A dominant feature of folding of cytochrome c
is the presence of nonnative His-heme kinetic traps, which
either pre-exist in the unfolded protein or are formed
soon after initiation of folding. The kinetically trapped
species can constitute the majority of folding species,
and their breakdown limits the rate of folding to the native
state. A temperature jump (T-jump) relaxation technique
has been used to compare the unfolding/folding kinetics
of yeast iso-2 cytochrome c and a genetically
engineered double mutant that lacks His-heme kinetic traps,
H33N,H39K iso-2. The results show that the thermodynamic
properties of the transition states are very similar. A
single relaxation time τobs is
observed for both proteins by absorbance changes at 287
nm, a measure of solvent exclusion from aromatic residues.
At temperatures near Tm, the midpoint
of the thermal unfolding transitions, τobs
is four to eight times faster for H33N,H39K iso-2 (τobs
∼ 4–10 ms) than for iso-2 (τobs
∼ 20–30 ms). T-jumps show that there are no kinetically
unresolved (τ < 1–3 μs T-jump dead time)
“burst” phases for either protein. Using a
two-state model, the folding (kf) and
unfolding (ku) rate constants and the
thermodynamic activation parameters
ΔGf[Dagger],
ΔGu[Dagger],
ΔHf[Dagger],
ΔHu[Dagger],
ΔSf[Dagger],
ΔSu[Dagger] are evaluated
by fitting the data to a function describing the temperature dependence
of the apparent rate constant kobs
(= τobs−1) =
kf + ku.
The results show that there is a small activation enthalpy
for folding, suggesting that the barrier to folding is
largely entropic. In the “new view,” a purely
entropic kinetic barrier to folding is consistent with
a smooth funnel folding landscape.