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Chapter 15 - Mechanisms of Aging-Related Cognitive Decline

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 November 2019

By
Stephen E. Nadeau
Edited by
Kenneth M. Heilman  and
Stephen E. Nadeau
Kenneth M. Heilman
Affiliation:
University of Florida
Stephen E. Nadeau
Affiliation:
University of Florida
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Summary

Unlike the degenerative disorders that cause dementias, which stem from a modest number of aberrant processes, aging-related cognitive changes reflect a host of mechanisms. These include mechanisms associated with a person’s condition, e.g., drugs, pain, depression, and sleep disorders. They include mechanistic changes linked to the aging process, e.g., enhanced neural network noise, increased neighborhood density, age of acquisition effects, degraded selective engagement of neural networks, alteration of the balance between volitional and reactive intention and attention, declines in neurotransmitter function, and brain ontogenesis over the life span. They include changes best characterized as senescent physiology and best demonstrated in decline in functions essential to episodic memory formation related to impaired encoding in the hippocampal cornu amonis (CA) fields and slowed neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Finally, they include processes best characterized as senescent pathology, the best understood being degradation of myelin and associated reduction of central conduction velocities and slowing of processing speed. No longer should cognitive changes associated with aging be viewed as a simple manifestation of a unitary aging process. The large number of mechanisms at play and their complexity offer many opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

Keywords

aging-related cognitive changeneighborhood densityage of acquisitionattentionintentionneurotransmittersepisodic memoryhippocampusmyelinprocessing speed
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Cognitive Changes and the Aging Brain , pp. 226 - 244
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

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