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The Patriotic Society: Discussions and Omissions About Indians in the Peruvian War of Independence*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 December 2015
Extract
Few topics if any have perplexed Peruvian thinkers in the twentieth century as much as why the indigenous population has not been more fully incorporated into the nation. While the question has been posed in a number of ways from a variety of perspectives and disciplines, changing greatly over the decades, all agree that the indigenous population has not, as of the late twentieth century, been granted the rights and dignity implied by the term citizenship. Although the question has been addressed in literature, the social sciences and other academic disciplines, the answer is ultimately historical. Most analysts cast an eye on the colonial period and pay particular attention to the War of Independence. For the indigenous population, continuity more than change marked the Andean republics' rupture with Spain. Well into the republican era, “Indians” continued to pay tribute, euphemistically renamed the Contribution, and thus continued to constitute a unique fiscal and political category.
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- Research Article
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- Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1998
Footnotes
*
I would like to thank Adam Warren for his very able research assistance. I would also like to acknowledge the comments and suggestions by Carlos Aguirre, A. J. Bauer, and Frank Safford, as well as the smart recommendations by the two anonymous readers.
References
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15 ibid., pp. 154–55.
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19 In 1818, as the dividing line between Royalists and Patriots hardened, Eyzaguirre attempted to travel to Spain to defend himself. Pirates attacked his ship, however, forcing it to return to Peru where he remained until his death in 1821.
20 The quote is from the Sevillian José Pablo Valiente. Cited in Rieu-Millan, Marie Laure, Los diputados americanos en las cortes de Cádiz (Madrid: CSIC, 1990), pp. 111–Google Scholar12, an important source on this subject. See also de Armellada, Fray Cesáreo, La causa indígena americana en las Cortes de Cádiz (Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, 1959).Google Scholar
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23 Presidents Santa Cruz (1826–27; 1836–39); José de la Mar (1827–28); and Agustín Gamarra (1829–33; 1838–41) are a few prominent military leaders of the Independence era who became Bolivian or Peruvian heads of state.
24 Throughout this section, I refer to four groups: Absolutists and Moderates within the Spanish camp and, above all, Republican (or Liberals) and Constitutional Monarchists within the Patriot forces.
25 Independence leaders in Argentina exiled him several times for his radical plans, which centered on a dictatorship balanced by a popular assembly. In Lima, he raised the wrath of Spaniards as well as Republicans opposed to his plans for a constitutional monarchy. He was murdered in Lima in 1825. See Basadre, , Historia de la República del Perú, 7th ed., vol. 1 (Lima: Editorial Universitaria, 1983), pp. 61–62.Google Scholar
26 Francisco Javier Mariátegui, cited in Basadre, Jorge, El azar, p. 162.Google Scholar For a review of the members, see Pacheco Vélez, César, “La Sociedad Patriótica de Lima, de 1822,” Revista Histórica XXI (1978), 18–20.Google Scholar
27 Bolívar mentioned a number of other reasons for this attitude towards Monteagudo. The letter is cited in Echagüe, Juan Pablo, Historia de Monteagudo (Buenos Aires: ESPASA, 1950),Google Scholar preface. The best history of this period remains Basadre, Jorge, La Iniciación de la república, 2 vols., (Lima: F. y E. Rosay, 1929).Google Scholar
28 The Society’s proceedings and some of its speeches are found in Odriozola, Manuel de, Documentos Literarios del Perú, tomo XI (Lima: Imprenta del Estado, 1877), pp. 417–496.Google Scholar The key speeches were published in El Sol del Perú (1822), reprinted in Alberto Tauro, ed., Colección Documental de la Independencia del Perú, (hereafter CDIP) tomo XXIII, vol. 1, Periódicos, (Lima: Comisión Nacional del Sesquicentenario de la Independencia del Perú, 1971), (hereafter CDIP, Periódicos).
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30 Born in Arequipa in 1780, he had visited Spain in 1809, and was inspired by the Liberal opposition to Napoleon. See Tauro, Alberto, ed., Francisco Luna Pizarro: Escritos Políticos (Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 1959),Google Scholar prologue.
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34 CDIP, Periódicos, El Sol del Perú, no. 3, March 28, 1822, pp. 2–3 (360–361).
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36 Pérez de Tudela defended many important figures accused of conspiring against the Spanish, including Manuel Ubalde, El Conde de la Vega del Ren, and José Mariano de la Riva Agüero. For years, the colonial state had suspected him of Patriot sympathies. Like many republicans, he had studied at Colegio San Carlos. Anna, , The Fall, p. 42;Google Scholar Tauro, Alberto, Diccionario Enciclopédica del Perú, tomo II, (Lima: Editorial Mejía Baca, 1966), pp. 525–526.Google Scholar
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38 CDIP, Periódicos, El Sol del Perú, no. 4, April 4, 1822, p. 3 (365).
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid. The publication of the detailed summary of this speech prompted controversy and censorship. Monteagudo confiscated this issue of El Sol and had another issue no. 4 printed, dated April 12. The new issue included an article about the dangers of “excessive freedom of the press.” Vélez, Pacheco, “La Sociedad Patriótica,” pp. 31–32;Google Scholar for the new edition, see CDIP, Periódicos, El Sol del Perú, pp. 367–370.
41 CDIP, Periódicos, El Sol del Perù, no. 4, April 4 1822, p. 3 (365). Light metaphors are ubiquitous in this period.
42 Born in 1782, Arce’s support for the more radical elements of the Pumacahua Rebellion had earned him exile to Chile in 1815. Tauro, , Diccionario Enciclopédia, tomo I, p. 113.Google Scholar On Arce, see Barrenechea, Raúl Porras, Los ideólogos de la Independencia (Lima: Editorial Milla Batres, 1974), pp. 49–114.Google Scholar
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49 Ibid., p. 356.
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