

Lopez, H. A Descriptive Study of LAPD’s Co-Response Model for Individuals with Mental Illness. Long Beach, CA: ProQuest School of Social Work, University of California; 2016. www.equitasproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Lopez-Thesis-on-Co-responder-model.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Policy Research Associates, SAMHSA’s Gains Center for Behavioral Health and Justice Transformation. Developing a comprehensive plan for mental health and criminal justice collaboration: the Sequential Intercept Model. www.prainc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/SIMBrochure.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Policy Research Associates. The Sequential Intercept Model: advancing community-based solutions for justice-involved people with mental and substance use disorders. www.prainc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/SIM-Brochure-Redesign0824.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles Department of Mental Health. Community mental health resource guide. www.equitasproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/LAPDTriFoldFinal-2–15-17-updated.pdf (accessed February 2019).Google Scholar

National Alliance on Mental Illness, Glendale Chapter. Guidelines for effective communication with 911 dispatch. http://namiglendale.org/dealing-with-911/ (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Houston Police Department, Mental Health Division. Emergency guide. www.houstoncit.org/emergency-guide/ (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

National Alliance on Mental Illness, Dallas Chapter. 911 Checklist. www.namidallas.org/uploads/2/2/4/3/22433150/911_checklist_2015.pdf (accessed February 2019).Google Scholar

Houston Police Department, Mental Health Division. Crisis call diversion. www.houstoncit.org/ccd/ (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

The Counsel of State Governments, Justice Center. “What If,” to Real Results: US Police Departments Explore Innovative, Collaborative Ways to Address Growing Mental Health Crisis. https://csgjusticecenter.org/mental-health/posts/from-what-if-to-real-results-u-s-police-departments-explore-innovative- collaborative-ways-to-address-growing-mental-health-crisis/pdf. (accessed February 2019).Google Scholar

Bernstein, M. Next year a 9-1-1 mental health emergency call won’t automatically bring a Portland cop. The Oregonian. 2011. www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/12/next_year_a_911_call_from_a_me.html (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

White Bird Clinic. CAHOOTS (Crisis Assistance Helping Out On The Streets). https://whitebirdclinic.org/services/cahoots/ (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Los Angeles Police Department. Barricaded suspects. Training Bulletin, Volume XLV, Issue 4. December 2016. https://recordsrequest.lacity.org/documents/748737 (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Wogan, JB, Cournoyer, C. How police chiefs plan to avoid “lawful but awful” shootings, governing the states and localities. Governing. February 2, 2016. www.governing.com/topics/public-justice-safety/gov-police-chiefs-shootings.html (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Biasotti, MA. The Impact of Mental Illness on Law Enforcement Resources. Naval Postgraduate School Center for Homeland Defense and Security; 2011. www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/The_%20Impact_of_Mental_Illness_on_Law_Enforcement_Resources.pdf (accessed March 2019).Google Scholar

Sevy, S, Nathanson, K, Visweswaraiah, H, et al. The relationship between insight and symptoms in schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry. 2004; 45(1): 16–19.Google Scholar

Dell’Osso, L, Pini, S, Cassano, GB, et al. Insight into illness in patients with mania, mixed mania, bipolar depression and major depression with psychotic features. Bipolar Disord. 2002; 4(5): 315–322.Google Scholar

Pini, S, Cassano, GB, Dell’Osso, L, et al. Insight into illness in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and mood disorders with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158(1): 122–125.Google Scholar

Amador, XF, Flaum, M, Andreasen, NC, et al. Awareness of illness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective and mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994; 51(10): 826–836.Google Scholar

Fennig, S, Everett, E, Bromet, EJ, et al. Insight in first-admission psychotic patients. Schizophr Res. 1996; 22(3): 257–263.Google Scholar

Arango, C, Amador, X. Lessons learned about poor insight. Schizophr Bull. 2011; 37(1): 27–28.Google Scholar

Misdrahi, D, Tessier, A, Swendsen, J, et al. Determination of adherence profiles in schizophrenia using self-reported adherence: results from the FACE-SZ dataset. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016; 77(9): e1130–e1136.Google Scholar

Hui, CLM, Poon, VWY, Ko, WT, et al. Risk factors for antipsychotic medication non-adherence behaviors and attitudes in adult-onset psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2016; 174(1–3): 144–149.Google Scholar

Czobor, P, Van Dorn, RA, Citrome, L, et al. Treatment adherence in schizophrenia: a patient-level meta-analysis of combined CATIE and EUFEST studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015; 25(8): 1158–1166.Google Scholar

Myers, N, Bhatty, S, Broussard, B, et al. Clinical correlates of initial treatment disengagement in first-episode psychosis. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2017; 11(2): 95–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Levin, JB, Seifi, N, Cassidy, KA, et al. Comparing medication attitudes and reasons for medication nonadherence among three disparate groups of individuals with serious mental illness. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2014; 202(11): 769–773.Google Scholar

Brain, C, Allerby, K, Sameby, B, et al. Drug attitude and other predictors of medication adherence in schizophrenia: 12 months of electronic monitoring (MEMS®) in the Swedish COAST-study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013; 23(12): 1754–1762.Google Scholar

Compton, MT, Gordon, TL, Goulding, SM, et al. Patient-level predictors and clinical correlates of duration of untreated psychosis among hospitalized first-episode patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011; 72(2): 225–232.Google Scholar

Hill, M, Crumlish, N, Whitty, P, et al. Nonadherence to medication four years after a first episode of psychosis and associated risk factors. Psychiatr Serv. 2010; 61(2): 189–192.Google Scholar

Pijnenborg, GH, Timmerman, ME, Derks, EM, et al. Differential effects of antipsychotic drugs on insight in first episode schizophrenia: data from the European First-Episode Schizophrenia Trial (EUFEST). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011; 25(6): 808–816.Google Scholar

Kim, JH, Ann, JH, Lee, J. Insight change and its relationship to subjective well-being during acute atypical antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2011; 36(6): 687–694.Google Scholar

Wiffen, BD, Rabinowitz, J, Fleischhacker, WW, et al. Insight: demographic differences and associations with one-year outcome in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2010; 4(3): 169–175.Google Scholar

Treatment Advocacy Center. A background paper from the Office of Research & Public Affairs: serious mental illness and anosognosia; 2016. www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/key-issues/anosognosia/3628-serious-mental-illness-and-anosognosia (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Treatment Advocacy Center. A background paper from the Office of Research & Public Affairs: anosognosia, non-treatment, and violent behavior; 2016. www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/key-issues/anosognosia/3636-anosognosia-non-treatment-and-violent-behavior (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Tsai, G, Quanbeck, CD. Assisted outpatient treatment and outpatient commitment. In: Rosner, R, Scott, C, eds. Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry, 3rd edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2017: 131–144.Google Scholar

Swartz, MS, Swanson, JW, Steadman, HJ, Robbins, PC, Monahan, J. New York State assisted outpatient treatment program evaluation. New York State Assisted Outpatient Treatment Program Evaluation, Duke University School of Medicine; 2009. https://omh.ny.gov/omhweb/resources/publications/aot_program_evaluation/report.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Swartz, MS, Swanson, J, Hiday, V, et al. A randomized controlled trial of outpatient commitment in North Carolina. Psychiatr Serv. 2001; 52(3): 325–329.Google Scholar

Treatment Advocacy Center. What is AOT? www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/aot-one-pager.pdf (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Treatment Advocacy Center. A background paper from the Office of Research & Public Affairs: the role of Assisted Outpatient Treatment in reducing violence. www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/evidence-and-research/learn-more-about/3634-the-role-of-assisted-outpatient-treatment-in-reducing-violence (accessed June 2020).Google Scholar

Swartz, M, Swanson, J, Wagner, H, et al. Can involuntary outpatient commitment reduce hospital recidivism?: findings from a randomized trial with severely mentally ill individuals. Am J Psychiatry. 1999; 156(12): 1968–1975.Google Scholar

Swanson, J, Swartz, M, Elbogen, E, et al. Effects of involuntary outpatient commitment on subjective quality of life in persons with severe mental illness. Behav Sci Law. 2003; 21(4): 473–491.Google Scholar