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3 Proclamation of Teheran, Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968, UN Doc. A/CONF.32/41 (1968), para 12.

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19 McNamara, supra note 17, at 8.

20 UNGA Res. 2626(XXV), ‘International Development Strategy for the Second United Nations Development Decade’, UN Doc. A/RES/25/2626 (24 October 1970).

21 Committee for Development Planning, Report of the Eighth Session, Economic and Social Council, Fifty-third session, Supplement 7, UN Doc. E/5126 (10–20 April 1972), para 9.

22 Ibid., para. 10.

23 4th Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement, Algiers, Algeria 5–9 September 1973, UN Doc. A/9330 (23 November 1973), at 18; see also Bedjaoui, M., Towards a New International Economic Order (1980), at 34Google Scholar.

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29 Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, UNGA Res. 3281(XXIX), UN Doc. A/RES/29/3281 (12 December 1974).

30 Cited in R. Meagher, An International Redistribution of Wealth and Power: A Study of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States (1979), at 3.

31 Gilman, supra note 25, at 1.

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38 Ibid., at 14.

39 Ibid., at 15.

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41 R. McNamara, ‘Address to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development’, (Santiago, Chile, 14 April 1972).

42 R. McNamara, ‘Address to the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment’, (Stockholm, Sweden, 8 June 1972).

43 R. McNamara, ‘Address to the Board of Governors’, (Nairobi, Kenya, 24 September 1973).

44 Ibid., at 13.

45 See International Labour Organization, Meeting Basic Needs: Strategies for Eradicating Mass Poverty and Unemployment (Conclusion of the World Employment Conference 1976 (1977).

46 International Labour Organization, ‘Employment, Growth and Basic Needs: A One-World Problem. Report of the Director-General of the International Labour Office’, (1976); see also Hoadley, J., ‘The Rise and Fall of the Basic Needs Approach’, (1981) Cooperation and Conflict 149CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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49 Saad-Filho, supra note 18, at 3.

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74 Ibid., at 102.

75 Ibid., at 150.

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80 Tehran Proclamation, supra note 3, para 12.

81 ‘Question of the realization of the economic, social and cultural rights contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and study of the special problems relating to human rights in developing countries’, Commission on Human Rights, Res. 14(XXV) (13 March 1969).

82 M. Ganji, ‘The Widening Gap: A Study of the Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – Preface and Introduction’, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1108 and Add.1-9 (5 February 1973); see also Commission on Human Rights, Res. 1792(LIV) (18 May 1973).

83 M. Ganji, ‘The Widening Gap: A Study of the Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1131 (1 January 1974).

84 M. Ganji, ‘The Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Problems, Policies’, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1108/Rev.1 (1975).

85 Ibid., at 309–18.

86 Ganji, ‘The Widening Gap’, supra note 83, para. 12.

87 Ibid.

88 Ibid., para. 13.

89 Ibid., para. 20.

90 Ibid., para. 78.

91 See Ganji, ‘The Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, supra note 84, Ch. V: The International Context, at 113.

92 Ibid., para. 302.

93 Ibid., para. 308.

94 Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Thirtieth Session (4 February–8 March 1974), UN Doc. E/CN.4/1154, para. 79.

95 Ibid., para. 80.

96 Ibid., ‘Question of the Realization of the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and study of special problems relating to human rights in developing countries’.

97 Ibid., para 34.

98 Burke, R., ‘Competing for the Last Utopia?: The NIEO, Human Rights, and the World Conference for the International Women’s Year, Mexico City, June 1975’, (2015) 6(1) Humanity: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development 47, at 50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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101 Ibid.

102 ‘Introduction’ in ‘Realizing the Right to Development: Essays in Commemoration of 25 Years of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development’, OCHR, 2013, available at www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/RightDevelopmentInteractive_EN.pdf, at 3.

103 UNGA Res. 32/130 (1977), supra note 5.

104 Burke, ‘Competing’, supra note 98, at 57.

105 UNGA Res. 32/130 (1977), supra note 5, para. 1(b).

106 Ibid., para. 1(f).

107 United Nations General Assembly, Thirty-Second Session, 105th plenary meeting, 16 December 1977, at 3:30pm, UN Doc. A/32/PV.105, para. 138.

108 Ibid., para. 125.

109 Donnelly, J., ‘Recent Trends in UN Human Rights Activity: Description and Polemic’, (1981) 35(4) International Organization 633–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also a response, Alston, P., ‘The Alleged Demise of Political Human Rights at the UN: A Reply to Donnelly’, (1983) 37(3) International Organization 537–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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111 See also Alston, P., ‘Foreword’, in Langford, M. (ed.), Social Rights Jurisprudence: Emerging Trends in International and Comparative Law (2008)Google Scholar, for a critique of this focus.

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117 Ibid., at 1181.

118 Ibid.

119 Ibid., at 1182.

120 Ibid., at 1182 (emphasis in original).

121 Commission on Human Rights Res. 4(XXXIII), supra note 100. See also Report of the Secretary-General on the International Dimensions of the Right to Development as a Human Right, UN Economic and Social Council Official Records, Thirty-fifth session, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1334 (1979).

122 UNESCO, ‘Expert Meeting on Human Rights, Human Needs and the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, Paris 19–23 June 1978’, UN Doc. SS.78/Conf.630/2 (29 December 1978), para 65.

123 Ibid., para. 55.

124 Ibid., para. 67.

125 Ibid.

126 ‘Report submitted by UNESCO in connexion [sic] with paragraph 4 of resolution 4(XXXIII) of the Commission on Human Rights’, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1340 (9 February 1979).

127 Baxi, supra note 76, at 225–6.

128 Ibid., at 229.

129 ‘The international dimensions of the right to development as a human right in relation with other human rights based on international co-operation, including the right to peace, taking into account the requirements of the New International Economic Order and the fundamental human rights: Report of the Secretary-General’, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1334 (2 January 1979).

130 Ibid., para. 74.

131 Ibid., para. 37.

132 UNESCO, ‘Medium Term Plan (1977–1982)’, cited in ibid.

133 Ibid., at 314.

134 P. Alston, Development and the Rule of Law, supra note 4, at 19.

135 ‘Alternative approaches and ways and means within the United Nations system for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms’, UNGA Res. 34/46, UN Doc. A/RES/34/46 (23 November 1979), para. 10.

136 Seminar on the Effects of Existing Unjust International Economic Order on the Economies of the Developing Countries and the Obstacle that this Represents for the Implementation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Geneva, Switzerland, 30 June–11 July 1980, UN Doc. ST/HR/SER.A/8.

137 Cited in R. Ferrero, Special Rapporteur on the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, ‘The New International Economic Order and the Promotion of Human Rights’, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1983/24/Rev.1 (1986), 2.

138 See Moyn, S., ‘The 1970s as a Turning Point in Human Rights History’, in Eckel, J. and Moyn, S. (eds.), The Breakthrough: Human Rights in the 1970s (2014), 2Google Scholar; see also Moyn, The Last Utopia, supra note 12.

139 On this, see particularly S. Moyn, ‘Human rights and the age of inequality’, supra note 10; see also M. Nolan, ‘Human Rights and Market Fundamentalism’, (Max Weber Lecture Series, European University Institute, 2014/02).

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153 Ibid., at 40.

154 Ibid., at 35.

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157 Ibid., at 38.

158 Ibid., at 42.

159 Ibid., at 43.

160 Ibid., at 44.

161 Ibid.

162 Ibid., at 20.

163 On this see also Keys, supra note 12.

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166 Ibid., at 3.

167 Ibid., at 3.

168 Ibid., at 10.

169 Ibid., at 17.

170 Ibid., at 17.

171 Ibid., at 18.

172 See the Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1987/17; P. Alston and G. Quinn, ‘The Nature and Scope of State Parties’ Obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’; and the other articles in the Symposium in (1987) 9(2) Human Rights Quarterly.

173 UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3, ‘The Nature of State Parties’ Obligations’, UN Doc. E/1991/23 (14 December 1990).

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178 Commission on Human Rights Res. 36, UN ESCOR, 37th session, Supp. No. 5, at 237, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1475 (1981).

179 Marks, supra 113, at 143.

180 Ibid.

181 Declaration on the Right to Development, General Assembly Res. 41/128, UN Doc. A/RES/41/128 (4 December 1986).

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