Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T13:04:11.669Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An investigation of the effects of intracerebral injection in the marmoset of cytopathic cerebrospinal fluid from patients with schizophrenia or neurological disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

H. F. Baker ,
R. M. Ridley ,
T. J. Crow ,
C. A. Bloxham ,
R. P. Parry  and
D. A. J. Tyrrell
H. F. Baker*
Affiliation:
Divisions of Psychiatry and Communicable Diseases, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex
R. M. Ridley
Affiliation:
Divisions of Psychiatry and Communicable Diseases, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex
T. J. Crow
Affiliation:
Divisions of Psychiatry and Communicable Diseases, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex
C. A. Bloxham
Affiliation:
Divisions of Psychiatry and Communicable Diseases, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex
R. P. Parry
Affiliation:
Divisions of Psychiatry and Communicable Diseases, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex
D. A. J. Tyrrell
Affiliation:
Divisions of Psychiatry and Communicable Diseases, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex
*
1Address for correspondence: Mr H. F. Baker, Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Research Centre, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Synopsis

In experiments designed to investigate transmission, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with schizophrenia and neurological disease (Huntington's chorea and multiple sclerosis) which had been found to induce cytopathic effects in human embryonic fibroblast cell culture was injected intracerebrally into mice, hamsters and marmosets (small New World primates). No evidence was obtained of transmission to mice or hamsters. A total of 15 marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) was injected intracerebrally with CSF [8 with samples from 4 patients with schizophrenia. 3 with samples from patients with neurological disease (2 with Huntington's chorea and 1 with multiple sclerosis) and 4 with samples from 3 patients without neurological or psychiatric disease] and was observed over a period of 2½ years.

Analysis of variance on data obtained from behavioural observations averaged over 6-month periods revealed that animals injected with CSF from patients with schizophrenia and neurological disease became progressively more inactive when compared with animals injected with CSF from control patients. The change detected by behavioural observation was confirmed as a difference 2 and 2½ years after injection by automated activity monitoring.

There was an incidence of reproductive anomalies (including two occipital encephalocoeles) in the females in the experimental group, but the numbers are too small to draw firm conclusions from this observation.

Many reported differences in biological samples from schizophrenic patients and normal controls have subsequently been found to be due to factors unrelated to the disease state. This may prove to be the case with the changes observed in this experiment. Nevertheless, the fact that marmosets injected with CSF from patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disease, including schizophrenia, subsequently differed in their behaviour from those injected with control CSF warrants further investigation.

Type
Research Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 13 , Issue 3 , August 1983 , pp. 499 - 511
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abe, K. (1963). Seasonal fluctuations of psychiatric admissions based on data from seven prefectures of Japan for a seven year period 1955–1961, with a review of the literature. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica 17, 101–112.Google Scholar
Albrecht, P., Torrey, E. F., Boone, E., Hicks, J. T. & Daniel, N. (1980). Raised cytomegalovirus-antibody level in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients. Lancet ii, 769–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, E. & Daniel, P. M. (1979). Kuru and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: neuropathological lesions and their significance. In Slow Transmissible Diseases of the Nervous System, Vol. 1 (ed. Prusiner, S. B. and Hadlow, W. J.), pp. 253–270. Academic Press: New York.Google Scholar
Connell, P. H. (1958). Amphetamine Psychosis. Maudsley Monograph No. 5. Chapman and Hall: London.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J. (1978). Viral causes of psychiatric disease. Postgraduate Medical Journal 54, 763–767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T. J. (1981). Biological basis of mental disorders: the case for viral aetiology. In Epidemiological Impact of Psychotropic Drugs (ed. Tognoni, G., Bellantuono, C. and Lader, M.), pp. 33–51. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press: Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J., Ferrier, I. N., Johnstone, E. C., Macmillan, J. F., Owens, D. G., Parry, R. P. & Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1979). Characteristics of patients with schizophrenia or neurological disorder and virus-like agent in cerebrospinal fluid. Lancet i, 842–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gajdusek, D. C., Gibbs, C. J. & Alpers, M. (1966). Experimental transmission of a Kuru-like syndrome to chimpanzees. Nature 209, 794–796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbs, C. J., Gajdusek, D. C., Asher, D. M., Alpers, M. P., Beck, E., Daniel, P. M. & Matthews, W. B. (1968). Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (spongiform encephalopathy): transmission to the chimpanzee. Science 161, 388–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodall, E. (1932). The exciting cause of certain states of disease, at present classified under ‘schizophrenia’ by psychiatrists, may be infection. Journal of Mental Science 78, 746–755.Google Scholar
Hall, S. B. (1929). The mental aspect of epidemic encephalitis. British Medical Journal i, 444–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hare, E. H. (1975). Season of birth in schizophrenia and neurosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 132, 1168–1171.Google ScholarPubMed
Hare, E. H. & Walter, S. D. (1978). Seasonal variation in admissions of psychiatric patients and its relation to seasonal variation in their births. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 32, 47–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendrick, I. (1928). Encephalitis lethargica and the interpretation of mental disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 7, 989–1014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Himmelhoch, J., Pincus, J., Tucker, G. & Detre, T. (1970). Subacute encephalitis: behavioural and neurological aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry 116, 531–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jelliffe, S. E. (1927). The mental pictures in schizophrenia and in epidemic encephalitis. American Journal of Psychiatry 6, 413–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, R. T. (1980). Selective vulnerability of neural cells to viral infections. Brain 103, 447–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalter, H. (1968). Teratology of the Central Nervous System. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.Google Scholar
Klaber, M. & Lacy, J. (1968). Epidemic of glandular fever. British Medical Journal iii, 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCowan, P. K. & Cook, L. C. (1928). The mental aspect of chronic epidemic encephalitis. Lancet i, 1316–1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menninger, K. A. (1926). Influenza and schizophrenia. An analysis of post-influenzal ‘dementia praecox’as of 1918 and five years later. American Journal of Psychiatry 5, 469–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menninger, K. A. (1928). The schizophrenic syndrome as a product of acute infectious disease. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 20, 464–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Misra, P. C. & Hay, G. G. (1971). Encephalitis presenting as acute schizophrenia. British Medical Journal i, 532–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miura, T., Tamura, H., Shimura, M. & Ogata, T. (1976). The influence of the season of birth on preventive efficacy of the Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Japanese Journal of Hygiene 31,520–524.Google ScholarPubMed
Miura, T., Ogata, T. & Ema, M. (1977). An epidemiological study on the susceptibility of Japanese people to Japanese encephalitis virus by season of birth. Japanese Journal of Hygiene 32, 429–433.Google ScholarPubMed
Owen, F., Cross, A. J., Crow, T. J., Longden, A., Poulter, M. & Riley, G. J. (1978). Increased dopamine-receptor sensitivity in schizophrenia. Lancet ii, 223–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrov, P. A. (1970). Vilyuisk encephalitis in the Yakut Republic (USSR). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 19, 146–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poswillo, D. E., Hamilton, W. J. & Sopher, D. (1972 a). The marmoset as an animal model for teratological research. Nature 239, 460–462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poswillo, D. E., Sopher, D. & Mitchell, S. (1972 b). Experimental induction of foetal malformation with blighted potato: a preliminary report. Nature 239, 462–464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ravenholt, R. T. & Foege, W. H. (1982). 1918 influenza, encephalitis lethargica, Parkinsonism. Lancet ii, 860–864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raymond, R. W. & Williams, R. L. (1948). Infectious mononucleosis with psychosis. New England Journal of Medicine 239, 542–544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ridley, R. M. & Baker, H. F. (1982). Stereotypy in monkeys and humans. Psychological Medicine 12, 61–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ridley, R. M., Baker, H. F. & Scraggs, P. R. (1979). The time course of the behavioural effects of amphetamine and their reversal by haloperidol in a primate species. Biological Psychiatry 14, 753–765.Google Scholar
Rzewuska-Szatkowska, M. (1972). A case of exogenous psychosis in the course of infectious mononucleosis. Psychiatria Polska 6,453–456.Google Scholar
Saavedra, J. P. & Mazzuchelli, A. L. (1969). A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the marmoset (Hapale jacchus). Journal für Hirnforschung 11, 105–122.Google ScholarPubMed
Scraggs, P. R. & Ridley, R. M. (1978). Behavioural effects of amphetamine in a small primate: relative potencies of the d- and l-isomers. Psychopharmacology 59, 243–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siddall, R. A. (1978). The use of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in teratological and toxicological research. In Primates in Medicine, Vol. 10. (ed. Gengozian, N. and Deinhardt, F.). pp. 215–224.Google Scholar
Sobin, A. & Ozer, M. N. (1966). Mental disorders in acute encephalitis. Journal of the Mount Sinai Hospital 33, 73–82.Google ScholarPubMed
Taylor, G. R., Crow, T. J., Ferrier, I. N., Johnstone, E. C., Parry, R. P. & Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1982). Virus-like agent in CSF in schizophrenia and some neurological disorders. Lancet ii, 1166–1167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrey, E. F. & Peterson, M. R. (1973). Slow and latent viruses in schizophrenia. Lancet ii, 22–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrey, E. F., Yolken, R. H. & Winfrey, C. J. (1982). Cytomegalovirus antibody in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients detected by enzyme immunoassay. Science 216, 892–894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyrrell, D. A. J., Parry, R. P., Crow, T. J., Johnstone, E. C. & Ferrier, I. N. (1979). Possible virus in schizophrenia and some neurological disorders. Lancet i, 839–841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Economo, C. (1931). Encephalitis Lethargica; its Sequelae and Treatment (transl. Newman, K. O.). Oxford University Press:London.Google Scholar
Weinstein, E. A., Linn, L. & Kahn, R. L. (1955). Encephalitis with a clinical picture of schizophrenia. Journal of the Mount Sinai Hospital 21, 341–354.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilson, J. G. & Gavan, J. A. (1967). Congenital malformations in non-human primates: spontaneous and experimentally induced. Anatomical Record 158, 99–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar