Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T16:24:57.426Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Connectivity and Networks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2017

D. J. Mattingly
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
V. Leitch
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
C. N. Duckworth
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
A. Cuénod
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
M. Sterry
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
F. Cole
Affiliation:
University College London, Qatar
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Austen, R.A. 1990. Marginalization, stagnation and growth: trans-Saharan caravan trade, 1500–1900. In Tracy, J. (ed.), The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 311–50.Google Scholar
Azevedo, M. 1998. Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad. Amsterdam: Horden and Breach.Google Scholar
Baier, S. and Lovejoy, P. 1975. The desert-side economy of the Central Sudan. International Journal of African Historical Studies 8.4: 551–81.Google Scholar
Bureau Interministériel d’Études et de Projets (BIEP) 1992. Étude des nouveaux périmètres irrigués dans la préfecture du Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti (BET), N’Djaména.Google Scholar
Bureau pour le Développement de la Production Agricole (BDPA) 1962. Problèmes posés par l’exploitation de forages hydrauliques à Largeau, Fort Lamy.Google Scholar
Bédoucha, G. 1987. L’eau, l’amie du puissant. Une communauté oasienne du sud tunisien. Paris: Éditions des archives contemporaines.Google Scholar
Bonte, P. 2008. L’émirat de l’Adrar mauritanien: harîm, compétition et protection dans une société tribale saharienne. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Cleaveland, T. 2002. Becoming Walata: a History of Saharan Social Formation and Transformation. Portsmouth: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Cremasci, M. and di Lernia, S. 1999. Holocene climatic changes and cultural dynamics in the Libyan Sahara. African Archaeological Review 16.4: 211–38.Google Scholar
Cowgill, G.L. 2004. Origins and development of urbanism: archaeological perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 33: 525–49.Google Scholar
Despois, J.J. 1946. Mission scientifique au Fezzân (1944–1945). Algiers: Institut de recherches sahariennes.Google Scholar
Di Lernia, S. 2002. Dry climatic events and cultural trajectories: adjusting Middle Holocene pastoral economy of the Libyan Sahara. In Hassan, F.A. (ed.), Droughts, Food and Culture, New York: Springer, 225–50.Google Scholar
Elboudrari, H. 1985. Quand les saints font les villes: lecture anthropologique de la pratique sociale d’un saint marocain du XVIIe siècle. Annales ESC 40.3: 489508.Google Scholar
Eldblom, L. 1968. Structure foncière, organisation et structure sociale. Une étude sur la vie socio-économique dans les trois oasis libyennes de Ghat, Mourzouk et particulièrement Ghadamès. Lund: Uniskol.Google Scholar
Geoffroy, A. 1887. Arabes pasteurs nomades de la tribu des Larbas. Les Ouvriers des deux mondes 1.8: 409–64.Google Scholar
Glick, T. 1970. Irrigation and Society in Mediaeval Valencia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Grandguillaume, G. 1978. De la coutume à la loi: droit de l’eau et statut des communautés locales dans le Touat précolonial. Peuples méditerranéens 2: 119–33.Google Scholar
Grémont, C. 2012. Villages and crossroads: changing territorialities among the Tuareg of northern Mali. In McDougall, J. and Scheele, J. (eds). Saharan Frontiers: Space and Mobility in Northwest Africa, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 131–45.Google Scholar
Gutelius, D. 2002. The path is easy and the benefits large: The Nasiriyya, social networks and economic change in Morocco, 1640–1830. Journal of African History 43: 2749.Google Scholar
Guyer, J.I. 1993. Wealth in people and self-realisation in equatorial Africa. Man ns 28: 243–65.Google Scholar
Haarmann, U. 1998. The dead ostrich: Life and trade in Ghadamès (Libya) in the nineteenth century. Die Welt des Islams 38.1: 994.Google Scholar
Haarmann, U. 2008. Briefe aus der Wüste: die private Korrespondenz der in Gadamis ansässigen Yûsa‘-Familie. Hamburg: EB Verlag.Google Scholar
Horden, P. and Purcell, N. 2000. The Corrupting Sea. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Jacques-Meunié, D. 1951. Greniers-citadelles au Maroc. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.Google Scholar
Khazanov, A. 1984. Nomads and the Outside World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lethielleux, J. 1948. Le Fezzan, ses jardins, ses palmiers: notes d’ethnographie et d’histoire. Tunis: Imprimerie Bascone et Muscat.Google Scholar
Lewicki, T. 1962. L’état nord-africain de Tahert et ses relations avec le Soudan occidental à la fin du 8e et au 9e siècle. Cahiers d’études africaines 2: 513–35.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 2000. The Libyan caravan road in Herodotus IV.181–185. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 43.4: 496520.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, P. 1984. Commercial sectors in the economy of the nineteenth-century central Sudan: The trans-Saharan trade and the desert-side salt trade. African Economic History 13: 85116.Google Scholar
Lydon, G. 2009. On Trans-Saharan Trails. Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCall, D. 1999. Herodotus on the Garamantes: A problem in protohistory. History in Africa 26: 197217.Google Scholar
McDougall, E.A. 2005. Conceptualising the Sahara: the world of nineteenth-century Beyrouk commerce. The Journal of North African Studies 10.3–4: 369–86.Google Scholar
McIntosh, R.J. 2005. Ancient Middle Niger. Urbanism and Self-Organising Landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McIntosh, S. 1999. Pathways to complexity: An African perspective. In McIntosh, S., Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 130.Google Scholar
Martin, A.-G.-P. 1908. A la frontière du Maroc: les oasis sahariennes (Gourara, Touat, Tidikelt). Algiers: Imprimerie algérienne.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. (ed.). 2003. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 1, Synthesis. London: Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. and Sterry, M.. 2013. The first towns in the central Sahara. Antiquity 87: 503–18.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D., Sterry, M. and Thomas, D.C. 2013. Jarma in its Saharan context: an urban biography. In Mattingly, D. (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 4. Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) Carried out by C. M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzān Project (1997–2001), London: Society for Libyan Studies, 505–44.Google Scholar
Monod, T. 1968. Les bases d’une division géographique du domaine saharien. Bulletin de l’IFAN B30.1: 269–88.Google Scholar
Montagne, R. 1930. Un magasin collectif de l’Anti-Atlas, l’agadir des Ikounka. Paris: Larose.Google Scholar
Nicolaisen, J. 1963. Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg. Copenhagen: The National Museum.Google Scholar
Pascon, P. 1980. Le commerce de la maison d’Ilîgh d’après le register comptable de Husayn b. Hachem. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 35: 700–29.Google Scholar
Pascon, P. 1984. La Maison d’Iligh. Rabat: P. Pascon.Google Scholar
Pelling, R. 2005. Garamantian agriculture and its significance in a wider North African context: the evidence of the plant remains from the Fazzan project. Journal of North African Studies 10.3–4: 397412.Google Scholar
Powers, D. 2002. Law, Society and Culture in the Maghrib, 1300–1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Retaillé, D. 1998. L’espace nomade. Revue de géographie de Lyon 73.1: 7181.Google Scholar
Reyna, S. P. 1990. Wars Without End. The Political Economy of a Precolonial State. Hanover: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
Rohlfs, G. 1881. Reise von Tripolis nach der Oase Kufra. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.Google Scholar
Rossi, B. 2015. From Slavery to Aid. Politics, Labour and Ecology in the Nigerian Sahel, 1800–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Scheele, J. 2010. Councils without customs, qadis without states: property and community in the Algerian Touat. Islamic Law and Society 17.3: 350–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheele, J. 2012. Smugglers and Saints of the Sahara: Regional Connectivity in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A.T. 2003. The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in early Complex Polities. Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Triaud, J.-L. 1995. La légende noire de la Sanûsiyya. Une confrérie musulmane saharienne sous le regard français (1840–1930). Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. 2003. Irrigation technologies: foggaras, wells and field systems. In Mattingly, D. (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 1, Synthesis, London: Society for Libyan Studies, 235–78.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. 2012. Saharan trade in the Roman period: short-, medium- and long-distance trade networks. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47.4: 409–49.Google Scholar
Yoffee, N. 2009. Making ancient cities plausible. Reviews in Anthropology 38: 264–89.Google Scholar

References

Aslanian, S.D. 2011. From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austen, R.A. 2010. Trans-Saharan Africa in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brett, M. 2006. Libya and the Sahara in the history of Africa. In Mattingly, et al. 2006, 271–85.Google Scholar
Carpenter, R. 1956. A trans-Saharan caravan route in Herodotus. American Journal of Archaeology 60.3: 231–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Channebôt, M. and Viele, E.L. 1881. The resources of Central Africa: M. Channebôt’s project for their development by a railway from the Mediterranean to the Soudan. Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York 13: 165–95.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. 1971. Cultural strategies in the organization of trading diasporas. In Meillassoux, C. (ed.), The Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 266–81.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. 1969. Custom and Politics in Urban Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cordell, D.D. 1977. Eastern Libya, Wadai and the Sanusiya: A Tariqa and a trade route. Journal of African History 18.1: 2136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowler, A. and Galvin, E.R. (eds). 2011. Money, Trade and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Dyer, M. 1979. Central Saharan Trade in the Early Islamic Centuries. A paper presented at the trans-Saharan trade route conference, Tripoli, October 1979. Working Paper No. 19, African Studies Center, Boston University.Google Scholar
Favier, J. 1962 Considérations sur les problèmes routiers au Ténéré. In Hugot, H. J. (ed.), Missions Berliet-Ténéré-Tchad : documents scientifiques, Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques, 7381.Google Scholar
Gamble, C. 1998. Palaeolithic society and the release from proximity: A network approach to intimate relations. World Archaeology 29.3: 426–49.Google Scholar
Garcea, E. (ed.). 2013. Gobero: The No-Return Frontier: Archaeology and Landscape at the Saharo-Sahelian Borderland. Journal of African Archaeology Monograph, Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag.Google Scholar
Gatto, M.C. 2006. The local pottery. In Liverani, 2006, 201–40.Google Scholar
Gliozzo, E., Mattingly, D.J., Cole, F. and Artioli, G. 2014. In the footsteps of Pliny: Tracing the sources of Garamantian carnelian from Fazzan, south-west Libya. Journal of Archaeological Science 52: 218–41.Google Scholar
Haarmann, U. 1998. The dead ostrich: Life and trade in Ghadames (Libya) in the nineteenth century. Die Welt des Islams ns 38.1: 994.Google Scholar
Hallam, W. 1966. The Bayajidda legend in Hausa folklore. Journal of African History 7: 4760.Google Scholar
Hamani, D. 1989. Au carrefour du Soudan et de la Berbérie: le sultanat touareg de l’Ayar. Niamey: Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines.Google Scholar
Haour, A. 2003a. One hundred years of archaeology in Niger. Journal of World Prehistory 17.2: 181234.Google Scholar
Haour, A. 2003b. Ethnoarchaeology in the Zinder Region, Republic of Niger: The Site of Kufan Kanawa. British Archaeological Reports, S1133, Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Haour, A. 2008. The pottery sequence from Garumele, Niger. Journal of African Archaeology 6.1: 320.Google Scholar
Haour, A. 2011. The early medieval slave trade of the Central Sahel: Archaeological and historical considerations. In Lane, P. and MacDonald, K. (eds), Slavery in Africa: Archaeology and Memory, Oxford: Proceedings of the British Academy, 6178.Google Scholar
Haour, A. 2012. To the other shore: West African trade centres and the wics. In Gelichi, S. and Hodges, R. (eds), From One Sea to Another: Trading Places in the European and Mediterranean Early Middle Ages, Proceedings of the International Conference Comacchio, 27th–29th March 2009, Turnhout: Brepols, 441–56.Google Scholar
Horden, P. 2012. Situations both alike? Connectivity, the Mediterranean, the Sahara. In McDougall, J. and Scheele, J. (eds), Saharan Frontiers: Space and Mobility in Northwest Africa, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2538.Google Scholar
Hugot, H.J. (ed.). 1962. Missions Berliet-Ténéré-Tchad: documents scientifiques. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 2006. Islamic archaeology and the Sahara. In Mattingly, et al. 2006, 223–38.Google Scholar
Lange, D. 1978. Progrès de l’Islam et changement politique au Kānem du XIe au XIIIe siècle: un essai d’interprétation. Journal of African History 19.4: 495513.Google Scholar
Lange, D. 2007. The emergence of social complexity in the southern Chad Basin towards 500 BC: Archaeological and other evidence. Borno Museum Society Newsletter 68–69/70–71: 4968.Google Scholar
Lange, D. and Berthoud, S. 1977. Al-Qasaba et d’autres villes de la route centrale du Sahara. Paideuma 23: 1940.Google Scholar
Langlais, S., Favreau, G., Tapia, R. and Leduc, C. 2014. La diffusion des techniques de creusement des puits et de puisage à travers le Sahara et le Sahel. In Baldi, S. and Magrin, G. (eds), Les échanges et la communication dans le basin du lac Tchad. Actes du colloque de Naples du Résau Méga-Tchad (Naples, 13–15 Septembre 2012), Naples: Università degli studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”, 5984.Google Scholar
Law, R. 1967. The Garamantes and trans-Saharan enterprise in Classical times. Journal of African History 8.2: 181200.Google Scholar
Levtzion, N. 1968. Ibn-Hawqal, the cheque, and Awdaghost. Journal of African History 9.2: 223–33.Google Scholar
Levtzion, N. and Hopkins, J.F.P. 2000. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 2000a. The Libyan caravan road in Herodotus IV. 11–185. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 43.4: 496520.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 2000b. Looking for the southern frontier of the Garamantes. Sahara 12: 3144.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 2000c. The Garamantes: A fresh approach. Libyan Studies 31: 1728.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. (ed.). 2006. Aghram Nadharif – The Barkat Oasis (Sha’abiya of Ghat, Libyan Sahara) in Garamantian Times. Arid Zone Archaeology Monographs, Florence: All’Insegna del Giglio.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, P.E. 1986. Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan. African Studies Series, no. 46, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lydon, G. 2009. On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. 2011. Sub-Saharan evidence for contacts between North Africa, Mauritania and the Middle Niger: 800 BC–AD 400. In Dowler, and Galvin, 2011, 7282.Google Scholar
MacEachern, S. Forthcoming. Burial practises, settlement and regional connections around the southern lake Chad Basin, 1500 BC-AD 1500. In Gatto, M., Mattingly, D.J., Ray, N. and Sterry, M. (eds), Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Trans-Saharan Archaeology Volume II. Series editor Mattingly, D.J.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and The Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2009. Sahelian crossroads: some aspects on the Iron Age sites of Kissi, Burkina Faso. In Magnavita, S., Koté, L., Breunig, P. and Idé, O.A. (eds), Crossroads/Carrefour Sahel: Cultural and Technological Developments in First Millennium BC/AD West Africa, Frankfurt: Afrika Magna Verlag, 79104.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2013. Initial encounters: Seeking traces of ancient trade connections between West Africa and the wider world. Afriques: débats, méthodes et terrains d’histoire 04, http://afriques.revues.org/1145, accessed 14 September 2014.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. Forthcoming. The archaeology of Trans-Saharan contact: The view from the Eastern Niger Bend. In Davies, M. and MacDonald, K. (eds), Connections, Complexity and Contributions: Africa’s Later Holocene Archaeology in Global Perspective, Cambridge: McDonald Institute.Google Scholar
Magnavita, C. and Breunig, P. 2008. Facts and speculations: A reply to D. Lange’s The emergence of social complexity in the southern Chad Basin towards 500 BC: Archaeological and other evidence. Borno Museum Society Newsletter 72–73/74–75: 7183.Google Scholar
Martin, B.G. 1969. Kanem, Bornu, and the Fazzan: Notes on the political history of a trade route. Journal of African History 10: 1527.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2003. The Archaeology of Fazzan: Volume 1, Synthesis. Tripoli: Department of Antiquities/Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 2006. The Garamantes: the first Libyan state. In Mattingly, et al. 2006, 189204.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2007. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 2, Site Gazetteer, Pottery and other Survey Finds. London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2010. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 3, Excavations Carried out by Daniels, C. M.. London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 2011. The Garamantes of Fazzan: An early Libyan state with trans-Saharan connections. In Dowler, and Galvin, 2011, 4960.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.) 2013. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) Carried out by C. M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzan Project (1997–2001). London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. and Sterry, M. 2013. The first towns in the central Sahara. Antiquity 87: 503–18.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D., McLaren, S., Savage, E., al-Fasatwi, Y. and Gadgood, K. (eds). 2006. The Libyan Desert: Natural Resources and Cultural Heritage. London: The Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D., Lahr, M. and Wilson, A. 2009. DMP V: investigations in 2009 of cemeteries and related sites on the west side of the Taqallit promontory. Libyan Studies 40: 95131.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Sterry, M. and Edwards, D. 2015. The origins and development of Zuwīla, Libyan Sahara: an archaeological and historical overview of an ancient oasis town and caravan centre. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 50.1: 2775.Google Scholar
Mauny, R. 1962. Protohistoire et histoire du Ténéré du Kawar et des régions voisines. In Hugot, H. J. (ed.), Missions Berliet-Ténéré-Tchad : documents scientifiques, Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques, 295305.Google Scholar
Mauny, R. 1967. Tableau géographique de l’ouest africain au Moyen Age d’après les sources écrites, la tradition et l’archéologie. Mémoires de l’institut français d’Afrique noire, Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger N.V.Google Scholar
Paris, F. 1984. La région d’In Gall – Tegidda n Tesemt (Niger). Programme archéologique d’urgence (1977–81). Tome III: les sépultures, du néolitique final à l’Islam. Niamey: Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines.Google Scholar
Paris, F. 1990. Les sépultures monumentales d’Iwelen (Niger). Journal des africanistes 60.1: 4774.Google Scholar
Paris, F. 1996. Les sépultures du Sahara nigérien du Néolithique à l’Islamisation. Paris : ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Paris, F., Roset, J.-P. and Saliège, J.F. 1986. Une sépulture musulmane ancienne dans l’Aïr septentrional (Niger). Comptes-Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris 303 (Série III.12): 513–18.Google Scholar
Retaillé, D. 1986. Le Kawar, problème géographique. Cahiers géographiques de Rouen 26: 3760.Google Scholar
Roset, J.-P. 1983. Iwelen, un site archéologique de l’époque des chars dans l’Aïr septentrional, au Niger, Workshop on the theme ‘Libya Antiqua’, held in Paris, 16–18 January 1984. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_20–21/27076.pdf, accessed 14 September 2014.Google Scholar
Roset, J.-P. 1987. Néolithisation, Néolithique et post-Néolithique au Niger nord-oriental. Bulletin de l’Association française pour l’étude du Quaternaire 24.4: 203–14.Google Scholar
Scheele, J. 2012. Smugglers and Saints of the Sahara: Regional Connectivity in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, R.L. 2003. What happened to the ancient Libyans? Chasing sources across the Sahara from Herodotus to Ibn Khaldun. Journal of World History 14.4: 459500.Google Scholar
Sood, D.S. 2011. Circulation and exchange in Islamicate Eurasia: A regional approach to the early modern world. Past and Present 212.1: 113–62.Google Scholar
Swanson, J.T. 1975. The myth of trans-Saharan trade during the Roman era. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 8.4: 582600.Google Scholar
Thiry, J. 1988. Le Sahara libyen médiéval. Civilisations 38.1: 7481.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. 2007. Trust networks in transnational migration. Sociological Forum 22.1: 324.Google Scholar
Trivellato, F. 2009. The Familiarity of Strangers. The Sephardic Diaspora, Livorno, and Cross-Cultural Trade in the Early Modern Period. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Urvoy, Y. 1949. Histoire de l’empire du Bornou. Paris: Larose.Google Scholar
Vikør, K.S. 1999. The Oasis of Salt: History of Kawar – Saharan Centre of Salt Production. Bergen Studies on the Middle East and Africa, London: C. Hurst & Co.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. 2012. Saharan trade in the Roman period: Short-, medium- and long-distance trade networks. Azania 47.4: 409–49.Google Scholar

References

Arazi, N. 1997. An Archaeological Survey in the Songhay Heartland of Mali. Unpublished MA thesis, University College London Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Arazi, N. 2005. Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali – Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University College London, Institute of Archaeology.Google Scholar
Berthier, S. 1997. Recherches archéologiques sur la capitale de l’empire de Ghana : étude d’un secteur d’habitat à Koumbi Saleh, Mauritanie. Campagnes II – III – IV – V (1975–1976) (1980–1981). BAR S680. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 41, Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Cissé, M. 2010. Archaeological Investigations of Early Trade and Urbanism at Gao Saney (Mali). Unpublished PhD thesis Rice University, Houston (USA).Google Scholar
Cissé, M., Kone, S.L., Coulibaly, S. and Kalapo, Y. 2007. Fouille archéologique de sauvetage sur le site de la Mosquée de Kankou Moussa à Gao (Mali): résultat de la campagne 2006. In Pwiti, G., Radimilahy, C., and Chami, F. (eds), Settlements, Economies and Technology in the African Pas, Studies in the African Past Vol. 6, Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press, 181206.Google Scholar
Cissé, M., Simaga, M. and Kalapo, Y. 2012. Fouilles archéologiques de sauvetage sur le site de la mosquée de Kankou Moussa à Gao : campagnes 2011–2012. Unpublished report, Direction Nationale du Patrimoine Culturel, Bamako.Google Scholar
Cissé, M., McIntosh, S.K., Dussubieux, L., Fenn, T., Gallager, D. and Smith, A.C. 2013. Excavations at Gao Saney: New evidence for settlement growth, trade, and interaction on the Niger Bend in the first millennium CE. Journal of African Archaeology 11.1: 937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuoq, M.J. 1975. Recueil des sources Arabes concernant l’Afrique Occidentale du VIIIe au XVIe siècle (Bilal al-Sudan). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Devisse, J. 1990. Commerce et routes du trafic en Afrique Occidentale. In el Fassi, M. (ed.), Histoire Générale de l’Afrique, III: L’Afrique du VIIe au XIe siècle, Paris: UNESCO, 367435.Google Scholar
Dussubieux, L. 2009. LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Glass Beads from Gao. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. Unpublished Report.Google Scholar
Dussubieux, L. 2010a. LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Ceramic Samples from Gao. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. Unpublished Report.Google Scholar
Dussubieux, L. 2010b. LA-ICP-MS analysis of glass beads from Gao. In Cissé, 2010, Appendix III.1.Google Scholar
Eluyemi, O. 1987. The technology of the Ife glass beads: Evidence from the Igbo-Olokun. Odu ns 32: 197220.Google Scholar
Fenn, R.T., Maga, A., Ide, O., Killick, D., Chesley, J. and Ruiz, J. 2008. Technology and Trans-Saharan commerce: early Medieval metals trade in the Middle Sahel zone, Sub-Saharan West Africa. SAFA annual meeting, Frankfurt (Germany).Google Scholar
Fenn, R.T. 2010. Preliminary Archaeometallurgical Report: Lead Isotopic Ratio Analyses of Copper-Alloy Objects Excavated from the Archaeological Site of Gao Saney, Mali, West Africa. School of Anthropology, University of Arizona. Unpublished Report.Google Scholar
Flight, C. 1975. Gao 1972: First interim report: A preliminary investigation of the cemetery at Sané. West African Journal of Archaeology 5: 8190.Google Scholar
Flight, C. 1978. Gao 1974: Second interim report: excavations in the cemetery at Sané. Unpublished Paper. Centre of West African Studies: University of Birmingham.Google Scholar
Flight, C. 1979a. Gao 1978: Third interim report: further excavations at Sané. Unpublished Paper. Centre of West African Studies: University of Birmingham.Google Scholar
Flight, C. 1979b. Excavation at Gao (Republic of Mali) in 1978. Nyame Akuma 14: 3537.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C. 2005. The provenance of ancient glass through compositional analysis. In Vandiver, P., Mass, J.L. and Murray, A. (eds), Material Issues in Art and Archaeology VII, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 852, Warrendale, PA : Materials Research Society, 114.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C. 2006. Glass production in late Antiquity and the early Islamic period: a geochemical perspective. In Maggetti, M. and Messiga, B. (eds), Geomaterials in Cultural Heritage, Special Publications 257, London: Geological Society, 201–16.Google Scholar
Hunwick, J.O. 1994. Gao and the Almoravids revisited: ethnicity, political change and the limits of interpretation. The Journal of African History 35.2: 251–73.Google Scholar
Hunwick, J.O. 1999. Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: al-Sa’di’s Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents. Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts, Vol. 27. Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 1996. Islam, Archaeology and History: Gao Region (Mali) ca. AD 900–1250. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 39. BAR International Series 647. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 1997. Iron Age Gao: Archaeological contribution. The Journal of African History 38.1: 130.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 2000. Urbanism, Archaeology and Trade. Further Observations on the Gao Region (Mali). The 1996 Fieldseason Results. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Lange, D. 1991. Les rois de Gao-Sané et les Almoravides. The Journal of African History 32.2: 251–75.Google Scholar
Lange, D. 1994. From Mande to Songhay: Towards a political and ethnic history of medieval Gao. The Journal of African History 35.2: 275301.Google Scholar
Levtzion, N. and Hopkins, J.F.P. 2000. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West-African History. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers.Google Scholar
Lewicki, T. 1971. The Ibadites in Arabia and Africa. Cahiers d’Histoire Mondiale 13: 3130.Google Scholar
Lewicki, T. 1988. Les sources Ibadites de l’histoire médiévale de l’Afrique du Nord. Africana Bulletin 35: 3142.Google Scholar
McDougall, E.A. 1990. Salts of the Western Sahara: myths, mysteries, and historical significance. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 23.2: 231–57.Google Scholar
McIntosh, R.J. 1998. The People of the Middle Niger: The Island of Gold. Malden, MA:Blackwell.Google Scholar
McIntosh, S.K. 1995. Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
McIntosh, S.K. 2008. Reconceptualizing Early Ghana. Canadian Journal of African studies 42.2–3: 347–73.Google Scholar
McIntosh, S.K. and McIntosh, R.J. 1980. Prehistoric Investigations in the Region of Jenne, Mali. BAR S89, Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2003. The beads of Kissi, Burkina Faso. Journal of African Archaeology 1.1: 127–38.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S., Hallier, M., Pelzer, Ch., Kalheber, S. and Linseele, V. 2002. Nobles, guerriers, paysans: Une nécropole de l’Age de Fer et son emplacement dans l’Oudalan pré- et protohistorique. Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie 22: 2164.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.), 2013. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) Carried out by C. M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzan Project (1997–2001). London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Nixon, S. 2007. The Archaeology of Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Trading Towns in West Africa: A Comparative View and Progressive Methodology from the Entrepot of Essouk-Tadmekka. Unpublished PhD thesis, University College London.Google Scholar
Nixon, S. 2009. Excavating Essouk-Tadmakka (Mali): New archaeological investigations of Early Islamic trans-Saharan trade. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 44.2: 217–55.Google Scholar
Park, D.D. 2011 Climate Change, Human Response and the Origins of Prehistoric Urbanism at Timbuktu, Mali. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Yale University, Department of Anthropology.Google Scholar
Raimbault, M. and Sanogo, K. 1991. Recherches archéologiques au Mali. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Robert, D. 1970. Les fouilles de Tegdaoust. The Journal of African History 11.4: 471–93.Google Scholar
Robertshaw, P. 2007. Report on the chemical analysis of glass beads from Es-Souk. In Nixon, 2007, 423–36.Google Scholar
Robertshaw, P., Magnavita, S., Wood, M., Melchiorre, E. Popelka-Filcoff, R.S. and Glascock, M.D. 2009. Glass beads from Kissi (Burkina Faso): Chemical analysis and archaeological interpretation. In Magnavita, S., Koté, L., Breunig, P., and Idé, O.A. (eds), Crossroads/Carrefour Sahel Cultural and Technological Developments in First Millennium BC/AD West Africa, Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series 2, Frankfurt am Main: Africa Magna Verlag, 79104.Google Scholar
Robertshaw, P., Wood, M., Melchiorre, E., Popelka-Filcoff, R.S. and Glascock, M.D. 2010. Southern African glass beads: chemistry, glass sources and patterns of trade. Journal of Archaeological Science 37.8: 115.Google Scholar
Rouch, J. 1953. Contribution à l’histoire des Songhay. Dakar. Mémoire de l’IFAN, No. 29.2, Dakar : Institut Français d’Afrique Noire.Google Scholar
Schmidt, A., Arazi, N., MacDonald, K., Cosme, F. and Bedaux, R. 2005. La poterie. In Bedaux, R., Polet, J., Sanogo, K., and Schmidt, A. (eds), Recherches archéologiques à Dia dans le Delta intérieur du Niger (Mali): bilan des saisons de fouilles 1998–2003, Leiden: CNWS, 91252.Google Scholar
Shaw, T. 1970. Igbo-Ukwu, an Account of Archaeological Discoveries in Eastern Nigeria. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Takezawa, S. and Cissé, M. 2003. Fouilles à Gao Saney. Unpublished report, Direction Nationale du Patrimoine Culturel, Bamako.Google Scholar
Takezawa, S. and Cissé, M. 2012. Discovery of the earliest palace in Gao and its implications for the history of West Africa. Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines 208.4: 813–44.Google Scholar
Togola, T. 2008. Archaeological Investigations of Iron Age Sites in the Mema Region, Mali (West Africa). BAR S1736. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 73. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Vanacker, C. 1984. Perles de verre découvertes sur le site de Tegdaoust (Mauritanie orientale). Journal des Africanistes 54.2: 3152.Google Scholar
Wood, M. 2005. Glass Beads and Pre-European Trade in the Shashe-Limpopo Region. Unpublished MA thesis, University of the Witwatersrand.Google Scholar

References

Berggren, J.L. and Jones, A. 2000. Ptolemy’s Geography. An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Boivin, N., Crowther, A., Helm, R. and Fuller, D.Q. 2013. East Africa and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean world. Journal of World Prehistory 26.3: 213–81.Google Scholar
Boivin, N., Crowther, A., Prendergast, M. and Fuller, D.Q. 2014. Indian Ocean food globalisation and Africa. African Archaeological Review 31.4: 547–81.Google Scholar
Boivin, N., Hoogervorst, T., Crowther, A. and Horton, M. Forthcoming. East Africa and the early Indian Ocean world: exploring contradictory datasets, incipient globalization and the role of mobile and small-scale societies. In Davies, M. and MacDonald, K. (eds.), Connections, Contributions and Complexity: Africa’s Later Holocene Archaeology in Global Perspective, Cambridge: Macdonald Monographs in Archaeology.Google Scholar
Bovill, E.W. 1968. The Golden Trade of the Moors. [Hallett, R. (ed.)], New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bulliet, R.W. 1975. The Camel and the Wheel. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Casson, L. 1980. Periplus Maris Erythraei: three notes on the text. Classical Quarterly 30.2: 495–97.Google Scholar
Casson, L. 1989. The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chami, F. 1994. The Tanzanian Coast in the First Millennium AD: An Archaeology of the Iron-Working, Farming Communities. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis, Studies in African Archaeology 7.Google Scholar
Chami, F. 1999a. Roman beads from the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania: First incontrovertible archaeological link with Periplus. Current Anthropology 40.2: 237–41.Google Scholar
Chami, F. 1999b. The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the hinterland. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 34: 110.Google Scholar
Chami, F. 2000. Further archaeological research on Mafia Island. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 35.1: 208–14.Google Scholar
Chami, F. 2004. The archaeology of the Mafia archipelago, Tanzania. In Chami, F., Pwiti, G. and Radimilahy, C. (eds), African Archaeology Network: Reports and a Review, Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press, Studies in the African Past 4, 73101.Google Scholar
Chami, F. 2009. Zanzibar and the Swahili Coast from c. 30,000 Years Ago. Dar es Salaam: E and D publishers.Google Scholar
Chami, F. and Kwekesan, A. 2003. Neolithic pottery traditions from the islands, the coast and the interior of East Africa. African Archaeology Review 20.2: 6580.Google Scholar
Chami, F. and Msemwa, P.J. 1997. A new look at culture and trade on the Azanian coast. Current Anthropology 38: 673–77.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, K.N. 1985. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, K.N. 1990. Asia before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: CUP Archive.Google Scholar
Chittick, H.N. 1977. The East coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean. In Oliver, R. (ed.), Cambridge History of Africa Vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 183231.Google Scholar
Cole, F. 2013a. Small finds reports. In Mattingly, 2013, 455–72.Google Scholar
Cole, F. 2013b. Catalogue of small finds. In Mattingly, 2013, 793840.Google Scholar
Crowther, A., Horton, M.C., Kotarba-Morley, A., Prendergast, M., Quintana Morales, E., Wood, M., Shipton, C., Fuller, D.Q., Tibesasa, R., Mills, W. and Boivin, N. 2014. Iron Age agriculture, fishing and trade in the Mafia Archipelago, Tanzania: new data from Ukunju Cave. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 49.1: 2144.Google Scholar
Crowther, A., Veall, M.A., Boivin, N., Horton, M., Kotarba-Morley, A., Fuller, D.Q., Fenn, T., Haji, O. and Matheson, C.D. 2015. Use of Zanzibar copal (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) as incense at Unguja Ukuu, Tanzania in the 7–8th century CE: chemical insights into trade and Indian Ocean interactions. Journal of Archaeological Science 53: 374–90. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.008Google Scholar
Crowther, A., Faulkner, P., Prendergast, M., Quintana Morales, E., Horton, M., Wilmsen, E., Kotarba-Morley, A., Christie, A., Petek, N., Tibesasa, R., Douka, K., Picornell-Gelabert, L., Carah, X. and Boivin, N. 2016. Coastal subsistence, island colonization and maritime population dispersal in eastern African prehistory. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology. doi: 10.1080/15564894.2016.1188334Google Scholar
Datoo, B.A. 1970. Rhapta: The location and importance of East Africa’s first port. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 5.1: 6575.Google Scholar
Ehret, C. 1998. An African Classical Age. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Fleisher, J. and LaViolette, A. 2013. The Early Swahili trade village of Tumbe, Pemba Island, Tanzania, AD 600–950. Antiquity 87: 1151–68.Google Scholar
Fleisher, J. and Wynne-Jones, S. 2011. Ceramics and the early Swahili: Deconstructing the Early Tana tradition. African Archaeological Review 28: 245–78.Google Scholar
Fleisher, J. and Wynne-Jones, S. 2012. Finding meaning in ancient Swahili spatial practices. African Archaeological Review 29: 171207.Google Scholar
Flexner, J.L, Fleisher, J.B. and La Violette, A. 2008. Bead grinders and early Swahili household economy: analysis of an assemblage from Tumbe, Pemba island, Tanzania 7th–10th centuries AD. Journal of African Archaeology 6.2: 161–81.Google Scholar
Francis, P. 2000. Human ornaments. In Sidebotham, S.E. and Wendrich, W.Z. (eds), Berenike 1998: Report of the 1998 Excavations at Berenike and the Survey of the Egyptian Eastern Desert, Leiden: Centre for Non-Western Study, 211–26.Google Scholar
Francis, P. 2004. Beads and selected small finds from the 1988–92 excavations. In Begley, V. (ed.), The Ancient Port of Arikamedu. New Excavations and Researches 1989–92, Pondicherry and Paris: EFEO, Mem. Archéologiques 22, 447604.Google Scholar
Francis, P. 2007. Personal ornaments. In Sidebotham, S.E. and Wendrich, W.Z. (eds), Berenike 1999/2000. Report on the Excavations at Berenike, Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 251–57.Google Scholar
Freeman-Grenville, G.S.P. 1962. The East African Coast. Select Documents from the First to the Earlier Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Freeman-Grenville, G.S.P. 1963. The coast 1498–1840. In Oliver, R. and Mathew, G. (eds), History of East Africa, Volume one, London: Oxford University Press, 129–68.Google Scholar
Freeman-Grenville, G.S.P. 1981. The Book of the Wonders of India by Captain Buzurg ibn Shahriyar of Ramhormuz. London and The Hague: East West Publications.Google Scholar
Giblin, J., Clement, A. and Humphris, J. 2010. An Urewe burial in Rwanda: exchange, health, wealth and violence c.AD 400. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 45.3: 276–97.Google Scholar
Helm, R. 2000. Conflicting Histories: The Archaeology of Ironworking, Farming Communities in the Central and Southern Coast Regon of Kenya. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Bristol.Google Scholar
Helm, R., Crowther, A., Shipton, C., Tengeza, A., Fuller, D.Q. and Boivin, N. 2012. Exploring agriculture, interaction and trade on the eastern African littoral: preliminary results from Kenya. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47: 3963.Google Scholar
Horton, M. 1993. Swahili architecture, space and social structure. In Parker-Pearson, M. and Richards, C. (eds), Architecture and Order, London: Routledge, 147–69.Google Scholar
Horton, M.C. 1996a. Early maritime trade and settlement along the coasts of East Africa. In Reade, J. (ed.), The Indian Ocean in Antiquity, London: Kegan Paul, 439–60.Google Scholar
Horton, M. 1996b. Shanga. The Archaeology of a Muslim Trading Community on the Coast of East Africa. London: British Institute in Eastern Africa.Google Scholar
Horton, M. 2004. Artisans, communities and commodities: Medieval exchanges between northwestern India and East Africa. Ars Orientalis 34: 6483.Google Scholar
Horton, M. 2017. Zanzibar and Pemba: The Archaeology of an Indian Ocean Archipelago. London: British Institute in Eastern Africa.Google Scholar
Horton, M.C. and Blurton, T.R. 1988. ‘Indian’ metalwork in East Africa: The bronze lion statuette from Shanga. Antiquity 62.234: 1123.Google Scholar
Horton, M. and Middleton, J. 2001. The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society. Oxford: Blackwells.Google Scholar
Horton, M.C. and Mudida, N. 1993. Exploitation of marine resources: evidence for the origin of the Swahili communities of East Africa. In Shaw, T., Sinclair, P.J.J., Andah, B.W. and Okpoko, A. (eds), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metal and Towns, London: Routledge, 673–93.Google Scholar
Hourani, G.F. 1995. Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Juma, A. 2004. Unguja Ukuu on Zanzibar. An Archaeological Study of Early Urbanism. Uppsala: Uppsala University Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Studies in Global Archaeology 3.Google Scholar
Kirkman, J.S. 1964. Men and Monuments on the East African Coast. London: Lutterworth.Google Scholar
Krahl, R., Guy, J., Wilson, J.K. and Raby, J. 2010. Shipwrecked. Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds. Washington: Sackler Gallery, and Singapore: National Heritage Board.Google Scholar
Kusimba, C.M. and Kusimba, S.B. 2005. Mosaics and interactions: East Africa, 2,000 bp to the present. In Stahl, A. (ed.), African Archaeology: a Critical Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, 392419.Google Scholar
Kusimba, C.M., Kusimba, S.B. and Dussubieux, L. 2013. Beyond the coastalscapes: Preindustrial social and political networks in East Africa. African Archaeological Review 30.4: 399426.Google Scholar
LaViolette, A. 2008. Swahili cosmopolitanism in Africa and the Indian Ocean world, AD 600–1500. Archaeologies 4.1: 2449.Google Scholar
LaViolette, A., Fawcett, W.B. and Schmidt, P.R. 1989. The coast and the hinterland: University of Dar es Salaam Archaeological Field Schools, 1987–88. Nyame Akuma 32: 3846.Google Scholar
Law, R.C. 1967. The Garamantes and trans-Saharan enterprise in Classical times. The Journal of African History 8.2: 181200.Google Scholar
Levtzion, N. 1978. The Sahara and Sudan from the Arab conquest of the Maghrib to the rise of the Almoravids. In Fage, J.D. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa Vol 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 637–84.Google Scholar
Martin, B.G. 1974. Arab migrations to East Africa in medieval times. International Journal of African Historical Studies 7: 367–90.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2003. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 1, Synthesis. London: Society for Libyan Studies/Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2007. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 2, Gazetteer, Pottery and Other Finds. London: Society for Libyan Studies/Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2010. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 3, Excavations of C.M. Daniels. London: Society for Libyan Studies/Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2013. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) Carried out by C. M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzān Project (1997–2001). London: Society for Libyan Studies/Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. and Sterry, M. 2013. The first towns in the central Sahara. Antiquity 87: 503–18.Google Scholar
Pearson, M.N. 2003. The Indian Ocean. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pelling, R. 2005. Garamantian agriculture and its significance in a wider North African context: The evidence of the plant remains from the Fazzan project. The Journal of North African Studies 10: 397412.Google Scholar
Pelling, R. 2008. Garamantian agriculture: The plant remains from Jarma, Fezzan. Libyan Studies 39: 4172.Google Scholar
Presholdt, J. 2008. Domesticating the World: African Consumerism and the Genealogies of Globalization. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Prins, A.H.J. 1982. The Mtepe of Lamu, Mombasa and the Zanzibar sea. Paideuma 28: 85100.Google Scholar
Ray, H.P. 1994. The Winds of Change: Buddhism and the Maritime Links of Early South Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Regert, M., Devise, T., Le Ho, A.-S. and Rougeulle, A. 2008. Reconstructing ancient Yemeni commercial routes during the Middle Ages using structural characterization of terpenoid resins. Archaeometry 50.4: 668–95.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. 1976. The Spread of Islam. Oxford: Elsevier-Phaidon.Google Scholar
Schmidt, P.R. 1989. Early exploitation and settlement in the Usambara Mountains. In Hamilton, A.C. and Bensted-Smith, R. (ed.), Forest Conservation in the East Usambara Mountains Tanzania. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN Tropical Forest Programme, 7578.Google Scholar
Schmidt, P.R. 1994. The agricultural hinterland and settlement trends in Tanzania. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 2930.1: 261–62.Google Scholar
Sheriff, A.M.H. 1981. The East African coast and its role in maritime trade. In Mokhtar, G. (ed.), UNESCO General History of Africa Vol. 2, London: Heinemann, 551–67.Google Scholar
Sheriff, A. 2010. Dhow Cultures of the Indian Ocean: Cosmopolitanism, Commerce and Islam. London: Hurst and Co.Google Scholar
Shipton, C., Helm, R., Boivin, N., Crowther, A., Austin, P. and Fuller, D.Q. 2013. Intersections, networks and the genesis of social complexity on the Nyali coast of East Africa. African Archaeological Review 30.4: 427–53.Google Scholar
Shipton, C., Crowther, A., Prendergast, M., Kourampas, N., Horton, M.C., Douka, K., Schwenninger, J.-L., Faulkner, P., Quintana Morales, E., Langley, M., Tibesasa, R., Picornell-Gelabert, L., Doherty, C., Wilmsen, E., Veall, M.-A., Petraglia, M.D. and Boivin, N. 2016. Reinvestigation of Kuumbi Cave, Zanzibar, reveals Later Stone Age coastal habitation, early Holocene abandonment, and Iron Age reoccupation. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 51.2: 197233.Google Scholar
Sinclair, P. 2007. What is the archaeological evidence for external trading contacts on the East African coast in the first millennium BC. In Starkey, J., Starkey, P. and Wilkinson, T. (eds), Natural Resources and the Cultural Connections of the Red Sea: Proceedings of the Red Sea Project III, Oxford: Archaeopress, British Archaeological Reports S1661, 187–94.Google Scholar
Sinclair, P.J., Juma, A. and Chami, F. 2006. Excavations at Kuumbi Cave on Zanzibar in 2005. Studies in the African Past 5: 95106.Google Scholar
Smith, M.C. and Wright, H.T. 1988. The ceramics from Ras Hafun in Somalia: notes on a classical maritime site. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 23: 115–41.Google Scholar
Soper, R.C. 1967a. Iron Age sites in north-eastern Tanzania. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 2: 1936.Google Scholar
Soper, R.C. 1967b. Kwale: an early Iron Age site in south-eastern Kenya. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 2: 118.Google Scholar
Stern, E. 1987. Early glass from Heis on the north Somali coast. Annales du 10ème congrès de l’Association pour l’histoire du verre, Madrid, 1985, Amsterdam: Association internationale pour l’histoire du verre, 2336.Google Scholar
Swanson, J.T. 1975. The myth of trans-Saharan trade during the Roman era. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 8.4: 582600.Google Scholar
Tomber, R. 2008. Indo-Roman Trade: from Pots to Pepper. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Trimingham, J.S. 1964. Islam in East Africa. London: Oxford.Google Scholar
Walshaw, S.C. 2010. Converting to rice: urbanization, Islamization and crops on Pemba Island, Tanzania AD 700–1500. World Archaeology 42.1: 137–53.Google Scholar
Walz, J. 2010. Route to a Regional Past: an Archaeology of the Lower Pangani (Ruvu) Basin, Tanzania, 500–1900 CE. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Florida.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, D. 2001. East Africa and the maritime trade of the Indian Ocean A.D. 800–1500. In Amoretti, B.S. (ed.), Islam in East Africa: New Sources (Archives, Manuscripts and Written Historical Sources, Oral History, Archaeology), Rome: Herder, 411–24.Google Scholar
Wood, M. 2011. Interconnections: Glass Beads and Trade in Southern and Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean, 7th to 16th centuries AD. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Studies in Global Archaeology 17.Google Scholar
Wood, M., Panighello, S., Orsega, E.F., Robertshaw, P., van Elteren, J.T., Crowther, A., Horton, M. and Boivin, N. 2016. Zanzibar and Indian Ocean trade in the first millennium CE: The glass bead evidence. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2016: 123. doi: 10. 1007/ s12520-015–0310-z.Google Scholar
Wright, D. 2005. New perspectives on early regional interaction networks of East African trade: A view from Tsavo national park, Kenya. African Archaeological Review 22.3: 111–40.Google Scholar
Wynne-Jones, S. 2010. Remembering and reworking the Swahili Diwanate: The role of objects and places at Vumba Kuu. International Journal of African Historical Studies 43: 407–27.Google Scholar

References

Blanchard, I., 2006. African gold and European specie markets, c1300 to c1800. International Institute of Economic Studies, conference presentation. Accessed at www.ianblanchard.com.Google Scholar
Bovill, E. 1968. The Golden Trade of the Moors. 2nd ed, London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cahen, C. 1979. L’or du Soudan avant les Almoravides, mythe ou réalité? Revue française d’histoire d’outre-mer 66: 169–75.Google Scholar
Colin, G. 1983. Un ensemble épigraphie Almoravide: découverte fortuite dans la region de Tidjikja; chaton de bague découvert a Tegdaoust. In Devisse, 1983, 427–44.Google Scholar
Curtin, P. 1973. The lure of Bambuk Gold. The Journal of African History 14: 623–31.Google Scholar
Devisse, J. (ed.) 1983. Tegdaoust III. Recherches sur Aoudaghost. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar
Devisse, J. 1988. Trade and trade routes in West Africa. In el Fasi, M. (ed.) General History of Africa, Volume 3: Africa from the seventh to the eleventh century, Berkeley (CA): University of California: 367435.Google Scholar
Devisse, J. 1993 . L’or. In Devisse, J. (ed.), Vallées du Niger, Paris: Editions de la Réunions des Musées Nationaux, 344–57.Google Scholar
Dodwell, C. 1971. Gold metallurgy in the twelfth century: The De Diversis Artibus of Theophilus the Monk. Gold Bulletin 4.3: 5155.Google Scholar
Dunlop, D.M. 1957. Sources of gold and silver in Islam according to al-Hamdani. Studia Islamica 8: 2949.Google Scholar
Ehrenkreutz, A. 1953. Extracts from the technical manual on the Ayyubid mint in Cairo. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 15: 423–47.Google Scholar
Gall, M. le and Perkins, K. 1997. The Maghrib in Question. Essays in History and Historiography. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Garrard, T. 1980. Akan Weights and the Gold Trade. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Garrard, T. 1982. Myth and metrology: The early trans-Saharan gold trade. Journal of African History 23: 443–61.Google Scholar
Garrard, T. 2011. African Gold: Jewellery and Ornaments from Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali and Senegal in the Collection of the Gold of Africa Barbier-Mueller Museum in Cape Town. Munich: Prestel Verlag.Google Scholar
Gautier, E. and Reygasse, M. 1934. Le Monument de Tin Hinan. Paris: Annales de l’Académie des Sciences Coloniales, VIII.Google Scholar
Ghali, N. 1983. Moules à couler des médailles. In Devisse, 1983, 421–26.Google Scholar
Gondonneau, A. and Guerra, M.F. 1999. The gold from Ghana and the Muslim expansion: A scientific enquiry into the Middle Ages using ICP-MS combined with a UV laser. In Young, S., Pollard, A., Budd, P. and Ixer, R. (eds), Metals in Antiquity, Oxford: Archaeopress, 262–70.Google Scholar
Gondonneau, A., Guerra, M.F. and Cowell, M.R. 2001. Searching for the provenance of gold: The methodology of gold analysis by ICP-MS: first developments. In Barba, L. (ed.), Proceedings of the 32nd International Symposium on Archaeometry, 15–19 May 2000, Mexico City, Mexico City: University of Mexico (CD-ROM).Google Scholar
Gronenborn, D. (ed.) 2011. Gold, Slaves and Ivory: Medieval Empires in Northern Nigeria. Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.Google Scholar
Guerra, M.F., Sarthre, C.-O., Gondonneau, A. and Barrandon, J. 1999. Precious metals and provenance enquiries using LA-ICP-MS. Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 1101–10.Google Scholar
Guerra, M-F. and Rehren, Th. 2009. In-situ examination and analysis of the gold jewellery from the Phoenician tomb of Kition (Cyprus). ArcheoSciences – Revue d’Archéométrie 33: 151–58.Google Scholar
Haour, A. 2007. Rulers, Warriors, Traders and Clerics: the Central Sahel and the North Sea. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Herbert, E. 1984. Red Gold of Africa: Copper in Precolonial History and Culture. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 2000. Urbanism, Archaeology and Trade: Further Observations on the Gao Region (Mali) – The 1996 Fieldseason Results. Oxford: BAR.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 2003. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. 1968. The nineteenth-century gold ‘Mithqal’ in West and North Africa. The Journal of African History 9: 547–69.Google Scholar
Joire, J. 1955. Découvertes archéologiques dans la région de Rao (Bas-Sénégal). Bulletin de l’institut Français d’Afrique Noire 17.B (3–4): 249333.Google Scholar
Kuba, R. 2009. Cultural contacts between the savannah and the forest: trade along the Eastern Niger. In Magnavita, et al. 2009, 147–56.Google Scholar
Latruffe, J. 1953. Au sujet d’une pièce d’or millénaire trouvée à Gao. Notes Africaines 60.Google Scholar
Launois, A. and Devisse, J. 1983. Poids de verre découverts à Tegdaoust, chronologie du site et histoire des étalons de poids en Afrique occidentale. In Devisse, 1983, 399419.Google Scholar
Law, R.C. 1967. The Garamantes and trans-Saharan entreprise in Classical times. The Journal of African History 8.2: 181200.Google Scholar
Lawrence, D. 2006. The Cowry Currencies of West Africa and the Question of Value. Unpublished BA thesis. University College London.Google Scholar
Levtzion, N. and Hopkins, J.F. (eds). 2000. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 2000. Looking for the southern frontier of the Garamantes. Sahara 12: 3144.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, P. 1986. Salt of the Desert Sun. A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McIntosh, S.K. 1995, Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2009. Sahelian crossroads: some aspects on the Iron Age Sites of Kissi, Burkina Faso. In Magnavita, et al. 2009, 79104.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S., Koté, L., Breunig, P. and Idé, O. (eds). 2009. Crossroads/Carrefour Sahel. Cultural and Technological Developments in First Millenium BC/AD West Africa. Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag.Google Scholar
Massing, A.W. 2000. The Wangara: An Old Soninke Diaspora in West Africa? Cahiers d’Études africaines 158: 281308.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. (ed.) 2013. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) carried out by C.M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzan Project (1997–2001). London: Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D., Abduli, H., Aburgheba, H., Ahmed, M., Esmaia, M., Baker, S., Cole, F., Fenwick, C., Rodriguez, M., Hobson, M., Khalaf, N., Lahr, M., Leitch, V., Moussa, F., Nikita, E., Parker, D., Radini, A., Ray, N., Savage, T., Sterry, M. and Schörle, K. 2010. DMP IX: summary report on the fourth season of excavations of the burials and identity team. Libyan Studies 41: 89104.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D., Sterry, M. and Edwards, D. 2015. The origins and development of Zuwila, Libyan Sahara: an archaeological and historical overview. Azania Archaeological Research in Africa 50.1: 2775.Google Scholar
Mauny, R. 1961. Tableau geographique de l’ouest africain au moyen age. Dakar.Google Scholar
Messier, R. 1974. The Almoravids. West African gold and the gold currency of the Mediterranean basin. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 17: 3147.Google Scholar
Mitchell, P. 2005. African Connections. Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and the Wider World. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.Google Scholar
Monod, T. 1969. Le ‘Ma’den Ijafen’: une épave caravanière ancienne. In Actes du premier colloque international d’archéologie africaine, Nanterre: Publications de la société d’ethnologie, 286320.Google Scholar
Moraes Farias, P.F. 1974. Silent trade: myth and historical evidence. History in Africa 1: 924.Google Scholar
Nixon, S. 2008. The Archaeology of Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Trading Towns in West Africa: a Comparative View and Progressive Methodology from the Entrepot of Essouk-Tadmakka. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University College London, London.Google Scholar
Nixon, S. 2011. The rising trade with Africa. In Carver, M. and Klapste, J. (eds), The Archaeology of Medieval Europe, Volume 2: 1200–1600, Aarhus University Press, 361–69.Google Scholar
Nixon, S (ed.). 2017. Essouk-Tadmekka: An Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Town. Leiden: Brill, Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series.Google Scholar
Nixon, S., Rehren, Th. and Filomena Guerra, M. 2011. New light on the early Islamic West African gold trade: coin moulds from Tadmekka, Mali. Antiquity 85: 1353–68.Google Scholar
Porter, V. and Morison, P. 1998. The Salcombe Bay treasure. British Museum Magazine 30: 1618.Google Scholar
Posnansky, M. 1973. Aspects of early West African trade. World Archaeology 2: 149–63.Google Scholar
Rehren, Th. and Nixon, S. 2014. Refining gold with glass: An early Islamic technology at Tadmekka, Mali. Journal of Archaeological Science 49: 3341.Google Scholar
Robert, D. 1970. Les fouilles de Tegdaoust. The Journal of African History 11: 471–93.Google Scholar
Robert-Chaleix, D. 1989. Tegdaoust V: une concession médiévale à Tegdaoust: implantation, evolution d’une unité d’habitation. Paris: ADPF.Google Scholar
Ross, D. 2002. Gold of the Akan from the Glassell Collection. Houston: Museum of Fine Arts.Google Scholar
Roux, C. and Guerra, M.F. 2000. La monnaie almoravide: de l’Afrique à l’Espagne. Revue d’archéométrie 24: 3952.Google Scholar
Saison, B. 1979. Fouille d’un quartier artisanal de Tegdaoust. Unpublished PhD thesis. Paris.Google Scholar
Savage, E. 1992. Berbers and Blacks: Ibadi slave traffic in eighth-century North Africa. Journal of African History 33.3: 351–68.Google Scholar
Spufford, P. 1988. European silver and African gold. In Spufford, P. (ed.), Money and its Use in Medieval Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 163–86.Google Scholar
Sutton, J. 1981. Ibn Battuta’s Yufi: Bronze and gold in mid-Iron Age Africa. Transafrican Journal of History 10: 138–77.Google Scholar
Sutton, J. 1997. The African lords of the intercontinental gold trade before the Black Death: Al-Hasan bin Sulaiman of Kilwa and Mansa Musa of Mali. The Antiquaries Journal 77: 221–42.Google Scholar
Swanson, J. 1975. The myth of trans-Saharan trade during the Roman Era. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 8. 4: 582600.Google Scholar
Swanson, J. 1978. The Not-Yet-Golden Trade: Contact and commerce between North Africa and the Sudan before the 11th century. Unpublished PhD thesis. Indiana Univeristy.Google Scholar
Takezawa, S. and Cissé, M. 2012. Discovery of the earliest royal palace in Gao and its implications for the history of West Africa. Cahiers d’Etudes africaines UI (4): 813–44.Google Scholar
Thilmans, G. and Descamps, C. 1972. Rapport préliminaire sure la fouille de N’dalane, 27 novembre 1971 à 14 Janvier 1972. Dakar : I.F.A.N.Google Scholar
Vanacker, C. 1979. Tegdaoust II, fouille d’un quartier artisanal. Paris: Memoire de l’I.M.R.S.Google Scholar
Vernet, R. 1996. Le sud-ouest du Niger, de la préhistoire au début de l’histoire. Paris: Autrement.Google Scholar

References

Arkell, A.J. 1964. Wanyanga and an Archaeological Reconnaissance of the South-West Libyan Desert: the British Ennedi Expedition. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Michele, V. and Piacenza, B. 1999. L’amazzonite di Eghei Zuma (Tibesti settentrionale, Libia). Sahara 11: 109–12.Google Scholar
Desanges, J. 1964. Note sur la datation de l’expédition de Julius Maternus au pays d’Agisymba. Latomus: Revue d’Etudes Latines 23: 713–25.Google Scholar
Despois, J.J. 1946. Mission scientifique du Fezzân (1944–1945), volume 3: géographie humaine. Paris: Institut de recherches sahariennes de l’Universite´ d’Alger.Google Scholar
Devulder, V., Degryse, P. and Vanhaecke, F. 2013. Development of a novel method for unravelling the origin of natron flux used in Roman glass production based on B Isotopic analysis via Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 85.24: 12077–84.Google Scholar
Devulder, V., Vanhaecke, F., Shortland, A., Mattingly, D., Jackson, C. and Degryse, P. 2014. Boron isotopic composition as a provenance indicator for the flux raw material in Roman natron glass. Journal of Archaeological Science 46: 107–13.Google Scholar
Dotsika, E., Poutoukis, D., Tzavidopoulos, I., Maniatis, Y., Ignatiadou, D. and Raco, B. 2009. A natron source at Pikrolimni Lake in Greece? Geochemical evidence. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 103: 133–43.Google Scholar
Dowler, A. and Galvin, E.R. (eds) 2011. Money, Trade and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa. London: The British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Drake, N., Wilson, A.I., Pelling, R., White, K., Mattingly, D.J. and Black, S. 2004. Water table decline, springline desiccation and the early development of irrigated agriculture in the Wadi al-Ajal, Libyan Fazzan. Libyan Studies 35: 95112.Google Scholar
Fentress, E.W.B. 2011. Slavers on chariots. In Dowler, and Galvin, 2011, 6571.Google Scholar
Foy, D. 2003. Quid de l’occident? In Foy, D. (ed.), Coeur de verre: production et diffusion du verre antique, Gollion, Infolio, 3435.Google Scholar
Gliozzo, E., Mattingly, D.J., Cole, F. and Artioli, G. 2014. In the footsteps of Pliny: Tracing the sources of Garamantian carnelian from Fazzan, south-west Libya, Journal of Archaeological Science 52: 218–41.Google Scholar
Goudarzi, G.H. 1970. Resources of Libya—a Reconnaissance. Geological Survey Professional Paper 660. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Harper, K. 2011. Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harrell, J.A. and Osman, , A.F. 2007. Ancient amazonite quarries in the Eastern Desert. Egyptian Archaeology 30: 26–8.Google Scholar
Hornemann, F., Rennell, J., Marsden, W., Young, W. and Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa. 1802. The Journal of Frederick Horneman’s Travels: from Cairo to Mourzouk, the Capital of the Kingdom of Fezzan, in Africa. London: G. and W. Nicol.Google Scholar
Insoll, T., Polya, D., Bhan, K., Irving, D. and Jarvis, K. 2004. Towards an understanding of the carnelian bead trade from Western India to sub-Saharan Africa: The application of UV-LA-ICP-MS to carnelian from Gujarat, India, and West Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 1161–73.Google Scholar
Kaegi, W.E. 1984. Byzantium and the early trans-Saharan gold trade: A cautionary note. Graeco-Arabica 3: 95100.Google Scholar
Lange, D. 1983. L’alun du Kawar. Une exportation africaine vers Europe. Cahiers du Centre de Recherches Africaines 2: 21–4.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 2000a. Salt from the Garamantes. Archaeology Odyssey March/April 2000: 20–8.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 2000b.The Garamantes: A fresh approach. Libyan Studies 31: 1728.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 2000c. The Libyan caravan road in Herodotus IV.181–185. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 43.4: 496520.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. 2006. Aghram Nadharif. The Barkat Oasis (Sha’abiya of Ghat, Libyan Sahara) in Garamantian times (Arid zone archaeology, Monographs). Firenze, All’Insegna del Giglio.Google Scholar
Luzatto, L. 2012. Sickle cell anaemia and malaria. Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 4.1: e2012065. doi: 10.4084/MJHID.2012.065.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K.C. 2011. A view from the south. Sub-Saharan evidence for contacts between North Africa, Mauritania and the Niger, 1000 BC-AD 700. In Dowler, and Galvin, 2011, 7282.Google Scholar
Marichal, R. 1992. Les ostraca du Bu Njem. Tripoli: Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2003. The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 1. Synthesis. London: Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2007. The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 2. Site Gazetteer, Pottery and Other Survey Finds. London: Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2010. The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 3. Excavations of C.M. Daniels. London: Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2013. The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 4. Excavations at Old Jarma. London: Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Lahr, M.M. and Wilson, A.I. 2009. DMP V: Investigations in 2009 of cemeteries and related sites on the west side of the Taqallit Promontory. Libyan Studies 40: 95131.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Hawthorne, J. and Daniels, C.M. 2010a. Excavations at the Classic Garamantian settlement of Saniat Jibril (GER002). In Mattingly, 2010, 123204.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Abduli, H., Aburgheba, H., Ahmed, M., Esmaia, M.A.A., Baker, S., Cole, F., Fenwick, C., Gonzalez Rodriguez, M., Hobson, M., Khalaf, N., Lahr, M.M., Leitch, V., Moussa, F., Nikita, E., Parker, D., Radini, A., Ray, N., Savage, T., Sterry, M. and Schörle, K. 2010b. DMP IX: Summary report on the fourth season of excavations of the Burials and Identity team. Libyan Studies 41: 89104.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. and Wilson, A.I. 2010. Concluding thoughts: Made in Fazzan? In Mattingly, 2010, 523–30.Google Scholar
McDougall, E.A. 1992. Salt, Saharans, and the trans-Saharan slave trade: Nineteenth-century developments. In Savage, E. (ed.), The Human Commodity. Perspectives on the Trans-Saharan slave trade, London: Frank Cass, 6188.Google Scholar
Milburn, M. 1985a. The identity of some structures on the trans-Saharan ‘Bornu Route’ in southern Libya. In Barker, G.W.W., Lloyd, J.A. and Reynolds, J.M. (eds), Cyrenaica in Antiquity, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 277–86.Google Scholar
Monod, T. 1974. Le mythe de ‘l’emeraude des Garamantes’. Antiquités africaines 8: 5166.Google Scholar
Monod, T. 1984. L’émeraude des Garamantes. Paris: Éditions de l’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Nachtigal, G. 1974. Sahara and Sudan: Tripoli and Fezzan, Tibesti or Tu. London: C. Hurst & Co.Google Scholar
Nenna, M.-D. 2007. Production et commerce du verre à l’époque impériale. Facta 1: 125–48.Google Scholar
Pelling, R. 2005. Garamantian agriculture and its significance in a wider North African context. The evidence of the plant remains from the Fazzan Project. Journal of North African Studies 10: 397411.Google Scholar
Pelling, R. 2008. Garamantian agriculture: The plant remains from Jarma, Fazzan. Libyan Studies 39: 4171.Google Scholar
Scheele, J. 2010. Traders, saints and irrigation: Reflections on Saharan connectivity. Journal of African History 51: 281300.Google Scholar
Schibille, N. 2011. Late Byzantine mineral soda high alumina glasses from Asia Minor: A new primary glass production group. PLoS ONE 6.4. e18970.Google Scholar
Schrüfer-Kolb, I. 2007. Metallurgical and non-metallurgical industrial activities. In Mattingly, 2007, 448462.Google Scholar
Wilson, A.I. 2005. Foggara irrigation, early state formation and Saharan trade: The Garamantes of Fazzan. Schriftenreihe der Frontinus-Gesellschaft 26: 223–34.Google Scholar
Wilson, A.I. 2006. The spread of foggara-based irrigation in the ancient Sahara. In Mattingly, D.J., McLaren, S., Savage, E., al-Fasatwi, Y. and Gadgood, K. (eds), The Libyan Desert: Natural Resources and Cultural Heritage, London: Society for Libyan Studies, 205–16.Google Scholar
Wilson, A.I. 2009. Foggaras in ancient North Africa: Or how to marry a Berber princess. In Contrôle et distribution de l’eau dans le Maghreb antique et médiéval, Rome: École Française de Rome, 1939.Google Scholar
Wilson, A.I. and Mattingly, D.J. 2003. Irrigation technologies: Foggaras, wells and field systems. In Mattingly, 2003, 235–78.Google Scholar
Wilson, A.I. 2012. Saharan trade in the Roman period: short-, medium and long-distance trade networks, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47.4: 409–49.Google Scholar
Wright, J. 2007. The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×