Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T15:27:07.377Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Rethinking Racial, Ethnoracial, and Imperial Categories: Key Concepts in Comparative Race Studies in the History of Education

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2020

Extract

While researching racially segregated education, I came across speeches delivered in the 1940s by two educational leaders—one a black man and the other a Native American man. G. B. Buster, a longtime African American teacher, implored his African American listeners to work with white Americans on enforcing equal rights for all. A few years before Buster delivered his speech, Henry Roe Cloud (Winnebago), a Native American educator, was more critical of white Americans, specifically the federal government, which he blamed for destroying American Indian cultures. At the same time, Roe Cloud praised more recent federal efforts to preserve cultural practices, study traditions before they completely disappeared, and encourage self-government among Native American tribes.

Type
60th Anniversary HEQ Forum
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 History of Education Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Warren, Kim Cary, The Quest for Citizenship: African American and Native American Education in Kansas, 1880–1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 12Google Scholar. Throughout this essay, I attempt to use terms that individuals and groups have employed to identify themselves. When paraphrasing or quoting from others’ scholarship, I invoke their terms and use of capitalization. Otherwise, I use the terms African American and Black interchangeably, Native American, Indian, and Indigenous interchangeably, and Asian American and Latina/o/x as general designators.

2 Tamura, Eileen H., “Asian Americans in the History of Education: An Historiographical Essay,” History of Education Quarterly 41, no. 1 (Spring, 2001), 5871CrossRefGoogle Scholar; MacDonald, Victoria-María, “Hispanic, Latino, Chicano, or ‘Other’?: Deconstructing the Relationship between Historians and Hispanic-American Educational History,” History of Education Quarterly 41, no. 3 (Autumn, 2001), 365413CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Lomawaima, K. Tsianina, “History without Silos, Ignorance versus Knowledge, Education beyond Schools,” History of Education Quarterly 54, no. 3 (Aug. 2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 Hune, Shirley, “Rethinking Race: Paradigms and Policy Formation,” Amerasia Journal 21, no. 1–2 (Winter-Spring 1995), 2940CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Tamura, Eileen H., “Education in a Multi-Ethnoracial Setting: Seattle's Neighborhood House and the Cultivation of Urban Community Builders, 1960s–1970s,” History of Education Quarterly 57, no. 1 (Feb. 2017), 3967CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Chang, Jeff, “Local Knowledge(s), Notes on Race Relations, Panethnicity and History in Hawai‘i,” Amerasia Journal 22, no. 2 (1996), 129CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Chang, Jeff, “Lessons of Tolerance: Americanism and the Filipino Affirmative Action Movement in Hawai‘i,” Social Process in Hawai‘i 37 (1996), 112–46Google Scholar.

6 Tracy Lachica Buenavista, Uma M. Jayakumar, and Kimberly Misa-Escalante, “Contextualizing Asian American Education Through Critical Race Theory: An Example of U.S. Pilipino College Student Experiences,” New Directions for Institutional Research 2009, no. 142 (Summer 2009), 69–81.

7 Darder, Antonia and Torres, Rodolfo D., After Race: Racism after Multiculturalism (New York: New York University Press, 2004), 2Google Scholar.

8 Hernández, Tanya Katerí, “Too Black to Be Latino/a: Blackness and Blacks as Foreigners in Latino Studies,” Latino Studies 1, no. 1 (March 2003), 152–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 Tamura, “Asian Americans in the History of Education,” 70–71.

10 Allison Varzally, Making a Non-White America: Californians Coloring Outside Ethnic Lines, 1925–1955 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 9.

11 Hollinger, David A., “From Identity to Solidarity,” Dædalus 135, no. 4 (Fall 2006), 25Google Scholar; and also see Hollinger, David, Cosmopolitanism and Solidarity: Studies in Ethnoracial, Religious, and Professional Affiliation in the United States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006)Google Scholar.

12 Wild, Mark, Street Meeting: Multiethnic Neighborhoods in Early Twentieth-Century Los Angeles (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Wild, Mark, “‘So Many Children at Once and So Many Kinds’: Schools and Ethno-Racial Boundaries in Early Twentieth-Century Los Angeles,” Western Historical Quarterly 33, no. 4 (Winter 2002), 453–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Brilliant, Mark, The Color of America Has Changed: How Racial Diversity Shaped Civil Rights Reform in California, 1941–1978 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010)Google Scholar.

14 David Wallace Adams, Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875–1928 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995); Brenda J. Child, Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900–1940 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998); and James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988).

15 Elisabeth M. Eittreim, Teaching Empire: Native Americans, Filipinos, and US Imperial Education, 1879–1918 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2019). See also Roland Sintos Coloma, “‘Destiny Has Thrown the Negro and the Filipino Under the Tutelage of America’: Race and Curriculum in the Age of Empire,” Curriculum Inquiry 39, no. 4 (Sept. 2009), 495–519.

16 Sieglinde Lim de Sánchez, “Crafting a Delta Chinese Community: Education and Acculturation in Twentieth-Century Southern Baptist Mission Schools,” History of Education Quarterly 43, no. 1 (Spring 2003), 74–90.

17 Matthew Gardner Kelly, “Schoolmaster's Empire: Race, Conquest, and the Centralization of Common Schooling in California, 1848–1879,” History Education Quarterly 56, no. 3 (Aug. 2016), 448.

18 Douglas, Davison M., Jim Crow Moves North: The Battle over Northern School Segregation, 1865–1954 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 6Google Scholar.

19 Clif Stratton, Education for Empire: American Schools, Race, and the Paths of Good Citizenship (Oakland: University of California Press, 2016), 53.

20 Kathryn Schumaker, Troublemakers: Students’ Rights and Racial Justice in the Long 1960s (New York: New York University Press, 2019), 8.

21 MacDonald, “Hispanic, Latino, Chicano, or ‘Other’?,” 367.

22 Lomawaima, “History without Silos,” 350. For a deeper examination of Native American education, see Lomawaima's and other articles in the August 2014 issue of the History of Education Quarterly, especially Donald Warren, “American Indian Histories as Education History,” 255–85; Adrea Lawrence, “Epic Learning in an Indian Pueblo: A Framework for Studying Multigenerational Learning in the History of Education,” 286–302; and KuuNUx TeeRIt Kroupa, “Education as Arikara Spiritual Renewal and Cultural Evolution,” 303–22.

23 King, Farina, The Earth Memory Compass: Diné Landscapes and Education in the Twentieth Century (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Lomawaima, K. Tsianina and McCarty, Teresa L., “To Remain an Indian”: Lessons in Democracy from a Century of Native American Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 2006)Google Scholar.

24 Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics,” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989, no. 1 (1989), 149, 139–68.

25 Patricia Hill Collins and Sirma Bilge, Intersectionality, 2nd edition, Kindle edition (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2020), chapter 1, paragraph 3.

26 Margaret A. Nash, ed., Women's Higher Education in the United States: New Historical Perspectives (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).

27 Barbara Miller Solomon, In the Company of Educated Women (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985).

28 Vicki L. Ruiz and Ellen Carol DuBois, eds., Unequal Sisters: An Inclusive Reader in U.S. Women's History, 4th ed. (New York: Routledge, 2008).

29 Bradley, Stefan M., Upending the Ivory Tower: Civil Rights, Black Power, and the Ivy League (New York: New York University Press, 2018)Google Scholar; Purdy, Michelle A., Transforming the Elite: Black Students and the Desegregation of Private Schools (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Williamson-Lott, Joy Ann, Jim Crow Campus: Higher Education and the Struggle for a New Southern Social Order (New York: Teachers College Press, 2018)Google Scholar.

30 Stephen Cole and Elinor G. Barber, Increasing Faculty Diversity: The Occupational Choices of High-Achieving Minority Students (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003). See also Sarah Susannah Willie, Acting Black: College, Identity, and the Performance of Race (New York: Routledge, 2003).

31 Christina Collins, “Ethnically Qualified”: Race, Merit, and the Selection of Urban Teachers, 1920–1980 (New York: Teachers College Press, 2011); and Jonna Perrillo, Uncivil Rights: Teachers, Unions, and Race in the Battle for School Equity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012). See also Sarah Manekin, “Gender, Markets, and the Expansion of Women's Education at the University of Pennsylvania, 1913–1940,” History of Education Quarterly 50, no. 3 (Aug. 2010), 298–323. Manekin focuses on a celebration of women at the University of Pennsylvania but also prompts a question about future studies of women in higher education, the Ivy League, and especially at formerly all-male institutions.

32 Hill Collins and Bilge, Intersectionality, 2.

33 Margaret Smith Crocco and Cally L. Waite, “Education and Marginality: Race and Gender in Higher Education, 1940–1955,” History of Education Quarterly 47, no. 1 (Feb. 2007), 70.

34 Deondra Rose, Citizens by Degree: Higher Education Policy and the Changing Gender Dynamics of American Citizenship (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018); and Breaux, Richard M., “‘To the Uplift and Protection of Young Womanhood’: African-American Women at Iowa's Private Colleges and the University of Iowa, 1878–1928,” History of Education Quarterly 50, no. 2 (May 2010), 159–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

35 Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, “The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past,” Journal of American History 91, no. 4 (March 2005), 1233–63; Brown-Nagin, Tomiko, Courage to Dissent: Atlanta and the Long History of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Kevin K. Gaines, American Africans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012).

36 Graves, Karen, “‘So, You Think You Have a History?’: Taking a Q from Lesbian and Gay Studies in Writing Education History,” History of Education Quarterly 52, no. 4 (Nov. 2012), 466CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37 Barker, Joanne, ed., Critically Sovereign: Indigenous Gender, Sexuality, and Feminist Studies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017), 14CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

38 Mishuana R. Goeman, “Ongoing Storms and Struggles: Gendered Violence and Resource Exploitation,” in Barker, Critically Sovereign, 71–72.