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⁵ Lévy, J., Le tournant géographique. Penser l'espace pour lire le monde (Paris, 1999)Google Scholar; Lévy, J., ‘Entre contact et écart. La distance au cœur de la réflexion sur l'espace des sociétés’, Atala, 12 (2009), 175–85Google Scholar.

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⁷ Mériaux, C. and Noizet, H., ‘Moines, chanoines et espace urbain en Flandre (X^e–XI^e siècle)’, in Iogna-Prat, D., Lauwers, M., Mazel, F. and Rosé, I. (eds.), Cluny. Les moines et la société au premier âge féodal (Rennes, 2013), 65–77Google Scholar; Noizet, H., La fabrique de la ville. Espaces et sociétés à Tours (IX^e–XIII^e siécles) (Paris, 2007)Google Scholar; Noizet, H., ‘Germain, Victor, Martin et les autres. Morphologie urbaines et pratiques socio-ecclésiastiques à Paris aux IX^e–XII^e siècles et au XIX^e siècle’, L'Espace géographique, 4 (2012), 324–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Translated into English in Cairn, ‘Germain, Victor, Martin, and others: urban morphology and social-ecclesiastical structure in Paris in the 9th to 12th Centuries and in the 21st Century’, www.cairn-int.info/article-E_EG_414_0324--germain-victor-martin-and-others.htm.

⁸ Noizet, H., Bove, B. and Costa, L. (eds.), Paris de parcelles en pixels. Analyse géomatique de l'espace parisien médiéval et moderne (Paris, 2013)Google Scholar.

⁹ In France, the Merovingian period lasted from 481 to 751, and the Carolingian period lasted from 751 to 987.

¹⁰ Noizet, H., ‘Alcuin contre Théodulphe: un conflit producteur de normes’, in Judic, B. and Depreux, P. (eds.), Alcuin de York à Tours (actes du colloque de Tours les 4–6 mars 2004), Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest, 3 (Rennes, 2004), 113–29Google Scholar.

¹¹ The monastic pole of St-Vaast is more substantial and more fragmented than the episcopal pole because the St-Vaast monastery is clearly older: its ruler was the only important ecclesiastical lord from the Merovingian period until the end of the eleventh century, since the bishop was not present in Arras until 1094.

¹² On these ideologies, see Godelier, M., L'idéel et le matériel: pensée, économies, sociétés (Paris, 1984)Google Scholar.

¹³ This funeral basilica, which archaeological evidence shows existed in the Merovingian period and which continued to do so at least until 866 (although we do not know its precise status) was later destroyed during Viking raids. It was refounded in 1060 under the auspices of King Henry I, as a collegiate institution of regular canons, before being swiftly transferred to the order of Cluny in 1079, under whose control it remained until the French Revolution. Mercier, A., La deuxième fille de Cluny. Grandeurs et misères de Saint-Martin-des-Champs (Paris, 2012), 12–20Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Lepetit, B., ‘Histoire des pratiques, pratique de l'histoire’, in Lepetit, B. (ed.), Les formes de l'expérience. Une autre histoire sociale (Paris, 1995), 9–22Google Scholar; Morsel, J., ‘En guise d'introduction: les chartriers entre “retour aux sources” et déconstruction des objets historiens’, in Contamine, P. and Vissière, L. (eds.), Défendre ses droits, construire sa mémoire. Les chartriers seigneuriaux XIII^e–XXI^e siècle (Paris, 2010), 9–34Google Scholar.

¹⁵ It is, however, possible for specific districts, by means of a retrospective analysis of contemporary maps compared with land documentation from the late Middle Ages. Thus, the fine work of reconstructing the plots in medieval times for the neighbourhood of Les Halles in Paris is based on the census of the lordship of the bishop of Paris who listed the owners of plots within the bishop's domain: Boudon, F., Chastel, A., Couzy, H. and Hamon, F., Système de l'architecture urbaine. Le quartier des Halles à Paris, 2 vols. (Paris, 1977)Google Scholar. Nevertheless, such a reconstruction is not possible on a city-wide scale because these censuses were never available for the agglomeration's entire area.

¹⁶ Noizet, La fabrique de la ville.

¹⁷ J. Oberste, ‘Les Clunisiens et l'espace urbain en France. Les bourgs de Montierneuf à Poitiers et de St-Martin-des-Champs à Paris (XI^e–XIV^e siècles)’, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome – Moyen Âge [online], 124–1 (2012), http://mefrm.revues.org/344; DOI: 10.4000/mefrm.344, accessed 8 Aug. 2017.

¹⁸ G. Chouquer, ‘Le lotissement de la censive de St-Martin-des-Champs’, 2014, www.formesdufoncier.org/pdfs/FicheStMartinCensive.pdf, accessed 8 Aug. 2017.

¹⁹ The present-day street St-Martin, formerly a Roman north–south street, has been one of the main central axes on the north (right) bank of the River Seine since the Middle Ages. Bove, B., ‘Les périphéries de Paris au XIVe siècle: essai d'application de la théorie géographique aux sources médiévales’, in do Carmo Ribeiro, M. and Melo, A. Sousa (eds.), Evolução da paisagem urbana: cidade e periferia (Braga, 2014), 139–73Google Scholar; L. Hermenault, ‘La ville en mouvements. Circulations, échanges commerciaux et matérialité de la ville: pour une articulation systémique des facteurs d'évolution du tissu urbain parisien entre le XV^e et le XIX^e siècle’, University of Paris-1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Ph.D. thesis, 2017.

²⁰ Prou, M., Recueil des actes de Philippe Ier, roi de France (1059–1108) (Paris, 1908), no. 53Google Scholar: ‘Preterea deprecatus est ut via que est ante monasterium Sancti Martini pro honore ejusdem ecclesie publice teneatur, et illa alia que sub monasterio est ad usum pauperum in agriculturam inmutetur.’

²¹ Godelier, M., The Mental and the Material: Thought Economy and Society, trans. Thom, Martin (Thetford, 1986)Google Scholar.

²² ‘Bernardines’ refers to the monks from the Cistercian abbey of Clairvaux, founded by St-Bernard; hence the name ‘Bernardines’.

²³ Noizet, ‘Germain, Victor, Martin et les autres’.

²⁴ ‘Heteronomous’ here means the opposite of ‘autonomous’: on the results-focused approach that contrasts spaces according to their degree of fluidity and spatialities according to their degree of intermediation. See Poncet, P., L'intelligence spatiale (Rennes, 2017)Google Scholar.