Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T04:08:19.599Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Parental anxiety among children undergoing cardiac catheterisation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 October 2017

Daisuke Kobayashi ,
Daniel R. Turner ,
Thomas J. Forbes  and
Sanjeev Aggarwal
Daisuke Kobayashi*
Affiliation:
Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
Daniel R. Turner
Affiliation:
Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
Thomas J. Forbes
Affiliation:
Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
Sanjeev Aggarwal
Affiliation:
Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
*
Correspondence to: D. Kobayashi, MD, Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Beaubien Blvd, Detroit, MI 48201-2119, United States of America. Tel: +1 313 745 5481; Fax: +1 313 993 0894; E-mail: dkobayas@dmc.org
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Parents may experience anxiety and stress when their children undergo cardiac catheterisation. The goal of this study was to assess the level of anxiety in parents of children undergoing cardiac catheterisation and to identify factors that were associated with level of anxiety.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional survey of parents of children who underwent cardiac catheterisation. Anxiety levels were measured using a validated self-report questionnaire – State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, which generates state anxiety scores on the current state of anxiety and trait anxiety scores on the stable aspects of anxiety proneness. One sample t-test was used to compare the data with normative data. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the factors associated with the state score.

Results

A total of 113 parents completed the survey. The mean age of parents was 34.0±7.7 years and the mean age of children undergoing catheterisation was 6.7±5.7 years. Compared with normative data, mean state score was significantly higher in our cohort (p<0.05) despite no difference in the trait score. Final multivariate model showed that the state score was significantly associated with child age group (<1 year [coefficient β 7.2] and 10–18 years [6.3], compared to 1 to <10 years of age [reference]) and history of previous catheterisation (−5.2) (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Concurrent state anxiety level was high among parents of children undergoing cardiac catheterisation, whereas trait anxiety level was not. Higher anxiety was experienced by parents of infants and adolescents without a history of previous catheterisation.

Keywords

Parental anxietyState-Trait anxiety inventorycardiac catheterisationchildren
Type
Original Articles
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , February 2018 , pp. 315 - 321
Check for updates
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Utens, EM, Versluis-Den Bieman, HJ, Verhulst, FC, Witsenburg, M, Bogers, AJ, Hess, J. Psychological distress and styles of coping in parents of children awaiting elective cardiac surgery. Cardiol Young 2000; 10: 239–244.Google Scholar
2. Davis, CC, Brown, RT, Bakeman, R, Campbell, R. Psychological adaptation and adjustment of mothers of children with congenital heart disease: stress, coping, and family functioning. J Pediatr Psychol 1998; 23: 219–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. Doherty, N, McCusker, CG, Molloy, B, et al. Predictors of psychological functioning in mothers and fathers of infants born with severe congenital heart disease. J Reproductive Infant Psychology 2009; 27: 390–400.Google Scholar
4. Lawoko, S, Soares, JJ. Quality of life among parents of children with congenital heart disease, parents of children with other diseases and parents of healthy children. Qual Life Res 2003; 12: 655–666.Google Scholar
5. Uzark, K, Jones, K. Parenting stress and children with heart disease. J Pediatr Health Care 2003; 17: 163–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. Spielberger, CD. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA, 1983.Google Scholar
7. Utens, EM, Versluis-Den Bieman, HJ, Witsenburg, M, Bogers, AJ, Hess, J, Verhulst, FC. Does age at the time of elective cardiac surgery or catheter intervention in children influence the longitudinal development of psychological distress and styles of coping of parents? Cardiol Young 2002; 12: 524–530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8. Vrijmoet-Wiersma, CM, Ottenkamp, J, van Roozendaal, M, Grootenhuis, MA, Koopman, HM. A multicentric study of disease-related stress, and perceived vulnerability, in parents of children with congenital cardiac disease. Cardiol Young 2009; 19: 608–614.Google Scholar
9. Fischer, AL, Butz, C, Nicholson, L, Blankenship, A, Dyke, P, Cua, CL. Caregiver anxiety upon discharge for neonates with congenital heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis 2012; 7: 41–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10. Lawoko, S, Soares, JJ. Psychosocial morbidity among parents of children with congenital heart disease: a prospective longitudinal study. Heart Lung 2006; 35: 301–314.Google Scholar
11. Sloper, P. Predictors of distress in parents of children with cancer: a prospective study. J Pediatr Psychol 2000; 25: 79–91.Google Scholar
12. Bachanas, PJ, Kullgren, KA, Schwartz, KS, McDaniel, JS, Smith, J, Nesheim, S. Psychological adjustment in caregivers of school-age children infected with HIV: stress, coping, and family factors. J Pediatr Psychol 2001; 26: 331–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Üzger, A, Başpınar, O, Bülbül, F, Yavuz, S, Kılınç, M. Evaluation of depression and anxiety in parents of children undergoing cardiac catheterization. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2015; 43: 536–541.Google Scholar
14. Cuijpers, P, Smit, F, ten Have, M, de Graaf, R. Smoking is associated with first-ever incidence of mental disorders: a prospective population-based study. Addiction 2007; 102: 1303–1309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15. Swendsen, J, Conway, KP, Degenhardt, L, et al. Mental disorders as risk factors for substance use, abuse and dependence: results from the 10-year follow-up of the National Comorbidity Survey. Addiction 2010; 105: 1117–1128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Uzark, K, Klos, D, Davis, W, Rosenthal, A. Use of videotape in the preparation of children for cardiac catheterization. Pediatr Cardiol 1982; 3: 287–291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17. Ferreira Nda, C, Ramalho Eda, S, Lopes Jde, L. Non-pharmacological strategies to decrease anxiety in cardiac catheterization: integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm 2015; 68: 1093–1102.Google Scholar
18. Knibb, RC. Effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for mothers of children with food allergy: a case series. Healthcare (Basel) 2015; 3: 1194–1211.Google Scholar
19. Ultee, CA, Griffioen, D, Schellekens, J. The reduction of anxiety in children: a comparison of the effects of ‘systematic desensitization in vitro’ and ‘systematic desensitization in vivo’. Behav Res Ther 1982; 20: 61–67.Google Scholar
20. Klainin-Yobas, P, Oo, WN, Suzanne Yew, PY, Lau, Y. Effects of relaxation interventions on depression and anxiety among older adults: a systematic review. Aging Ment Health 2015; 19: 1043–1055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21. McCusker, CG, Doherty, NN, Molloy, B, et al. A randomized controlled trial of interventions to promote adjustment in children with congenital heart disease entering school and their families. J Pediatr Psychol 2012; 37: 1089–1103.Google Scholar
22. McCusker, CG, Doherty, NN, Molloy, B, et al. A controlled trial of early interventions to promote maternal adjustment and development in infants born with severe congenital heart disease. Child Care Health Dev 2010; 36: 110–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed