Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Home
Hostname: page-component-6c8bd87754-5dxdz Total loading time: 2.303 Render date: 2022-01-16T11:07:15.499Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, "shouldUseHypothesis": true, "isUnsiloEnabled": true, "metricsAbstractViews": false, "figures": true, "newCiteModal": false, "newCitedByModal": true, "newEcommerce": true, "newUsageEvents": true }
The Cambridge Handbook of Germanic Linguistics The Cambridge Handbook of Germanic Linguistics
Buy print or eBook[Opens in a new window]

Book contents

Part V - Language Contact and Nonstandard Varieties

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 March 2020

Edited by
Michael T. Putnam  and
B. Richard Page
Michael T. Putnam
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
B. Richard Page
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Germanic Linguistics , pp. 687 - 864
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Purchase

Buy Book

Buy print or eBook[Opens in a new window]

References

Bader, M. and Meng, M. 1999. “Subject-object ambiguities in German embedded clauses: An across-the-board comparison,” Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 28: 121–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baten, K. 2011. “Processability Theory and German case acquisition,” Language Learning 61: 405–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, A. and Carroll, M. 1997. The Acquisition of Spatial Relations in a Second Language. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergen, G. van and Flecken, M. 2017. “Putting things in new places: Linguistic experience modulates the predictive power of placement verb semantics,” Journal of Memory and Language 92: 26–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birdsong, D. 1992. “Ultimate attainment in second language acquisition,” Language 68: 706–755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bley-Vroman, R. 1990. “The logical problem of foreign language learning,” Linguistic Analysis 20: 3–49.Google Scholar
Blom, E. 2010. “Effects of input on the early grammatical development of bilingual children,” International Journal of Bilingualism 14: 442–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobb, S., Kroll, J., and Jackson, C. 2015. “Lexical constraints in second language learning: Evidence on grammatical gender in German,” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18: 502–523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bohnacker, U. 2006. “When Swedes begin to learn German: From V2 to V2,” Second Language Research 22: 443–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bongaerts, T., Mennen, S., and van der Slik, F. 2000. “Authenticity of pronunciation in naturalistic second language acquisition: The case of very advanced learners of Dutch as a second language,” Studia Linguistica 545: 298–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bordag, D., Opitz, A. and Pechmann, T. 2006. “Gender processing in L1 and L2: The role of noun termination,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 32: 1090–1101.Google Scholar
Bordag, D. and Pechmann, T. 2007. “Factors influencing L2 gender processing,” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 10: 299–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bordag, D. and Pechmann, T. 2018. “Genuserwerb und -verarbeitung in einer L2.” In Schimke, S. and Hopp, H. (eds.), Sprachverarbeitung im Zweitspracherwerb. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 75–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clahsen, H. 1990. “The comparative study of first and second language development,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12: 135–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clahsen, H. and Felser, C. 2006. “Grammatical processing in language learners,” Applied Psycholinguistics 27: 3–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clahsen, H., Meisel, J., and Pienemann, M. 1983. Deutsch als Zweitsprache. Der Spracherwerb ausländischer Arbeiter. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Clahsen, H. and Muysken, P. 1986. “The availability of universal grammar to adult and child learners – a study of the acquisition of German word order,” Second Language Research 2: 93–118.Google Scholar
Clahsen, H. and Penke, M. 1992. “The acquisition of agreement morphology and its syntactic consequences: New evidence on German child language from the Simone-corpus.” In Meisel, J. (ed.), The Acquisition of Verb Placement. Dordrecht: Kluwer: 181–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chilla, S., Rothweiler, M., and Babur, E. 2010. Kindliche Mehrsprachigkeit. Grundlagen, Störungen, Diagnostik. Munich: Reinhardt.Google Scholar
Craats, I. van de 2009. “The role of is in the acquisition of finiteness by adult Turkish learners of Dutch,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 31: 59–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craats, I. van de and van Hoet, R. 2010. “Dummy auxiliaries in the second language acquisition of Moroccan learners of Dutch: Form and function,” Second Language Research 26: 473–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunnings, I. 2017. “Parsing and working memory in bilingual sentence processing,” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20: 659–678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dekydtspotter, L., Schwartz, B., and Sprouse, R. 2006. “The comparative fallacy in L2 processing research.” In O’Brien, M., Shea, C., and Archibald, J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA 2006). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project: 33–40.Google Scholar
Dell, G. and Chang, F. 2014. “The P-chain: relating sentence production and its disorders to comprehension and acquisition,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 369: 20120394. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diehl, E., Christen, H., and Leuenberger, S. 2000. Grammatikunterricht: Alles für der Katz? Untersuchungen zum Zweitsprachenerwerb Deutsch. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Dietrich, R., Klein, W., and Noyau, C. 1995. The Acquisition of Temporality in a Second Language. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimroth, C. 2013. “Learner varieties.” In A. Carol (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. DOI:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimroth, C. and Starren, M. (eds.) 2003. Information Structure and the Dynamics of Language Acquisition. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckerth, J., Schramm, K., and Tschirner, E. 2009. “Review of recent research (2002–2008) on applied linguistics and language teaching with specific reference to L2 German (part 1),” Language Teaching 42: 41–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, C. 2017. Cross-language Interaction During Language Production among L1 German-L2 Italian Bilinguals. Ph.D. dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
Gass, S. 2013. Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gawlitzek-Maiwald, I. and Tracy, R. 1996. “Bilingual bootstrapping,” Linguistics 34: 901–926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerth, S., Otto, C., Felser, C., and Nam, Y. 2017. “Strength of garden-path effects in native and non-native speakers’ processing of object-subject ambiguities,” International Journal of Bilingualism 21: 125–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glahn, E., Håkansson, G., Hammarberg, B., Holmen, A., Hvenekilde, A., and Lund, K. 2001. “Processability in Scandinavian second language acquisition,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 23: 389–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosjean, F. 1989. “Neurolinguists beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person,” Brain and Language 36: 3–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gut, U. 2009. Non-Native Speech: A Corpus-Based Analysis of the Phonetic and Phonological Properties of L2 English and L2 German. New York and Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haberzettl, S. 2005. Der Erwerb der Verbstellungsregeln in der Zweitsprache Deutsch durch Kinder mit russischer und türkischer Muttersprache. Tübingen: Niemeyer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Håkansson, G. and Norrby, C. 2010. “Environmental influence on language acquisition: Comparing second and foreign language acquisition of Swedish,” Language Learning 60: 628–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Håkansson, G., Pienemann, M., and Sayehli, S. 2002. “Transfer and typological proximity in the context of second language processing,” Second Language Research 18: 250–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Havik, E., Roberts, L., van Hout, R., Schreuder, R., and Haverkort, M. 2009. “Processing subject-object ambiguities in the L2: A self-paced reading study with German L2 learners of Dutch,” Language Learning 59: 73–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendricks, H. (ed.) 2005. The Structure of Learner Varieties. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, N. 2015. Morphosyntactic Processing, Cue Interaction, and the Effects of Instruction: An Investigation of Processing Instruction and the Acquisition of Case Marking in L2 German. Ph.D. dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
Henry, N., Culman, H., and van Patten, B. 2009. “More on the effects of explicit information in instructed SLA,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 31: 559–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopp, H. 2006. “Syntactic features and reanalysis in near-native processing,” Second Language Research 22: 369–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopp, H. 2009. “The syntax-discourse interface in near-native L2 acquisition: Off-line and online performance,” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12: 463–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopp, H. 2010. “Ultimate attainment in L2 inflection: Performance similarities between non-native and native speakers,” Lingua 120: 901–931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopp, H. 2013. “Grammatical gender in adult L2 acquisition: Relations between lexical and syntactic variability,” Second Language Research 29: 33–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopp, H. 2015. “Semantics and morphosyntax in L2 predictive sentence processing,” International Review of Applied Linguistics 53: 277–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopp, H. 2016. “Learning (not) to predict: Grammatical gender processing in second language acquisition,” Second Language Research 32: 277–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopp, H. 2018. “Kasus- und Genusverarbeitung des Deutschen im Satzkontext.” In Schimke, S. and Hopp, H. (eds.), Sprachverarbeitung im Zweitspracherwerb. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 141–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopp, H. and Lemmerth, N. 2016. “Lexical and syntactic congruency in L2 predictive gender processing,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition. Advance online publication. DOI:10.1017/S0272263116000437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huettig, F. 2015. “Four central questions about prediction in language processing,” Brain Research 1626: 118–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, C. 2007. “The use and non-use of semantic information, word order, and case markings during comprehension by L2 learners of German,” Modern Language Journal 91: 418–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, C. 2008. “Proficiency level and the interaction of lexical and morphosyntactic information during L2 sentence processing,” Language Learning 58: 875–909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, C. and Bobb, S. 2009. “The processing and comprehension of wh-questions among second language speakers of German,” Applied Psycholinguistics 30: 630–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, C. and Dussias, P. 2009. “Cross-linguistic differences and their impact on L2 sentence processing,” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12: 65–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, C., Dussias, P., and Hristova, A. 2012. “Using eye-tracking to study on-line processing among intermediate L2 learners of German,” International Review of Applied Linguistics 50: 101–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Jackson, C., Johnson-Fowler, C., Gavin, B., and Henry, N. 2018. “Zusammenhänge zwischen der Sprachverarbeitung und dem Erwerb neuer Strukturen bei erwachsenen L2-Lernern.” In Schimke, S. and Hopp, H. (eds.), Sprachverarbeitung im Zweitspracherwerb. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 299–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, C. and Roberts, L. 2010. “Animacy affects the processing of subject-object ambiguities in the second language: Evidence from self-paced reading with German second language learners of Dutch,” Applied Psycholinguistics 31: 671–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jansen, L. 2008. “Acquisition of German word order in tutored learners: A cross-sectional study in a wider theoretical context,” Language Learning 58: 185–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordens, P. 2001. “Constraints on the shape of second language learner varieties,” International Review of Applied Linguistics 39: 51–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juffs, A. and Rodriguez, G. 2015. Second Language Sentence Processing. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kaan, E. 2014. “Predictive sentence processing in L2 and L1: What is different?” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4: 257–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, R. and Bresnan, J. 1982. “Lexical-functional grammar: A formal system for grammatical representation.” In Bresnan, J. (ed.), The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 173–281.Google Scholar
Kempe, V. and MacWhinney, B. 1998. “The acquisition of case marking by adult learners of Russian and German,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20: 543–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kempen, G. and Hoenkamp, E. 1987. “An incremental procedural grammar for sentence formulation,” Cognitive Science 11: 201–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klassen, R. 2016. “The representation of asymmetric grammatical gender systems in the bilingual mental lexicon,” Probus 28: 9–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, W. and Dittmar, N. 1979. Developing Grammars: The Acquisition of German Syntax by Foreign Workers. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, W. and Dimroth, C. 2009. “Untutored second language acquisition.” In Bhatia, T. and Ritchie, W. (eds.), The New Handbook of Second Language Acquisition. Bingley: Emerald: 503–522.Google Scholar
Klein, W. and Perdue, C. 1992. Utterance Structure. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, W. and Perdue, C. 1997. “The Basic Variety (or couldn’t natural languages be simpler?)” Second Language Research 13: 301–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Köpcke, K-M. and Zubin, D. 1984. “Sechs Prinzipien für die Genuszuweisung im Deutschen: Ein Beitrag zur natürlichen Klassifikation,” Linguistische Berichte 93: 26–50.Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Schriefers, H., and Indefrey, P. 2014. “Idiosyncratic genders: Syntactic processing in second language comprehension uses subjective feature representations,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26: 1428–1444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Spalek, K., and Schriefers, H. 2008. “Cross-language effects on grammatical gender in bilingual word recognition and production,” Journal of Memory and Language 59: 312–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levelt, W. 1989. Speaking: From Intention to Articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Levelt, W., Roelofs, A., and Meyer, A. 1999. “A theory of lexical access in speech production,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22: 1–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacWhinney, B. 2008. “A unified model.” In Robinson, P. and Ellis, N. C. (eds.), Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition. New York: Routledge: 341–371.Google Scholar
McDonald, J. 1987. “Sentence interpretation in bilingual speakers of English and Dutch,” Applied Psycholinguistics 4: 379–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meisel, J. 1997. “The L2 Basic Variety as an I language,” Second Language Research 13: 374–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meisel, J., Clahsen, H., and Pienemann, M. 1981. “On determining developmental stages in natural second language acquisition,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 3: 109–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meulman, N., Stowe, L., Sprenger, S., Bresser, M., and Schmid, M. 2014. “An ERP study on L2 syntax processing: When do learners fail?” Frontiers in Psychology 55: 1072.Google Scholar
Meulman, N., Wieling, M., Sprenger, S., Stowe, L., and Schmid, M. 2015. “Age effects in L2 grammar processing as revealed by ERPs and how (not) to study them,” PlosONE 10: e0143328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, R., Myles, F., and Marsden, E. 2013. Second Language Learning Theories. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Morgan-Short, K. 2014. “Electrophysiological approaches to studying second language acquisition: A field reaching its potential,” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 34: 15–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyer, A. 2004. Age, Accent and Experience in Second Language Acquisition. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, N., Kupisch, T., Schmitz, K., and Cantone, K. 2009. Einführung in die Mehrsprachigkeitsforschung: Deutsch, Französisch, Italienisch. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
O’Brien, M. G. 2004. “Pronunciation Matters,” Die Unterrichtspraxis 37: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parodi, T. 2000. “Finiteness and verb placement in second language acquisition,” Second Language Research 16: 355–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, C. and Ehrenhofer, E. 2015. “The role of language processing in language acquisition,” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5: 409–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pienemann, M. 1998. Language Processing and Second Language Development: Processability Theory. Amsterdam andPhiladelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pienemann, M. (ed.) 2005. Cross-Linguistic Aspects of Processability Theory. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pienemann, M. and Håkansson, G. 2007. “Full transfer vs. developmentally moderated transfer: A reply to Bohnacker,” Second Language Research 23: 485–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rizzi, L. and Roberts, I. 1989. “Complex inversion in French,” Probus 1: 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabourin, L. and Stowe, L. 2008. “Second language processing: When are first and second languages processed similarly?” Second Language Research 24: 397–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabourin, L., Stowe, L., and de Haan, G. 2006. “Transfer effects in learning a second language grammatical gender system,” Second Language Research 22: 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salamoura, A. and Williams, J. 2007. “The representation of grammatical gender in the bilingual lexicon: Evidence from Greek and German,” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 10: 257–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherag, A., Demuth, L., Rösler, F., Neville, H., and Röder, B. 2004. “The effects of late acquisition of L2 and the consequences of immigration on L1 for semantic and morpho-syntactic language aspects,” Cognition 93: B97–B108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schimke, S. 2011. “Variable verb-placement in second language German and French: Evidence from production and elirefd imitation of finite and nonfinite negated sentences,” Applied Psycholinguistics 32: 635–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schimke, S. and Hopp, H. (eds.) 2018. Sprachverarbeitung im Zweitspracherwerb. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlesewsky, M., Fanselow, G., Kliegl, R., and Krems, J. 2000. “The subject preference in the processing of locally ambiguous wh-questions in German.” In Hemforth, B. and Konieczny, L. (eds.), German Sentence Processing. Dordrecht: Kluwer: 65–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schriefers, H., Friederici, A. and Kühn, K. 1995. “The processing of locally ambiguous relative clauses in German,” Journal of Memory and Language 34: 499–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, B. and Sprouse, R. 1994. “Word order and nominative case in non-native language acquisition: A longitudinal study of (L1 Turkish) German interlanguage.” In Hoekstra, T. and Schwartz, B. (eds.), Language Acquisition Studies in Honor of Kenneth Wexler from the 1991 GLOW Workshops. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins: 317–368.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. and Sprouse, R. 1996. “L2 cognitive states and the Full Transfer/Full Access model,” Second Language Research 12: 40–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szagun, G., Stumper, B., Sondag, N., and Franik, M. 2007. “The acquisition of gender marking by young German-speaking children: Evidence for learning guided by phonological regularities,” Journal of Child Language 34: 445–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ullmann, M. 2005. “A cognitive neuroscience perspective on second language acquisition: The declarative/procedural model.” In Sanz, C. (ed.), Mind and Context in Adult Second Language Acquisition: Methods, Theory, and Practice. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press: 141–178.Google Scholar
Unsworth, S. 2016. “Early child L2 acquisition: Age or input effects? Neither, or both?” Journal of Child Language 43: 603–634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vainikka, A. and Young-Scholten, M. 1996a. “The early stages in adult L2 syntax: Additional evidence from Romance speakers,” Second Language Research 12: 140–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vainikka, A. and Young-Scholten, M. 1996b. “Gradual development of L2 phrase structure,” Second Language Research 12: 7–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vainikka, A. and Young-Scholten, M. 2011. The Acquisition of German: Introducing Organic Grammar. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verhagen, J. 2011. “Verb placement in second language acquisition: Experimental evidence for the different behavior of auxiliary and lexical verbs,” Applied Psycholinguistics 32: 821–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wegener, H. 2000. “German gender in children’s second language acquisition.” In Unterbeck, B., Rissanen, M., Nevalainen, T., and Saari, M. (eds.), Gender in Grammar and Cognition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 511–544.Google Scholar
White, L. 2003. Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aarsæther, F. 2010. “The use of multiethnic youth language in Oslo.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 111–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aasheim, S. 1995. Kebab-norsk: fremmedspråklig påvirkning på ungdomsspråket i Oslo. [Kebab Norwegian: Influence of foreign languages on the youth language in Oslo.] M.A.thesis, University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Agha, A. 2007. Language and Social Relations. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Androutsopoulos, J. 2009. “Language and the three spheres of hip-hop discourse.” In Ibrahim, A., Alim, H. S., and Pennycook, A. (eds.), Global Linguistic Flows: Hip Hop Cultures, Identities and the Politics of Language. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 43–62.Google Scholar
Androutsopoulos, J. 2010. “Ideologizing ethnolectal German.” In Johnson, S. and Milani, T. M. (eds.), Language Ideologies and Media Discourse: Texts, Practices and Politics. New York: Continuum: 182–202.Google Scholar
Appel, R. and Muysken, P. 1987. Language Contact and Bilingualism. New York: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Appel, R. and Schoonen, R. 2005. “Street language: A multicultural youth register in the Netherlands,” Journal of multilingual and multicultural development 26.2: 85–117.Google Scholar
Auer, P. and Dirim, İ. 2003. “Socio-cultural orientation, urban youth styles and the spontaneous acquisition of Turkish by non-Turkish adolescents in Germany.” In Androutsopoulos, J. and Georgakopoulou, A. (eds.), Discourse Constructions of Youth Identities. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins: 223–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bijvoet, E. 2003. “Attitudes towards ‘Rinkeby Swedish’, a group variety among adolescents in multilingual suburbs.” In Fraurud, K. and Hyltenstam, K. (eds), Multilingualism in Global and Local Perspectives. Stockholm: Centre for Research on Bilingualism, Stockholm University, and Rinkeby Institute of Multilingual Research: 307–318.Google Scholar
Bijvoet, E. and Fraurud, K. 2008. “Svenskan i dagens flerspråkiga storstadsmiljöer: en explorativ studie av unga stockholmares perceptioner av variation och varieteter” [Swedish spoken in today’s multilingual cities: An explorative study of young Stockholmers’ perceptions of variation and varieties], Nordand 3.2: 7–38.Google Scholar
Bijvoet, E. and Fraurud, K. 2010. “‘Rinkeby Swedish’ in the mind of the beholder. Studying listener perceptions of language variation in multilingual Stockholm.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 170–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackledge, A. and Creese, A. 2015. “Emblems of identities in four European urban settings.” In Nortier and Svendsen (eds.): 167–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodén, P. 2010. “Pronunciation in Swedish multiethnolect”, in Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 65–78.Google Scholar
Boyd, S. 2010. “Research on Language in Multilingual Urban Settings in Sweden.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheshire, J., Kerswill, P., Fox, S., and Torgersen, E. 2011. “Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English,” Journal of Sociolinguistics 15.2: 151–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, M. V. 2010. “One of My Kind? Language and Ethnicity among Danish Adolescents.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 207–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, M. V. 2012. 8220, 8210. Sproglig variation blandt unge i multietniske områder i Aarhus [8220, 8210. Linguistic Variation among Youth in Multiethnic Areas in Aarhus]. Ph.D. thesis, Aarhus University.Google Scholar
Clyne, M. 2000. “Lingua franca and ethnolects in Europe and beyond.” Sociolinguistica, 14: 83–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornips, L. 2002. “Etnisch Nederlands.” In Bennis, H., Extra, G., Muysken, P., and Nortier, J. (eds.), Een buurt in beweging. Talen en Culturen in het Utrechtse Lombok en Transvaal [A Neighbourhood on the Move. Languages and Cultures in Lombok and Transvaal, Utrecht]. Amsterdam: Aksant: 285–302.Google Scholar
Cornips, L., Jaspers, J., and de Rooij, V. 2015. “The Politics of Labelling Youth Vernaculars in the Netherlands and Belgium.” In Nortier and Svendsen (eds.): 45–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutler, C. and Røyneland, U. 2015. “Where the fuck am I from? Hip-Hop youth and the (re)negotiation of language and identity in Norway and the US.” In Nortier and Svendsen (eds.): 139–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorleijn, M., Mous, M., and Nortier, J. 2015. “Urban youth speech styles in Kenya and the Netherlands.” In Nortier and Svendsen (eds.): 271–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, P. 2004. ”The meaning of style”. www.stanford.edu/eckert/PDF/salsa2003.pdf.Google Scholar
Ekberg, L. 2010. “Extended uses of sån ‘such’ among adolescents in a multilingual context.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 17–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekberg, L., Opsahl, T., and Wiese, H. 2015. “Functional gains: A cross-linguistic case study on three particles in Swedish, Norwegian and German.” In Nortier and Svendsen (eds.): 93–115.Google Scholar
Ellis, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freywald, U., Ganuza, N., Opsahl, T., and Cornips, L. 2015. “Beyond verb second – A matter of novel information structural effects? Evidence from Norwegian, Swedish, German and Dutch.” In Nortier and Svendsen (eds.): 73–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganuza, N. 2008. Syntactic Variation in the Swedish of Adolescents in Multilingual Urban Settings: Subject-Verb Order in Declaratives, Questions and Subordinate Clauses. Ph.D. thesis, University of Stockholm.Google Scholar
Ganuza, N. 2010. “Subject-verb order variation in the Swedish of young people in multilingual urban areas.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 31–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, H., Hewstone, M., and Ball, P. 1983. “Language attitudes in multilingual settings: Prologue with priorities,” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 4.2–3: 81–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grønnum, N. 1998. Fonetik og Fonologi. Almen og Dansk. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.Google Scholar
Haglund, C. 2010. “Transnational identifications among adolescents in suburban Sweden.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 96–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, G. F. and Pharao, N. 2010. “Prosody in Copenhagen Multiethnolect.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 79–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinnenkamp, V. 2003. “Mixed language varieties of migrant adolescents and the discourse of hybridity.” In Jørgensen, J. N. (ed.), Bilingualism and Social Relations: Turkish Speakers in North-West Europe. Bristol: Multilingual Matters: 12–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ibrahim, A., Alim, H. S., and Pennycook, A. (eds.) 2009. Global Linguistic Flows: Hip Hop Cultures, Identities and the Politics of Language. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Ims, I. 2013. ”Språklig registerdanning og verditilskriving: Betegnelser på nye måter å snakke norsk på i Oslo” [Enregisterment and valorisation: Labeling new ways of speaking Norwegian] NOA: Tidsskrift for Norsk som andrespråk, 1. 37–71.Google Scholar
Ims, I. 2014. “Alle snakker norsk. Språkiidedogiog språklig differensiering i mediene” [Everybody speaks Norwegian. Language idedogy and language differentiation in the media] NOA: Tidsskrift for Norsk som andrespråk, 30.1: 5–40.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, J. N. 2010. Languaging: Nine Years of Poly-Lingual Development of Young Turkish-Danish Grade School Students. Copenhagen: Københavnerstudier i tosprogethed.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, J. N. and Quist, P. 2001. ”Native speakers’ judgements of second language Danish,” Language Awareness 10.1: 41–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Källström, R. 2010. “Literary use of multiethnic youth language. Noninversion in Swedish fiction.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 142–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Källström, R. and Lindberg, I. (eds.) 2011. Young Urban Swedish. Variation and Change in Multilingual Settings. University of Gothenburg: Göteborgsstudier i Nordisk språkvetenskap 14. Website: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/26570 (last accessed October 26, 2017).Google Scholar
Kern, F. and Selting, M. 2011. Ethnic Styles of Speaking in European Metropolitan Areas. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiesling, S. F. 2005. “Variation, style, and stance: Word-final -er and ethnicity in Australian English,” English World Wide 26: 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiessling, R. and Mous, M. 2004. “Urban youth languages in Africa.” Anthropological Linguistics 46.3: 303–341.Google Scholar
Knudsen, J. S. 2010. “‘Playing with words as if it was a rap game’: Hip-hop street language in Oslo.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 156–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotsinas, U.-B. 1988. “Immigrant children’s Swedish – A new variety?,” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 9.2: 129–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotsinas, U.-B. 2000. “Språkkontakt og slangspråk i Stockholm.” [Language contact and slang in Stockholm] In Stenström, A.-B., Kotsinas, U.-B., and Drange, E.-M. (eds.), Ungdommers språkmøter. Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerråd: 19–60.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, T. 1997. “Language attitudes in a Danish cinema.” In Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Coursebook. London: Macmillan Press Ltd: 291–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristiansen, T. (ed.) 2006. Nordiske sprogholdninger: En masketest [Nordic language attitudes: A matched guise test]. Oslo: Novus forlag. Moderne importord i språka i Norden, Vol. 5.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, T. 2010. “Attitudes, ideology and awareness.” In Wodak, R., Johnston, B., and Kerswill, P. (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Thousand Oaks: Sage: 265–278.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, T., Coupland, N., and Garrett, P. 2005. “Introducing subjectivities in language variation and change,” Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 37: 9–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulbrandstad, L. A. 2004. “‘Kebabnorsk’, ‘perkerdansk’ og ‘gebrokken’ – ord om innvandreres måte å snakke majoritetsspråket på” [‘Kebab-Norwegian’, ‘perker Danish’ and ‘broken’ – labels on ways of speaking the majority language]. In Sandøy, H. (ed.), Den fleirspråklege utfordringa. Oslo: Novus: 108–130.Google Scholar
Ladegaard, H. J. 2001. “Popular perceptions of standard language: attitudes to ‘regional standards’ in Denmark,” Language Awareness 10.1: 25–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, W. E., Hudgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C., and Fillenbaum, S. 1960. “Evaluational Reactions to Spoken Languages,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60.1: 44–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lund, K. 1997. Lærer alle dansk på samme måde?En længdeundersøgelse af voksnes tilegnelse af dansk som andetsprog. Herning: Special-pædagogisk forlag.Google Scholar
Madsen, L. M. 2008. Fighters and Outsiders: Linguistic Practices, Social Identities, and Social Relationships among Urban Youth in a Martial Arts Club. Ph.D. thesis, University of Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Madsen, L. M. 2011. “Social status relations and enregisterment in contemporary Copenhagen,” Working Papers in Urban Language and Literacies 72. King’s College London.Google Scholar
Madsen, L. M. 2013. “ ‘High’ and ‘low’ in urban Danish speech styles,” Language in Society 42: 115–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madsen, L. M. and Svendsen, B. A. 2015. ”Stylized voices of ethnicity and social division.” In Nortier and Svendsen (eds.): 207–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maegaard, M. 2010. “Linguistic practice and stereotypes among Copenhagen adolescents.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 189–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnusson, J. E. 2015. “‘Självklart känns det mer tryggt att vara där inne i huset’ – om den sociokulturella kontextens betydelse för språkliga repertoarer och identiteter” [The impact of the sociocultural context on linguistic repertoires and identities], Nordand – Nordisk tidsskrift for andrespråksforskning 10.1:7–28.Google Scholar
Marzo, S. and Ceuleers, E. 2011. “The use of Citétaal among adolescents in Limburg. The role of space appropriation in language variation and change,” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 32: 451–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milani, T. 2010. “What’s in a name? Language ideology and social differentiation in a Swedish print-mediated debate,” Journal of Sociolinguistics 14: 116–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milani, T., Jonsson, R., and Mhlambi, I. J. (2015). “Shooting the subversive: When non-normative linguistic practices go mainstream in the media.” In Nortier and Svendsen (eds.): 119–138.Google Scholar
Møller, J. S. 2009. ”Stereotyping categorisations of speech styles among linguistic minority Danes in Køge.” In Maegaard, M., Gregersen, F., Quist, P., and Jørgensen, J. N. (eds.), Language Attitudes, Standardization and Language Change. Oslo: Novus: 231–254.Google Scholar
Møller, J. S. 2010. “Polylingualism in the steak house: Exploring linguistic practices in late modern Copenhagen.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 127–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nortier, J. 2001. Murks en Straataal [Murks and street Language]. Amsterdam: Prometheus.Google Scholar
Nortier, J. and Svendsen, B. A. 2015. Language, Youth and Identity in the 21st Century: Linguistic Practices across Urban Spaces. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opsahl, T. 2009a. “Egentlig alle kan bidra!” – en samling sosiolingvistiske studier av strukturelle trekk ved norsk i multietniske ungdomsmiljøer i Oslo. [Actually everybody may contribute. A collection of sociolinguistic studies of structural features associated with Norwegian as spoken among adolescents in multiethnic areas in Oslo.] Ph.D. thesis, University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Opsahl, T. 2009b. “Wolla I swear this is typical for the conversational style of adolescents in multiethnic areas in Oslo.” In Gregersen, F. and Røyneland, U. (eds.), Special issue of Nordic Journal of Linguistics. Sociolinguistics 32.2: 221–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opsahl, T. and Nistov, I. 2010. “On some structural aspects of Norwegian spoken among adolescents in multilingual settings in Oslo.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 49–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pharao, N., Maegaard, M., Møller, J. S., and Kristiansen, T. 2014. “Indexical meanings of [s+] among Copenhagen youth: Social perception of a phonetic variant in different prosodic contexts,” Language in Society 43.1: 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quist, P. 2000. “Ny københavnsk ‘multietnolekt’. Om sprogbrug blandt unge i sprogligt og kulturelt heterogene miljøer” [New Copenhagen ‘multiethnolect’. Language use among young people in linguistically and culturally heterogeneous settings], Danske Talesprog 1: 143–212.Google Scholar
Quist, P. 2008. “Sociolinguistic approaches to multiethnolect: Language variety and stylistic practice,” International Journal of Bilingualism 12: 43–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quist, P. 2009. “Multietnolekt – del af stilistiske praksisser i storbyen [Multiethnolect – part of stylistic practices in the cities].” In NyS. Nydanske Studier og Almen Kommunikationsteori 37: 10–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quist, P. 2012. Stilistisk Praksis [Stylistic Practice]. København: Museum Tusculanum.Google Scholar
Quist, P. 2015. “Konstruktion af ‘perkerdansk’ og danskhed i online debatter om multietnisk ungdomsstil,” Danske Talesprog 15: 173–192.Google Scholar
Quist, P. 2016. “Representations of multi-ethnic youth styles in Danish broadcast media.” In Coupland, N., Thøgersen, N. J., and Mortensen, J. (eds.), Style, Media and Language Ideologies. Oslo: Novus: 217–234.Google Scholar
Quist, P. 2018. “Alternative place naming in the diverse margins of an ideologically mono-lingual society.” In Cornips, L. and de Rooij, V. (eds.), The Sociolinguistics of Place and Belonging: Perspectives from the Margins. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 239–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quist, P. and Svendsen, B. A. (eds.) 2010. Multilingual Urban Scandinavia: New Linguistic Practices. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quist, P. and Svendsen, B. A. 2015. “MultiNord 2007–2015: Et nettverk for forskning om språk i heterogene byrom – empiriske og teoretiske hovedlinjer” [MultiNorth 2007–2015: A network on research on language in heterogeneous urban spaces – empirical and theoretical main approaches]. NOA – Tidsskrift for norsk andrespråksforskning, 1–2: 151–194.Google Scholar
Rampton, B. 2006. Language in Late Modernity: Interaction in an Urban School. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rampton, B. 2015. “Contemporary urban vernaculars.” In J. Nortier and B. A. Svendsen (eds.): 24–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, M. 1985. “Language and the culture of gender.” In Mertz, E. and Parmentier, R. J. (eds.), Semiotic Mediation. New York: Academic Press: 219–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sollid, H. 2013. “Ethnolects in Northern Norway: From national negligence to local linguistic pride.” In Siemund, P., Gogolin, I., Schulz, M. E., and Davydova, J. (eds.), Multilingualism and Language Diversity in Urban Areas. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 63–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statistics Sweden, Norway and Denmark 2017. http://www.scb.se/en/, https://www.ssb.no/en/, http://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik, last accessed October 21, 2017.Google Scholar
Stjernholm, K. 2012. Stedet velger ikke lenger deg, du velger et sted. Tre artikler om språk i Oslo [You are no longer Chosen by a Place, you Choose a Place. Three Articles on Language in Oslo]. Ph.D. thesis, University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Stroud, C. 2004. “Rinkeby Swedish and semilingualism in language ideology debates: A Bourdieuan perspective,” Journal of Sociolinguistics 8.2: 196–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stæhr, A. 2010. Rappen reddede os. Et studie af senmoderne storbydrenges identitetsarbejde i fritids- og skolemiljøer [Rap saved us. A study of late modern urban boys’ identity work in leisure and school environments]. University of Copenhagen: Copenhagen Studies in Bilingualism, Vol. 54.Google Scholar
Svendsen, B. A. 2010. “Linguistic Practices in Multilingual Urban Contexts in Norway: An Overview.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): 12–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svendsen, B. A. 2014. “Kebabnorskdebatten. En språkideologisk kamp om sosial identitet og verdier” [Social identities and values in the debate on ‘Kebab-Norwegian’ – an ideological battlefield], Norsk tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning 1: 33–62.Google Scholar
Svendsen, B. A. 2015. “Language, youth and identity in the 21st century: Content and continuations.” In Nortier and Svendsen (eds.): 1–23.Google Scholar
Svendsen, B. A. and Røyneland, U. 2008. “Multiethnolectal facts and functions in Oslo, Norway,” International Journal of Bilingualism 12: 63–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svendsen, B. A. and Quist, P. 2010. “Introduction.” In Quist and Svendsen (eds.): xiii–xxiii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svendsen, B. A. and Marzo, S. 2015. “A ‘new’ speech style is born: The omnipresence of structure and agency in the life of semiotic registers in heterogeneous urban spaces,” European Journal of Applied Linguistics 3.1: 47–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiese, H. 2011. “The role of information structure in linguistic variation: evidence from a German multiethnolect.” In Gregersen, F., Parrott, J., and Quist, P. (eds.), Language Variation – European Perspectives III. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 83–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiese, H. 2012. Kiezdeutsch: Ein Neuer Dialekt Entsteht. München: C. H. Beck.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Althaus, H. P., Henne, H., and Wiegand, H. E. (eds.) 1980. Lexikon der germanistischen Linguistik, 2nd edn. (Studienausgabe). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, D. A. 1967. Generative Phonology and Dialect Study: An Investigation of Three Modern German Dialects. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Besch, W. and Knoop, U. 1982. Dialektologie: Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brachin, P. The Dutch Language: A Survey. Paul Vincent (trans.). Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Donaldson, B. C. 1983. Dutch: A Linguistic History of Holland and Belgium. Leiden: Marinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Elspaß, S. and Möller, R. 2003ff. Atlas zur deutschen Alltagssprache (AdA). Open-Access Publication. www.atlas-alltagssprache.de.Google Scholar
Grimm, J. 1819. Deutsche Grammatik. 1. edn. Göttingen: Dieter’sche Buchhandlung.Google Scholar
Keller, R. E. 1961. German Dialects: Phonology and Morphology, with Selected Texts. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Knipf-Komlósi, E. and Berend, N. (eds.) 2001. Regionale Standards: SprachVariationen in den deutschsprachigen Ländern. Budapest: Dialóg Campus Kiadó.Google Scholar
König, W. 2007. Dtv-Atlas: Deutsche Sprache, 16. edn. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.Google Scholar
Markey, T. L. 1982. “Afrikaans: Creole or Non-Creole?” Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 49(2): 169–207.Google Scholar
Munske, H. H. (ed.) 2001. Handbuch des Friesischen / Handbook of Frisian Studies. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prokosch, E. 1917. “Die deutsche Lautverschiebung und die Völkerwanderung,” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 16: 1–21.Google Scholar
Rijpma, E. and Schuringa, F. G. 1972. Nederlandse sprachkunst. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff.Google Scholar
Russ, C. V. J. (ed.) 1989. The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Salmons, J. 2012. A History of German: What the Past Reveals about Today’s Language. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schirmunski, V. M. 2010. Deutsche Mundartkunde: Vergleichende Laut- und Formenlehre der deutschen Mundarten. Naiditch, L. (ed.), Fleischer, W., (trans.). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Schützeichel, R. 1976. Die Grundlagen des westlichen Mitteldeutschen: Studien zur historischen Sprachgeographie. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Shrier, M. 1965. “Case systems in German dialects,” Language 41: 420–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonderegger, S. 1979. Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte: Diachronie des Sprachsystems. Band 1: Einführung—Genealogie—Konstanten. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speyer, A. 2010. Deutsche Sprachgeschichte. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Sturtevant, E. H. 1917. Linguistic Change: An Introduction to the Historical Study of Language. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wiesinger, P. 1970. Phonetisch-phonologische Untersuchungen zur Vokalentwicklung in den deutschen Dialekten. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Wiesinger, P. 1980. “‘Sprache’, ‘Dialekt’, und ‘Mundart’ als sachliches und terminologisches Problem.” In Göschel, J., Ivic, P., and Kehr, K. (eds.), Dialekt und Dialektologie: Ergebnisse des internationalen Symposions “Zur Theorie des Dialekts.” Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag: 177–194.Google Scholar
Wiesinger, P. and Raffin, E. 1982. Bibliographie zur Grammatik der deutschen Dialekte. Laut-, Formen-, Wortbildungs- und Satzlehre. 1800–1980. Bern and Frankfurt am Main. Supplemental volume, 1987.Google Scholar
Árnason, K. 2004. “Island – landet uden dialekter.” In I. S. Sletten (ed.), Nordens sprog med rødder og fødder. Nord, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen K, https://doi.org/10.6027/Nord2004-010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Árnason, K. 2005. Íslensk tunga, Vol. 1: Hljóð. Handbók um hljoðfræði og hljoðkerfisfræði [Icelandic Language, Vol. 1: Sounds. Handbook of Phonetics and Phonology]. Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið.Google Scholar
Bandle, O. 1973. Die Gliederung des Nordgermanischen (Beiträge zur nordischen Philologie 1). Basel and Stuttgart: Helbing & Lichtenhahn.Google Scholar
Barnes, M. and Weyhe, E. 1994. “Faroese.” In König, E. and van der Auwera, J. (eds.), The Germanic Languages. London and New York: Routledge: 190–218.Google Scholar
Bø, I. 1978. Ungdom og naboland. En undersøkelse av skolens og fjernsynets betydning for nabospråksforståelsen. [Youth and neighbouring country. An investigation of the influence of school and TV on inter-Scandinavian comprehension.] Stavanger: Rogalandsforskning.Google Scholar
Börestam Uhlmann, U. 1991. Språkmöten och mötesspråk i Norden. [Language meetings and meeting languages in the Nordic countries.] Nordisk språksekretariats rapporter 16. Oslo: Nordisk språksekretariat.Google Scholar
Braunmüller, K. 1996. “Forms of language contact in the area of the Hanseatic League: dialect contact phenomena and semicommunication,” Nordic Journal of Linguistics 19: 141–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braunmüller, K. 2007. “Receptive multilingualism in Northern Europe in the Middle Ages: A description of a scenario.” In ten Thije, J. D. and Zeevaert, L. (eds.), Receptive Multilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 25–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brink, L. and Lund, J. 1975. Dansk rigsmål: lydudviklingen siden 1840 med særligt henblik på sociolekterne i København. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. and Trudgill, P. 1998. Dialectology, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, Ö. and Edlund, L.-E. (eds.) 2010. Språken i Sverige. [The languages of Sweden]. 1. utg. Sveriges nationalatlas. Stockholm: Norstedts.Google Scholar
Delsing, L.-O. and Åkesson, K. Lundin 2005. Håller språket ihop Norden? En forskningsrapport om ungdomars förståelse av danska, svenska och norska. [Does the language keep together the Nordic countries? A research report of mutual comprehension between young speakers of Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian.] Copenhagen: Nordiska ministerrådet.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edlund, L.-E. 2010. “Mapping the North Germanic languages.” In Lameli, A., Kehrein, R., and Rabanus, S. (eds.), Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 203–243.Google Scholar
Elert, C.-C. 1994. “Indelning och gränser inom området för den talade svenskan: en aktuell dialektgeografi.” In Edlund, L.-E. (ed.), Kulturgränser – myt eller verklighet? DIABAS, Vol. 4. Institutionen för nordiska språk, University of Umeå: 215–228.Google Scholar
Eriksson, A. 2004. “SweDia 2000: A Swedish dialect database.” In Henrichsen, P. J. (ed.), Babylonian Confusion Resolved. Proc. Nordic Symposium on the Comparison of Spoken Languages. Copenhagen Working Papers in LSP: 33–48.Google Scholar
Faarlund, J. T. 1994. “Old and Middle Scandinavian.” In König, E. and van der Auwera, J. (eds.), The Germanic Languages. London and New York: Routledge: 38–71.Google Scholar
Golubović, J. 2016. Mutual Intelligibility in the Slavic Language Area. Groningen: Center for Language and Cognition.Google Scholar
Gooskens, C. 2005. “Traveling time as a predictor of linguistic distance,” Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 13: 38–62.Google Scholar
Gooskens, C. 2006. “Linguistic and extra-linguistic predictors of Inter-Scandinavian intelligibility.” In van de Weijer, J. and Los, B. (eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands, Vol. 23. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 101–113.Google Scholar
Gooskens, C. 2007. “The contribution of linguistic factors to the intelligibility of closely related languages,” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 28.6: 445–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gooskens, C. and Heeringa, W. 2004. “Perceptive evaluation of Levenshtein dialect distance measurements using Norwegian dialect data,” Language Variation and Change 16.3: 189‒207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gooskens, C. and Heeringa, W. 2005. “De moderne norske dialekters stilling indenfor den nordiske sprogfamilie.” In Lie, S., Nedrelid, G., and Omdal, H. (eds.), MONS 10. Utvalde artiklar frå det tiande Møte om norsk språk i Kristiansand 2003. Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget: 133–146.Google Scholar
Gooskens, C. and Heeringa, W. 2014. “The role of dialect exposure in receptive multilingualism,” Applied Linguistics Review 5.1: 247–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gooskens, C. and Heeringa, W. in preparation. Linguistic distances between Germanic, Romance and Slavic languages.Google Scholar
Gooskens, C., Heeringa, W., and Beijering, K. 2008. “Phonetic and lexical predictors of intelligibility,” International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 2.1–2: 63–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gooskens, C., van Heuven, V. J., Golubović, J., Schüppert, A., Swarte, F., and Voigt, S. 2018. “Mutual intelligibility between closely related languages in Europe,” International Journal of Multilingual Communication, 15.2: 169–193.Google Scholar
Goossens, J. 1977. Inleiding tot de Nederlandse dialectologie [Introduction to Dutch dialectology]. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff.Google Scholar
Grin, F. 2008. “L’intercompréhension, efficience et équité.” In Conti, V. and Grin, F. (eds.), S’entendre entre langues voisines: vers l’intercompréhension. Chêne-Bourg: Georg: 79–109.Google Scholar
Grønnum, N. 1998. Fonetik og fonologi. Almen og dansk. Copenhagen: Akademisk forlag.Google Scholar
Haugen, E. 1953. “Nordiske språkproblemer – en opinionsundersökelse. [Nordic language problems – a poll],” Nordisk tidskrift för vetenskap, konst och industry 29: 225–249.Google Scholar
Haugen, E. 1966. “Semicommunication – The Language Gap in Scandinavia,” Sociological Inquiry 36: 280–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedquist, R. 1985. Nederländares förståelse av danska och svenska. En språkpedagogisk undersökning med utnyttjande av likheterna mellan språken. [Dutchmen’s understanding of Danish and Swedish. A language pedagogical investigation with the use of similarities between the languages.] Umeå: Umeå universitet. Institutionerna för fonetik och nordiska språk.Google Scholar
Heeringa, W., Swarte, F., Schüppert, A., and Gooskens, C. 2018. “Measuring syntactical variation in Germanic texts,” Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 33.2: 279–296.Google Scholar
Johannessen, J. B., Priestley, J., Hagen, K., Åfarli, T. A., and Vangsnes, Ø. A. 2009. “The Nordic Dialect Corpus – an advanced research tool.” In Jokinen, K. and Eckhard, B. (eds.), Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics NODALIDA 2009. NEALT Proceedings Series, Vol. 4: 73–78.Google Scholar
Kloss, H. 1967. “‘Abstand languages’ and ‘ausbau languages’,” Anthropological Linguistics 9.7: 29–41.Google Scholar
Kürschner, S., Gooskens, C., and van Bezooijen, R. 2008. “Linguistic determinants of the intelligibility of Swedish words among Danes.” International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 2.1–2: 83–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kvaran, G. 2005. Orð: handbók um beygingar- og orðmyndunarfræði. Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið.Google Scholar
Leinonen, T. 2010. An Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Pronunciation in Swedish Dialects. Ph.D. thesis, University of Groningen.Google Scholar
Lüdi, G. 2007. “The Swiss model of plurilingual communication.” In Bührig, K. and ten Thije, J. D. (eds.), Beyond Misunderstanding: Linguistic Analyses of Intercultural Communication. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins: 159–178.Google Scholar
Maurud, Ø. 1976. “Reciprocal comprehension of neighbour languages in Scandinavia: An investigation of how well people in Denmark, Norway and Sweden understand each other’s languages,” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 20: 49–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nerbonne, J., Heeringa, W, van den Hout, E., van de Kooi, P., Otten, S., and van de Vis, W 1996. “Phonetic distance between Dutch Dialects.” In Durieux, G., Daelemans, W., and Gillis, S. (eds.), Proceedings of Computer Linguistics in the Netherlands ’95. Antwerpen: Centre for Dutch Language and Speech (UIA): 185–202.Google Scholar
Nerbonne, J. and Heeringa, W. 2010. “Measuring dialect differences.” In Schmidt, J. E. and Auer, P. (eds.), Language and Space: Theories and Methods. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 550–567.Google Scholar
Nielsen, B. J. and Pedersen, K. M. 1991. Danske talesprog. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Nyborg, L. 2004. “Farvel til dialekterne i Danmark.” In Sletten, I. S. (ed.), Nordens sprog med rødder og fødder. http://eplads.norden.org/nordenssprak/kap5/5c.asp.Google Scholar
Ottosson, K. 2002. “Old Nordic: A definition and delimitation of the period.” In Bandle, O., Braunmüller, K., Jahr, E. H., Karker, A., Naumann, H-P., and Teleman, U. (eds.), The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter: 787–793.Google Scholar
Pedersen, I. L. 2000. “Fra dialekt til multietnolekt.” In Kristiansen, T. and Køster, F. (ed.), Danske Talesprog, Vol. 1: 5–29.Google Scholar
Rehbein, J., ten Thije, J. D., and Verschik, A. 2012. “Lingua receptiva (LaRa) – remarks on the quintessence of receptive multilingualism,” International Journal of Bilingualism 16.3: 248–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringgaard, K. 2002. “General history of Nordic dislectology.” In Bandle, O., Braunmüller, K., Jahr, E. H., Karker, A., Naumann, H.-P., and Teleman, U. (eds.), The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter: 272–282.Google Scholar
Sandøy, H. 1996. Talemål, 2nd edn. Oslo: Novus Forlag.Google Scholar
Schmidt, J. 1872. Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: H. Böhlau.Google Scholar
Schüppert, A. 2011. Origin of Asymmetry: Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Danish and Swedish. Groningen: Center for Language and Cognition.Google Scholar
Schüppert, A., Hilton, N. H., and Gooskens, C 2016. “Why is Danish so difficult to understand for fellow Scandinavians?” Speech Communication 79: 47–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skjekkeland, M. 2005. Dialektar i Noreg: Tradisjon og fornying [Dialects in Norway: Tradition and Modernization]. Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget,Google Scholar
Södergård, L. and Leinonen, T. 2017. “Talko – korpus över den talade svenskan i Finland: Korpusbygge i teori och praktik.” In J.-O. Östman, C. Sandström, P. Gustavsson, and L. Södergård (eds), Ideologi, identitet, intervention: Nordisk dialektologi 10: 331–340. Helsingfors: Finska, finskugriska och nordiska institutionen vid Helsingfors universitet.Google Scholar
Ten Thije, J. D. 2017. “Receptive multilingualism.” In Singleton, D. (ed.), Twelve Lectures on Multilingualism. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Thráinsson, H. 1994. “Icelandic.” In König, E. and van der Auwera, J. (eds.), The Germanic Languages. London and New York: Routledge: 142–189.Google Scholar
Thráinsson, H. and Árnason, K. (1992). “Phonological variation in 20th century Icelandic,” Íslenskt mál 14: 89–128.Google Scholar
Thráinsson, H., Heycock, C. B., Petersen, P., and Hansen, Z. S. (eds.) 2017. Syntactic Variation in Insular Scandinavian. Amsterdam University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thráinsson, H., Petersen, H. P., Jacobsen, J. í L., and Z. Svabo, Hansen 2004. Faeroese: An Overview and Reference Grammar. Tórshavn: Føroya Fróðskaparfelag.Google Scholar
Torp, A. 1982. Norsk og nordisk før og nå [Norwegian and North Germanic past and present]. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Torp, A. 1998. Nordiske språk i nordisk og germansk perspektiv. Oslo: Novus.Google Scholar
Torp, A. 2002. “The Nordic languages in a Germanic perspective.” In Bandle, O., Braunmüller, K., Jahr, E. H., Karker, A., Naumann, H.-P., and Teleman, U (eds.), The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter: 13–24.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. 1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Venås, K. 2002. “Previous attempts at establishing periods in Nordic language history.” In Bandle, O., Braunmüller, K., Jahr, E. H., Karker, A., Naumann, H-P., and Teleman, U. (eds.), The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter: 31–38.Google Scholar
Wentzel, M-L. 2004. “Får du tala ditt eget språk?” In I. S. Sletten (ed.), Nordens sprog med rødder og fødder. Nord, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen K, http://doi.org/10.6027/Nord2004-010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessén, E. 1969. Våra folkmål, 9th edn. Stockholm: Fritzes [first published in 1935].Google Scholar
Åfarli, T. A. 2012. “Hybride verbformer i amerikanorsk og analyse av tempus,” Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift: 381–398.Google Scholar
Aissen, J. 2003. “Differential object marking: iconicity versus economy,” Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 21: 438–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderssen, M. and Westergaard, M. 2017. Crosslinguistic Similarities and Differences in Bilingual Acquisition and Attrition: Possessives and Double Definiteness in Norwegian Heritage Language. Ms., University of Tromsø.Google Scholar
Annear, L. and Speth, K. 2015. “Maintaining a multilingual repertoire: Lexical change in American Norwegian.” In Johannessen, J. B. and Salmons, J. (eds.), Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, Attrition and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 201–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnbjörnsdóttir, B. 2006. North American Icelandic: The Life of a Language. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.Google Scholar
Bayram, F., y Cabo, D. Pascual, and Rothman, J. 2019. “Cross-generational attrition contributions to heritage speaker competence.” In Köpke, B. and Schmid, M. S. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Attrition. Oxford University Press: 446–457.Google Scholar
Berend, N. and Jedig, H. (eds.) 1991. Deutsche Mundarten in der Sowjetunion: Geschichte der Forschung und Bibliographie. Marburg: N. G. Elwert Verlag.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E. 2016. “Aging and bilingualism: Why does it matter?” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6.1/2: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boas, H. 2009. The Death of Texas German. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Bossong, G. 1985. Empirische Universalienforschung: Differentielle Objektmarkierung in der Neuiranischen Sprachen. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Bossong, G. 1991. “Differential object marking in Romance and beyond.” In Wanner, D. and Kibbee, D. (eds.), New Analyses in Romance Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 143–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumenfeld, H. K., Schroeder, S. R., Bobb, S. C., Freeman, M. R., and Marian, V. 2016. “Auditory word recognition across the lifespan: Links between linguistic and nonlinguistic inhibitory control in bilinguals and monolinguals,” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6.1/2: 119–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clyne, M. 2003. Dynamics of Language Contact: English and Immigrant Languages. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clyne, M. and Cain, H. 2000. “Trilingualism in related languages – Dutch-German-English near and far.” In Hirschfelder, G., Schnell, D., and Schrutka-Rechtenstamm, A. (eds.), Kulturen – Sprachen – Übergänge. Festschrift für H.L. Cox zum 65. Geburtstag. Cologne: Boehlau: 135–152.Google Scholar
Cole, P., Hermon, G., and Sung, L.-M. 1990. “Principles and parameters of long-distance reflexives,” Linguistic Inquiry 21: 1–22.Google Scholar
Cook, V. 1997. “Monolingual bias in second language acquisition research,” Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 34: 35–50.Google Scholar
Duus, O. F. 1855–1858 [1958]. “Frontier Parsonage: The letters of Olaus Fredrik Duus. Norwegian Pastor in Wisconsin, 1855–1858. NAHA, Northfield 1947.” In Blegen, I. and Theodore, C. (eds.), Amerikabrev. Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.Google Scholar
Eide, K. M. and Arnstein, H. 2015. “Verb second and finiteness morphology in Norwegian heritage language of the American Midwest.” In R. Page, B. and Putnam, M.T. (eds.), Leiden: Brill: 64–101.Google Scholar
Fitch, G. W. 2011. “Changes in frequency as a measure of language change: Extraposition in Pennsylvania German.” In Putnam, M. T. (ed.), Studies on German-Language Islands. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 371–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flaten, Ns. 1901. “Notes on American-Norwegian with a Vocabulary.” Dialect Notes, Vol. 2.Google Scholar
Flom, G. T. 1901. “English Elements in Norse Dialects of Utica, Wisconsin.” Dialect Notes, Vol. 2, 1900–1904.Google Scholar
Flom, G. T. 1926. “English loanwords in American Norwegian. As spoken in the Koshkonong settlement, Wisconsin,” American Speech 1: 541–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, J. 1997. Pennsylvania Dutch with a Southern Touch: A Theoretical Model of Language Contact and Change. Ph.D. dissertation, University of South Carolina-Columbia.Google Scholar
Geiger, S. and Salmons, J. 2006. “Reconstructing variation at shallow time depths: The historical phonetics of 19th century German dialects in the U.S.” In Cravens, T. (ed.), Variation and Reconstruction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 37–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grimstad, M. B., Lohndal, T., and Åfarli, T. A. 2014. “Language mixing and exoskeletal theory: A case study of word-internal mixing in American Norwegian,” Nordlyd 41.2: 213–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, S. 2005. “Attrition and typological change.” Presentation, 2nd International Conference on First Language Attrition. Vrije Universitet Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Gürel, A. 2002. Linguistic Characteristics of Second Language Acquisition and First Language Attrition: Turkish overt versus null pronouns. Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University.Google Scholar
Gürel, A. 2004. “Selectivity in L2-induced attrition: A psycholinguistic account,” Journal of Neurolinguistics 17: 53–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gürel, A. 2007. “(Psycho)linguistic determinants of L1 attrition.” In Köpke, B., Schmid, M., Keijzer, M., and Dosterst, S. (eds.), Language Attrition: Theoretical Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 99–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugen, E. 1953. The Norwegian Language in America: A Study in Bilingual Behavior. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Håkansson, G. 1995. “Syntax and morphology in language attrition: A study of five bilingual expatriate Swedes,” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 5: 153–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjelde, A. 1992. Trøndsk talemål i Amerika. Trondheim: Tapir.Google Scholar
Hjelde, A. 2015. “Changes in a Norwegian dialect in America.” In Johannessen and Salmons (eds.): 283–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjelde, A. and Johannessen, J. B. 2017. “Amerikanorsk: Orda vitner om kontakt mellom folk.” In Hasle Joranger, T. M. and Cleven, H. T. (eds.), Norwegian-American Essays 2017. Oslo: Novus: 257–282.Google Scholar
Hopp, H. and Putnam, M. T. 2015. “Restructuring in heritage grammar: Word order variation in heritage German,” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5.2: 180–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffines, M. L. 1989. “Case usages among the Pennsylvania German sectarians and nonsectarians.” In Dorian, N. C. (ed.), Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death. Cambridge University Press: 211–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivanova, I., Murillo, M., Montoya, R. I., and Gollan, T. H. 2016. “Does bilingual language control decline in older age?” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6.1/2: 86–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jakobson, R. 1941. Kindersprache, Aphasie, und allgemeine Lautgesetze. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Johannessen, J. B. 2015a. “The Corpus of American Norwegian Speech (CANS).” In B. Megyesi (ed.), Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics, NODALIDA 2015, May 11–13, 2015, Vilnius, Lithuania. NEALT Proceedings Series 23.Google Scholar
Johannessen, J. B. 2015b. “Attrition in an American Norwegian heritage language speaker.” In Johannessen, J. B. and Salmons, J. C. (eds.), Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, Attrition and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 46–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johannessen, J. B. 2018. “Factors of variation, maintenance and change in heritage languages,” International Journal of Bilingualism 22.4: 447–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johannessen, L. J. B. and Larsson, I. 2015. “Complexity matters: On gender agreement in heritage Scandinavian,” Frontiers in Psychology, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johannessen, J. B. and Salmons, J. C. (eds.) 2015. Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Acquisition, Attrition and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, C. D. 1994. The Volga-German Dialect of Schoenchen, Kansas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kansas.Google Scholar
Judy, T., Putnam, M. T., and Rothman, J. 2018. “When bilingualism is the common factor: Switch reference at the junction of competence and performance in both Second Language and Heritage Language performance,” Journal of Language Contact 11.3: 592–618.Google Scholar
Keel, W. D. 1994. “Reduction and loss of case marking in the noun phrase in German-American speech islands: Internal development or external influence?” In Berend, N. and Mattheier, K. (eds.), Sprachinselforschung: eine Gedenkschrift für Hugo Jedig. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag: 93—104.Google Scholar
Keel, W. D. 2015. “Noun phrase case shift in Volga German varieties on the Great Plains of Kansas.” In Page, B. R. and Putnam, M. T. (eds.), Moribund Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings. Leiden: Brill: 133–153.Google Scholar
Keijzer, M. C. J. 2007. First In Last Out? An Investigation of the Regression Hypothesis in Dutch Emigrants in Anglophone Canada. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Utrecht.Google Scholar
Keijzer, M. C. J. 2010. First Language Acquisition and First Language Attrition: Parallels and Divergences. Saarbrucken: Lambert Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Keijzer, M.C. J. and Schmid, M. S 2016. “Individual differences in cognitive control advantages of late Dutch-English bilinguals,” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6.1/2: 64–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khramova, M. 2011. The Volga German Dialect of Milberger, Kansas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kansas.Google Scholar
Kim, J-H., Montrul, S., and Yoon, J. 2009. “Binding interpretation of anaphors by Korean heritage speakers,” Language Acquisition 16: 3–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupisch, T. 2014. “Adjective placement in simultaneous bilinguals (German-Italian) and the concept of cross-linguistic overcorrection,” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17: 222–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupisch, T. and Rothman, J. 2018. “Terminology matters! Why difference is not incompleteness and how early child bilinguals are heritage speakers,” International Journal of Bilingualism 22.5: 564–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsson, I. and Johannessen, J. B. 2015a. “Incomplete acquisition and verb placement in heritage Scandinavian.” In R. Page, B. and Putnam, M. T. (eds.), Moribund Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings. Leiden: Brill: 153–189.Google Scholar
Larsson, I. and Johannessen, J. B. 2015b. “Embedded word order in Heritage Scandinavian.” In Hilpert, M., Östman, J-O, Mertzlufft, C., and Rießler, M (eds.), New Trends in Nordic and General Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 239–266.Google Scholar
Lohndal, T. and Westergaard, M. 2016. “Grammatical gender in American Norwegian Heritage Language: Stability or attrition?” Frontiers in Psycholology, 7: 344.Google ScholarPubMed
Louden, M. L. 1988. Bilingualism and Syntactic Change in Pennsylvania German. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Louden, M. L. 2006. “Pennsylvania German in the twenty-first century.” In Berend, N. and Knipf-Komlósi, E. (eds.), Sprachinsel weltweit – The world of language islands. Berlin: Peter Lang Verlag: 89–107.Google Scholar
Louden, M. L. 2016. Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Mironow, S. A. 1957. “Zur vergleichenden Formenlehre der deutschen Mundarten,” Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 79 (supplemental volume): 388–414.Google Scholar
Montrul, S. 2008. Incomplete Acquisition in Bilingualism: Re-examining the Age Factor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montrul, S. 2015. The Acquisition of Heritage Languages. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Øverland, O. and Kjærheim, S. (eds.) 1992. Fra Amerika til Norge. I norske utvandrerbrev 1838–57. Bind 1. Oslo: Solum.Google Scholar
Page, B. R. and Putnam, M. T. (eds.) 2015. Moribund Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascual y Cabo, D. and Rothman, J.. 2012. “The (il)logical problem of heritage speaker bilingualism and incomplete acquisition,” Applied Linguistics 33: 450–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perez-Cortes, S. 2016. Acquiring Obligatory and Variable Mood Selection: Spanish Heritage Speakers and L2 Learners’ Performance in Desideratives and Reported Speech Contexts. Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University.Google Scholar
Pires, A. and Rothman, J. 2009. “Disentangling sources of incomplete acquisition: An explanation for competence divergence across heritage grammars,” International Journal of Bilingualism 13: 211–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polinsky, M. 2006. “Incomplete acquisition: American Russian,” Journal of Slavic Linguistics 14: 191–262.Google Scholar
Polinsky, M. 2011. “Reanalysis in adult heritage language,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33: 305–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, M. T. (ed.). 2011. Studies on German-Language Islands. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, M. T. and Sánchez, L. 2013. “What’s so incomplete about incomplete acquisition? A prolegomenon to modeling heritage language grammars,” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 3.4: 478–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, M. T. and Arnbjörnsdóttir, B. 2015. “Minimizing (interface) domains: The loss of long-distance binding in North American Icelandic.” In Page, B. R. and Putnam, M. T. (eds.), Moribund Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings. Leiden: Brill: 203–223.Google Scholar
Putnam, M. T., Kupisch, T., and Pascual y Cabo, D. 2018. “Different situations, similar outcomes: Heritage grammars across the lifespan.” In Bayram, F., Denhovska, N., Miller, D., Rothman, J., and Serratrice, L. (eds.), Bilingualism: The State of the Science Across Its Subfields. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 251–279.Google Scholar
Riksem, B. R. 2018. “Language mixing in American Norwegian noun phrases,” Journal of Language Contact 11.3: 481–524.Google Scholar
Rødvand, L-I. S. 2017. Empirical Investigations of Grammatical Gender in American Heritage Norwegian. M.A. thesis, University of Oslo: Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, P. 2003. “Comparative speech island research: Some results from studies in Russia and Brazil.” In Keel, W. D. and Mattheier, K. J. (eds.), Deutsche Sprachinseln weltweit. Interne und externe Perspektiven/German language varieties worldwide. Internal and external perspectives. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag: 199–238.Google Scholar
Rossi, E. and Diaz, M. 2016. “How aging and bilingualism influence language processing,” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6.1/2: 9–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothman, J. 2007. “Heritage speaker competence differences, language change and input type: Inflected infinitives in heritage Brazilian Portuguese,” International Journal of Bilingualism 11: 359–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shirer, M. 1965. “Case systems in German dialects,” Language 413: 420–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stolberg, D. 2014. Changes Between the Lines: Diachronic Contact Phenomena in Written Pennsylvania German (Studia Linguistica Germanica). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Taranrød, B. 2011. Leddstillingen i relativsetninger i amerikansknorsk. M.A. thesis. University of Oslo: Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies.Google Scholar
Thráinsson, H. 2007. The Syntax of Icelandic. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vikner, S. 1995. Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Westergaard, M. and Anderssen, M. 2015. “Word order variation in Norwegian possessive constructions: Bilingual acquisition and attrition.” In J. B. Johannessen and J. C. Salmons (eds.): 21–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yager, L. 2016. Morphosyntactic Variation and Change in Wisconsin Heritage German. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
Yager, L., Hellmold, N., Joo, H-A., Putnam, M. T., Rossi, E., Stafford, C., and Salmons, J. 2015. “New structural patterns in moribund grammar: Case marking in heritage German,” Frontiers in Psychology 6: 1716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altenhofen, C. V. 1996. Hunsrückisch im Rio Grande do Sul. Ein Beitrag zur Beschreibung einer deutschbrasilianischen Dialektvarietät im Kontakt mit dem Portugiesischen. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Ammon, U. 2015. Die Stellung der deutschen Sprache in der Welt. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Bidese, E. 2004. “Die Zimbern und ihre Sprache: geographische, historische und sprachwissenschaftlich relevante Aspekte.” In Stolz, T. (ed.), Kolloquium über Alte Sprachen und Sprachstufen. Beiträge zum Bremer Kolloquium über “Alte Sprachen und Sprachstufen” (Diversitas Linguarum 8). Bochum: Brockmeyer: 3–42.Google Scholar
Da Rin, D. 1997. Das Deutsche in der Colonia Tovar (Venezuela). Munich: LINCOM Europa.Google Scholar
Deumert, A. 2004. Language Standardization and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, J. 1992. “Sociopolitical aspects of language maintenance and loss: towards a typology of ethnic minority language situations.” In Fase, W., Jaspaert, K., and Kroon, S. (eds.), Maintenance and Loss of Ethnic Minority Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 37–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, J. 2004. “Language minorities.” In Davies, A. and Elder, C. (eds.), The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell: 451–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Extra, G., and Gorter, D. (eds.), 2001. The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Fleischer, J., and Louden, M. L.. 2011. “Das Amish Swiss German im nordöstlichen Indiana: eine alemannisch-pfälzische Mischmundart.” In Christen, H., Germann, S., Haas, W., Montefiori, N., and Ruef, H. (eds.), Alemannische Dialektologie: Wege in die Zukunft (ZDL-Beiheft 141). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner: 231–244.Google Scholar
Gorter, D., Riemersma, A., and Ytsma, J. 2001. “The Frisian language in the Netherlands.” In Extra and Gorter (eds.), pp. 103–118.Google Scholar
Hinderling, R., and Eichinger, L. M. (eds.). 1996. Handbuch der mitteleuropäischen Sprachminderheiten. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
Humpa, G. J. 1996. Retention and Loss of Bernese Alemannic Traits in an Indiana Amish Dialect: A Comparative Historical Study. Ph.D. dissertation, Purdue University.Google Scholar
Isaacs, M. 1999. “Haredi, haymish, and frim: Yiddish vitality and language choice in a transnational multilingual community.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 138: 9–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, N. G. 2005. Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Katz, D. 2007. Words on Fire: The Unfinished Story of Yiddish. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Krahn, C., Bender, H. S., and Friesen, J. J 1989. “Migrations.” In Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encylopedia Online. Retrieved 16 January 2017. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Migrations&oldid=143668.Google Scholar
Kraybill, D. B., Nolt, S. M., and Burge, E. Jr. 2017. “Language use among Anabaptist groups.” In Bronner, S. J. and Brown, J. R (eds.), Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press: 108–130.Google Scholar
Lasatowicz, M. and Weger, T.. 2008. “Polen.” In Eichinger, L., Plewnia, A, and Riehl, C. M. (eds.), Handbuch der deutschen Sprachminderheiten in Mittel- und Osteuropa. Tübingen: Gunter Narr: 145–169.Google Scholar
Lorenz-Andreasch, H. 2004. “Mir sein jå kolla Teitschverderber” Die Sprache der Schmiedeleut-Hutterer in Manitoba/Kanada. Wien: Edition Praesens.Google Scholar
Louden, M. L. 2016. Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Moelleken, W. W. 1987. “Die rußlanddeutschen Mennoniten in Kanada und Mexiko: Sprachliche Entwicklung und diglossische Situation,” Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 54: 145–183.Google Scholar
Moelleken, W. W. 1992. “The development of the linguistic repertoire of the Mennonites from Russia.” In Burridge, K and Enninger, W. (eds.), Diachronic Studies on the Languages of the Anabaptists. Bochum: Universitätsverlag D. N. Brockmeyer: 64–93.Google Scholar
Østern, A. 2001. “Swedish in Finland.” In Extra and Gorter (eds.): 159–173.Google Scholar
Östman, J.-O., and Mattfolk, L. 2011. “Ideologies of standardisation: Finland Swedish and Swedish-language Finland.” In Kristiansen, T. and Coupland, N. (eds.), Standard Languages and Language Standards in a Changing Europe. Oslo: Novus: 75–82.Google Scholar
Pauwels, A. 2016. Language Maintenance and Shift. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, K. M. 1996. “Die deutsche Minderheit in Dänemark.” In Hinderling and Eichinger (eds.): 31–59.Google Scholar
Pedersen, K. M. 2000. “A national minority with a transethnic identity – the German minority in Denmark.” In Wolff, S. (ed.), German Minorities in Europe: Ethnic Identity and Cultural Belonging. New York: Berghahn: 15–28.Google Scholar
Pedersen, K. M. 2002. Dansk sprog i Sydslesvig. Aabenraa: Institut for Grænseregionsforskning.Google Scholar
Rein, K. 1977. Religiöse Minderheiten als Sprachgemeinschaftsmodelle. Deutsche Sprachinseln täuferischen Ursprungs in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. ZDL Beihefte, Neue Folge, Nr. 15. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Roberge, P. T. 2002. “Afrikaans: considering origins.” In Mesthrie, R. (ed.), Language in South Africa. Cambridge University Press: 79–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, P. 1998. “Deutsche Minderheiten in Lateinamerika.” In Harden, T. and Hentschel, E (eds.), Particulae particularum. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Harald Weydt. Tübingen: Stauffenburg: 261–291.Google Scholar
Rowley, A. 1996. “Die Sprachinseln der Fersentaler und Zimbern.” In Hinderling and Eichinger (eds.): 263–285.Google Scholar
Scottish Government Social Research 2010. Public attitudes towards the Scots language. Accessible at http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/298037/0092859.pdf.Google Scholar
Siemens, H. 2012. Plautdietsch. Grammatik, Geschichte, Perspektiven. Bonn: tweeback verlag.Google Scholar
Simons, G. F., and Fennig, C. D. (eds.) 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 20th edn. Dallas: SIL International. www.ethnologue.comGoogle Scholar
Søndergaard, B. 1981. “The fight for survival: Danish as a living minority language south of the German border.” In Haugen, E., McClure, J. D., and Thomson, D. (eds.), Minority Languages Today. Edinburgh University Press: 138–143.Google Scholar
Steffen, J., and Altenhofen, C. V. 2014. “Spracharchipele des Deutschen in Lateinamerika: Dynamik der Sprachvernetzungen im mehrsprachigen Raum,” Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 81: 34–60.Google Scholar
Thompson, C. 1994. “The languages of the Amish of Allen County, Indiana: multilingualism and convergence,” Anthropological Linguistics 36: 69–91.Google Scholar
Waal, C. S. van der 2012. “Creolisation and purity: Afrikaans language politics in post-apartheid times,” African Studies 71: 446–463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, P. 1987. “Geographical aspects of minority language situations in Italy.” Unpublished paper presented at the International Seminar on Geolinguistics, Stoke-on-Trent.Google Scholar
Wicherkiewicz, T. 2003. The Making of a Language: The Case of the Idiom of Wilamowice, Southern Poland. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zach, K. 2013. Das Älvdalische – Sprache oder Dialekt? M.A. thesis, University of Vienna.Google Scholar
Aboh, E. and DeGraff, M. 2016. “A null theory of creole formation based on Universal Grammar.” In Roberts, I. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Universal Grammar. Oxford University Press: 401–458.Google Scholar
Alleyne, M. C. 1980. Comparative Afro-American: An Historical-Comparative Study of English-Based Afro-American Dialects of the New World. Ann Arbor: Karoma.Google Scholar
Ansaldo, U., Matthews, S., and Smith, G. 2010. “China Coast Pidgin: Texts and contexts,” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 25: 63–94.Google Scholar
Arends, J. 2017. Language and Slavery: A Social and Linguistic History of the Suriname Creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, P. 1987. “Historical developments in Chinese Pidgin English and the nature of the relationships between the various pidgin Englishes of the Pacific region,” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 2:163–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, P. 1998. “Investigating the origin and diffusion of shared features among the Atlantic English creoles.” In Baker, P. and Bruyn, A. (eds.), St. Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles: The Texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in Perspective. London: University of Westminster Press: 315–364.Google Scholar
Baker, P. 2000. “Theories of creolization and the degree and nature of restructuring.” In Neumann-Holzschuh, I. and Schneider, E. W. (eds.), Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 41–63.Google Scholar
Baker, P. 2001. “No creolization without prior pidginization?” Te Reo 44: 31–50.Google Scholar
Baker, P. and Huber, M. 2001. “Atlantic, Pacific, and world-wide features in English-lexicon contact languages,” English World-Wide 22: 157–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, P. 1989. “A French-Icelandic nautical pidgin,” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 4: 129–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, P. 2008. “Pidgins versus creoles and pidgincreoles.” In Kouwenberg and Singler (eds.): 130–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, P. 2014a. “Creolistics: Back to square one?” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 29: 177–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, P. 2014b. “Three Dutch creoles in comparison,” Journal of Germanic Linguistics 26: 191–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, P., Daval-Markussen, A, Parkvall, M., and Plag, I. 2011. “Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles,” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26: 5–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, P. and Mous, M. (eds.) 1994. Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT.Google Scholar
Bakker, P. and Matras, Y. (eds.) 2013. Contact Languages: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besten, H. den 2012. Roots of Afrikaans. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Bickerton, D. 1981. Roots of Language. Ann Arbor: Karoma.Google Scholar
Blasi, D. E., Michaelis, S. M, and Haspelmath, M 2017. “Grammars are robustly transmitted even during the emergence of creole languages,” Nature Human Behaviour 1: 723–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broch, I. 1996. “Solombala-English in Archangel.” In Jahr and Broch (eds.): 93–98.Google Scholar
Broch, I. and Jahr, E. H. 1984a. Russenorsk: Et Pidginspråk i Norge, 2nd edn. Oslo: Novus.Google Scholar
Broch, I. and Jahr, E. H. 1984b. “Russenorsk: A new look at the Russo-Norwegian pidgin in northern Norway.” In Sture Ureland, P. and Clarkson, I. (eds.), Scandinavian Language Contacts. Cambridge University Press: 21–65.Google Scholar
Clark, R. 1979. “In search of Beach-la-Mar: Towards a history of Pacific Pidgin English,” Te Reo 22: 3–64.Google Scholar
Clyne, M. G. 1968. “Zum Pidgin-Deutsch der Gastarbeiter,” Zeitschrift für Mundartforschung 35: 130–139.Google Scholar
Deumert, A. 2003. “Markedness and salience in language contact and second-language acquisition: Evidence from a non-canonical contact language,” Language Sciences 25: 561–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deumert, A. 2009. “Namibian Kiche Duits: The making (and decline) of a Neo-African language,” Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21: 349–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enninger, W. 1986. “Pennsylvania German: A pidgin(ized) variety?” In Boretzky, N., Enninger, W., and Stolz, T. (eds.), Beiträge zum 2. Essener Kolloquium über “Kreolsprachen und Sprachkontakte.” Bochum: N. Brockmeyer: 41–82.Google Scholar
Fishman, J. A. 1987. “Post-exilic Jewish languages and pidgins/creoles: Two mutually clarifying perspectives,” Multilingua 6: 7–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, G. G. and Pavlou, P. 1994. “Gastarbeiterdeutsch ‘Foreign Workers’ German’: An industrial pidgin.” In Blackshire-Belay, C. A. (ed.), The Germanic Mosaic: Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Society. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press: 147–154.Google Scholar
Goodman, M. 1985. Review of Bickerton 1981, International Journal of American Linguistics 51: 109–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, A. 1994. “Shelta: The secret language of Irish travellers viewed as a mixed language.” In Bakker and Mous (eds.): 123–150.Google Scholar
Gruiter, M. de 1994. “Javindo, a contact language in pre-war Semarang,” in Bakker and Mous, (eds.): 151–159.Google Scholar
Hackert, S. and Huber, M. 2007. “Gullah in the diaspora: Historical and linguistic evidence from the Bahamas,” Diachronica 24: 279–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hancock, I. 1986. “The domestic hypothesis, diffusion, and componentiality: An account of Atlantic Anglophone creole origins.” In Muysken and Smith (eds.): 71–102.Google Scholar
Hancock, I. 1996. “The special case of Arctic pidgins.” In Broch and Jahr (eds.): 15–29.Google Scholar
Heidelberger Forschungsprojekt “Pidgin Deutsch” 1975. Sprache und Kommunikation ausländischer Arbeiter, Analysen, Berichte, Materialien. Kronberg/Ts.: Scriptor Verlag GmbH & Co. KG.Google Scholar
Hickey, R. 1997. “Arguments for creolisation in Irish English.” In Hickey, R. and S. Puppel (eds.), Language History and Linguistic Modelling: A Festchrift for Jacek Fisiak on his 60th Birthday. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 969–1038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, J. 1986. “Substrate diffusion.” In Muysken and Smith (eds.): 259–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, J. 1988–1989. Pidgins and Creoles, 2 Vols. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holm, J. 2004. Languages in Contact: The Partial Restructuring of Vernaculars. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holm, J. and Patrick, P. L. (eds.) 2007. Comparative Creole Syntax: Parallel Outlines of 18 Creole Grammars. United Kingdom and Sri Lanka: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Huber, M. 1999a. “Atlantic English Creoles and the Lower Guinea coast: A case against Afrogenesis.” In Huber, M. and Parkvall, M (eds.), Spreading the Word: The Issue of Diffusion among the Atlantic Creoles. London: University of Westminster Press: 81–110.Google Scholar
Huber, M. 1999b. Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context: A Sociohistorical and Structural Analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, M. 2013. “Ghanaian Pidgin English.” In Michaelis et al. (eds.): 167–175.Google Scholar
Jahr, E. H. 1996. “On the pidgin status of Russenorsk.” In Jahr and Broch (eds.): 107–122.Google Scholar
Jahr, E. H., and Broch, I. (eds.) 1996. Language Contact in the Arctic: Northern Pidgins and Contact Languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarva, V. 2008. “Old Helsinki Slang and language mixing,” Journal of Language Contact 1: 52–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Josselin de Jong, J. P. B. de 1926. Het huidige Negerhollandsch. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.Google Scholar
Kihm, A. 2012. Review of McWhorter 2011, Language 88: 657–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, T. B. 2013. “Gullah.” In Michaelis et al. (eds.): 139–147.Google Scholar
Kouwenberg, S. 1994. A Grammar of Berbice Dutch Creole. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kouwenberg, S. and Singler, J. V. (eds.) 2008. The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehiste, I. 1965. “A poem in Halbdeutsch and some questions concerning substratum,” Word 21: 55–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Page, R. B. and Tabouret-Keller, A. 1985. Acts of Identity. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Li, M. 2016. “Trade pidgins in China: Historical and grammatical relationships,” Transactions of the Philological Society 114: 298–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, M. and Matthews, S. 2016. “An outline of Macau Pidgin Portuguese,” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31: 141–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, M., Matthews, S., and Smith, G. P. 2005. “Pidgin English texts from the Chinese-English Instructor,” Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics 10: 79–168.Google Scholar
Maitz, P. and Volker, C. A. 2017. “Documenting Unserdeutsch: Reversing colonial amnesia,” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 32: 365–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matras, Y. 2010. Romani in Britain: The Afterlife of a Language. Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McWhorter, J. H. 2000. The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
McWhorter, J. H. 2005. Defining Creole. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McWhorter, J. H. 2011. Linguistic Simplicity and Complexity: Why Do Languages Undress? Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meakins, F. 2012. “Which mix — code-switching or a mixed language? — Gurindji Kriol,” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 27: 105–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesthrie, R. 2008. “Pidgins/creoles and contact languages: An overview.” In Kouwenberg and Singler (eds.): 263–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michaelis, S. M., Maurer, P., Haspelmath, M., and Huber, M. (eds.) 2013a. The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Michaelis, S. M., Maurer, P., Haspelmath, M., and Huber, M. (eds.) 2013b. The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages, Vol. 1: English-Based and Dutch-Based Languages. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Migge, B. 2003. Creole Formation as Language Contact: The Case of the Suriname Creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitrović, P. 1972. “Deux sabirs balkaniques,” Linguistique 8: 137–140.Google Scholar
Mitzka, W. 1923. Studien zum baltischen Deutsch. Marburg: Elwert.Google Scholar
Mufwene, S. S. 2008. Language Evolution: Contact, Competition and Change. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Mufwene, S. S. 2015. “The emergence of creoles and language change.” In Bonvillain, N. (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Linguistic Anthropology. London: Routledge: 348–365.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, P. 1980. “German as a contact language in the Pacific (with special reference to the influence of German on Tok Pisin),” Michigan Germanic Studies 6: 163–189.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, P. 1984. “Tracing the roots of Pidgin German,” Language and Communication 4: 27–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mühlhäusler, P. 1996. “Dutch in the Pacific area.” In Wurm et al. (eds.), 2: 339–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mühlhäusler, P. 1997. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, 2nd edn. London: University of Westminster Press.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, P. 1998. “How creoloid can you get?” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 13: 355–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mühlhäusler, P. 2012. “Sprachliche Kontakte in den Missionen auf Deutsch-Neuguinea und die Entstehung eines Pidgin-Deutsch.” In Engelberg, S. and Stolberg, D (eds.), Sprachwissenschaft und kolonialzeitlicher Sprachkontakt: Sprachliche Begegnungen und Auseinandersetzungen. Berlin: Akademie Verlag: 71–100.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, P., Dutton, T. E., and Romaine, S. (eds.) 2003. Tok Pisin Texts: From the Beginning to the Present. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muysken, P. and Smith, N. (eds.) 1986. Substrata versus Universals in Creole Genesis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nortier, J. and Dorleijn, M 2013. “Multi-ethnolects: Kebabnorsk, Perkerdansk, Verlan, Knakensprache, Straattaal, etc.” In Bakker and Matras (eds.): 229–271.Google Scholar
Pfaff, C. W. 1981. “Incipient creolization in Gastarbeiterdeutsch? An experimental sociolinguistic study,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 3: 165–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plag, I. 2008. “Creoles as interlanguages: Syntactic structures,” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23: 307–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, J. T. 1975. “The Singapore English speech continuum and its basilect ‘Singlish’ as a ‘creoloid’,” Anthropological Linguistics 17: 363–374.Google Scholar
Prince, E. 2001. “Yiddish as a contact language.” In Smith, N and Veenstra, T. (eds.), Creolization and Contact. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 263–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinecke, J. E. 1969. Language and Dialect in Hawai‘i: A Sociolinguistic History to 1935. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.Google Scholar
Rheeden, H. van 1994. “Petjo: The mixed language of the Indos in Batavia.” In Bakker and Mous (eds.): 223–237.Google Scholar
Rickford, J. R. 1999. African American Vernacular English: Features, Evolution, Educational Implications. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Roberge, P. T. 2010. “Contact and the history of Germanic languages.” In Hickey, R. (ed.), The Handbook of Language Contact. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell: 406–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, J. M. 1995. “Pidgin Hawaiian: A sociohistorical study,” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 10: 1–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, S. J. 1998. “The role of diffusion in the genesis of Hawaiian Creole,” Language 74: 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, S. J. 2000. “Nativization and the genesis of Hawaiian Creole.” In McWhorter, J. (ed.), Language Change and Language Contact in Pidgins and Creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 257–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, S. J. 2005. The Emergence of Hawai‘i Creole English in the Early 20th Century. Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Robertson, I. 1979. Berbice Dutch – A Description. Doctoral dissertation, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine.Google Scholar
Robertson, I. 1989. “Berbice and Skepi Dutch: A lexical comparison,” TNTL 105: 3–21.Google Scholar
Romaine, S. 1994. “Germanic creoles.” In König, E. and van der Auwera, J. (eds.), The Germanic Languages. London and New York: Routledge: 566–603.Google Scholar
Rossem, C. van and van der Voort, H. (eds.) 1996. Die Creol Taal: 250 Years of Negerhollands Texts. Amsterdam University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabino, R. 2012. Language Contact in the Danish West Indies: Giving Jack his Jacket. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreier, D. and Hundt, M. (eds.) 2013. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schuchardt, H. 1884. Slawo-Deutsches und Slawo-Italienisches. Graz: Leuschner & Lubensky.Google Scholar
Siegel, J. 2000. “Substrate influence in Hawai‘i Creole English,” Language in Society 29: 197–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singler, J. V. 2006. “Children and creole genesis,” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21: 157–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singler, J. V. 2008. “The sociohistorical context of creole genesis.” In Kouwenberg and Singler (eds.): 332–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smit, M. de 2010. “Modelling mixed languages: Some remarks on the case of Old Helsinki Slang,” Journal of Language Contact 3: 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, N. S. H. 2009. “English-speaking in early Surinam?” In Selbach, R., Cardoso, H. C., and van den Berg, M. (eds.), Gradual Creolization: Studies Celebrating Jacques Arends. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 305–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stammler, W. 1922. “Das Halbdeutsch der Esten,” Zeitschrift für deutsche Mundarten 17: 160–172.Google Scholar
Thomason, S. G. 2001. Language Contact: An Introduction. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, S. G and Kaufman, T. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. 1996. “Dual-source pidgins and reverse creoloids: Northern perspectives on language contact.” In Jahr and Broch (eds.): 5–14.Google Scholar
Velupillai, V. 2015. Pidgins, Creoles, and Mixed Languages: An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volker, C. A. 1982. An Introduction to Rabaul Creole German (Unserdeutsch). Master of Literary Studies dissertation, University of Queensland.Google Scholar
Wexler, P. 2002. Two-Tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whinnom, K. 1971. “Linguistic hybridization and the ‘special case’ of pidgins and creoles.” In Hymes, D (ed.), Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Cambridge University Press: 91–115.Google Scholar
Winford, D. 1993. Predication in Caribbean English Creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wurm, S. A. and Mühlhäusler, P. (eds.) 1985. Handbook of Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin). Canberra: Department of Linguistics, The Australian National University.Google Scholar
Wurm, S. A., Mühlhäusler, P., and Tryon, D. T. (eds.) 1996. Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, 2 Vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar