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In this chapter, I venture into the courtroom. There, I show, accounts are elicited, truth and falsehood are at stake, and the “soul” of the deviant subject becomes a matter of empirical interest: is s/he really sorry? Here, emphasize in particular the local, narrative production of remorse. How, in other words, do defendants manage to “perform remorse” in court? How do judges make sense of defendants’ remorsefulness? How is it weighed and evaluated, and what are its consequences to judicial decision-making? Drawing on informal conversations with judges and in-court observations, this chapter demonstrates the narrative texture of judicial sense-making and decision-making, and the possible tensions that may arise between pursuing self-defense as a defense strategy and appearing sufficiently remorseful. I also show how narratives are subject to practices of typification, distinguishing between three typified whole-case narratives: the typical “angry young man”, the typical drug-addict, and the typical “explosive couple”. These three typified whole-case narratives help judges to make sense of and weigh defendants’ demonstrations of remorse. Here, I also highlight the methodological affordances of observation and informal conversation in shedding light on the narrative texture of legal practices, and contrast this emphasis on narrative with statistical approaches to judicial decision-making.
This study aimed to provide a systematic review on survival outcome based on Pittsburgh T-staging for patients with primary external auditory canal squamous cell carcinoma.
Method
This study was a systematic review in compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines performed until January 2018; pertinent studies were screened. Quality of evidence was assessed using the grading of recommendation, assessment, development and evaluation working group system.
Results
Eight articles were chosen that reported on 437 patients with external auditory carcinoma. The 5-year overall survival rate was 53.0 per cent. The pooled proportion of survivors at 5 years for T1 tumours was 88.4 per cent and for T2 tumours was 88.6 per cent. For the combined population of T1 and T2 cancer patients, it was 84.5 per cent. For T3 and T4 tumours, it was 53.3 per cent and 26.8 per cent, respectively, whereas for T3 and T4 tumours combined, it was 40.4 per cent. Individual analysis of 61 patients with presence of cervical nodes showed a poor survival rate.
Conclusion
From this review, there was not any significant difference found in the survival outcome between T1 and T2 tumours. A practical classification incorporating nodal status that accurately stratifies patients was proposed.
The UK Biobank contains data with varying degrees of reliability and completeness for assessing depression. A third of participants completed a Mental Health Questionnaire (MHQ) containing the gold-standard Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) criteria for assessing mental health disorders.
Aims
To investigate whether multiple observations of depression from sources other than the MHQ can enhance the validity of major depressive disorder (MDD).
Method
In participants who did not complete the MHQ, we calculated the number of other depression measures endorsed, for example from hospital episode statistics and interview data. We compared cases defined this way with CIDI-defined cases for several estimates: the variance explained by polygenic risk scores (PRS), area under the curve attributable to PRS, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-based heritability and genetic correlations with summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium MDD genome-wide association study.
Results
The strength of the genetic contribution increased with the number of measures endorsed. For example, SNP-based heritability increased from 7% in participants who endorsed only one measure of depression, to 21% in those who endorsed four or five measures of depression. The strength of the genetic contribution to cases defined by at least two measures approximated that for CIDI-defined cases. Most genetic correlations between UK Biobank and the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium MDD study exceeded 0.7, but there was variability between pairwise comparisons.
Conclusions
Multiple measures of depression can serve as a reliable approximation for case status where the CIDI measure is not available, indicating sample size can be optimised using the entire suite of UK Biobank data.
The classification of mature neoplasms has evolved over the years, with the current WHO classification based largely on the genetics and cellular origin of lymphoid neoplasms [1]. Clinical behaviour of lymphoid neoplasms, however, continues to play an important role in defining disease entities. Mature lymphoid neoplasms in the case of leukaemias primarily involve blood and bone marrow (BM), while in lymphomas, most entities, with an occasional exception (e.g. Waldenström macroglobulinaemia/lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma) show predominant involvement of extramedullary sites/site with secondary involvement of the bone marrow (BM). In patients with lymphomas, the BM may be biopsied as part of staging (e.g. follicular lymphoma) or when the primary site of involvement is not amenable to biopsy (e.g. primary splenic lymphomas such as splenic marginal zone lymphoma or hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma). Less commonly, a mature lymphoid neoplasm may be an unexpected or suspected diagnosis initially made on BM biopsy (BMB) performed during investigation of B-symptoms or unexplained cytopaenias.
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a highly complex and heterogeneous disease. Proper classification according to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification requires a systematic approach and integration of key clinical, laboratory, pathologic and genetic information [1, 2]. Great advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular underpinnings of AML have been realized since the original AML classification using the French–American–British (FAB) system (1976). This genetic revolution not only contributes to enhanced disease diagnosis and prognostication but also to ongoing improvements in therapeutic strategies.
Since their inception in the 1930s by von Neumann, operator algebras have been used to shed light on many mathematical theories. Classification results for self-adjoint and non-self-adjoint operator algebras manifest this approach, but a clear connection between the two has been sought since their emergence in the late 1960s. We connect these seemingly separate types of results by uncovering a hierarchy of classification for non-self-adjoint operator algebras and $C^{*}$-algebras with additional $C^{*}$-algebraic structure. Our approach naturally applies to algebras arising from $C^{*}$-correspondences to resolve self-adjoint and non-self-adjoint isomorphism problems in the literature. We apply our strategy to completely elucidate this newly found hierarchy for operator algebras arising from directed graphs.
Written by global experts, this indispensable guide includes over 200 illustrations and essential information in clear tabular formatting, giving hematopathologists rapid access to diagnostic criteria at the microscope. General principles of bone marrow biopsy and aspirate processing are covered, together with the normal and reactive bone marrow, infective, infiltrative and neoplastic diseases. Chapters also guide readers through the use of immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and molecular diagnosis, whilst extensive referencing provides further reading in specialist and rare topics. Whether working as a generalist, specialist, trainee or resident, this in an essential bench guide for hematopathologists at all levels of experience. The print book comes with access to the text and expandable figures online at Cambridge Core, which can be accessed via the code printed on the inside of the cover.
This chapter investigates issues of class and stratification in Japan, which experienced a dramatic paradigm shift towards the end of the twentieth century. Although widely portrayed as an egalitarian and predominantly middle-class society during the period of high economic growth until the early 1990s, Japan has suddenly been deemed a society divided along class lines under the prolonged stagnation that has characterized the Japanese economy for three decades. Based on macrosociological data, this chapter delineates the focal points of debate on the analysis of class and stratification in Japan as a general prelude to specific spheres covered from Chapter 4 onward: cultural diversity and class competition in relation to, for example, generation, region, labor, education, gender, and ethnicity.
In text, images, merged surveys, voter files, and elsewhere, data sets are often missing important covariates, either because they are latent features of observations (such as sentiment in text) or because they are not collected (such as race in voter files). One promising approach for coping with this missing data is to find the true values of the missing covariates for a subset of the observations and then train a machine learning algorithm to predict the values of those covariates for the rest. However, plugging in these predictions without regard for prediction error renders regression analyses biased, inconsistent, and overconfident. We characterize the severity of the problem posed by prediction error, describe a procedure to avoid these inconsistencies under comparatively general assumptions, and demonstrate the performance of our estimators through simulations and a study of hostile political dialogue on the Internet. We provide software implementing our approach.
This analysis identifies the significant problem of ambiguity, variation and vagueness in relation to the intervention described as ‘psychotherapy’. Its purpose is to raise international awareness of this problem and alternative solutions.
We show that if a partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism of a Seifert manifold induces a map in the base which has a pseudo-Anosov component then it cannot be dynamically coherent. This extends [C. Bonatti, A. Gogolev, A. Hammerlindl and R. Potrie. Anomalous partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms III: Abundance and incoherence. Geom. Topol., to appear] to the whole isotopy class. We relate the techniques to the study of certain partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms in hyperbolic 3-manifolds performed in [T. Barthelmé, S. Fenley, S. Frankel and R. Potrie. Partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms homotopic to the identity in dimension 3, part I: The dynamically coherent case. Preprint, 2019, arXiv:1908.06227; Partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms homotopic to the identity in dimension 3, part II: Branching foliations. Preprint, 2020, arXiv: 2008.04871]. The appendix reviews some consequences of the Nielsen–Thurston classification of surface homeomorphisms for the dynamics of lifts of such maps to the universal cover.
In some non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) a foreign state is involved in favour of an armed group. This poses a challenge to classifying these armed conflicts under IHL. This article argues that evaluating the actions of a foreign state is best carried out by application of the ‘overall control’ test as developed by the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the Tadić case. The advantages of this approach are twofold. First, it is a more realistic benchmark for generating the required evidence than the complete dependency or effective control tests developed by the International Court of Justice. Second, using this test makes it less likely for a state to escape its responsibilities under IHL when it acts through armed groups in a prima facie NIAC on the territory of another state. To arrive at this conclusion, the article first critically discusses the different control tests. It then advances that Article 4 of Geneva Convention III 1949 and Article 29 of Geneva Convention IV 1949 themselves contain a threshold of control that can be used to identify foreign state participation in a prima facie NIAC.
The differentiation of pathological stress responses from responses that are appropriate and adaptive is a challenge with little to guide the clinician. This refreshment considers adjustment disorder and possible approaches to distinguishing those who have the disorder from those who are responding ‘normally’ to stressful events.
Within the field of disaster studies there has always been the need to classify and label disasters. Researchers have distinguished between different types of disasters in terms of causes, outcomes, the element of surprise, scale, or scope. Chapter 2 discusses the pros and cons of the different classification systems, and also poses the question of whether it makes sense, in view of the large diversity of disasters, to study and compare these different types. Is it possible to move beyond the specificity of earthquakes or pandemics? We believe it does make sense. As historians, we can take a higher level of abstraction, revealing the similarities between different types of disasters. In order to understand why some societies coped more effectively with hazards and which characteristics were decisive in this, we can make use of various key concepts, namely disaster management, vulnerability, resilience, and risk. Overall, it is clear that hazards and disasters are not natural events but social processes.
My recent article offered a model by which to better classify feasts by distinguishing between archaeological correlates of group size and sociopolitical competition. Applying this model to remains from a precontact mound site, I highlighted feasting's role in promoting group solidarity in the American South. Hayden's comment argues that my scheme does not accommodate certain types of events, and it questions my noncompetitive interpretation. I address both critiques here by citing further data from the Southeast, emphasizing the importance of interpreting feasts within their cultural and historical contexts, and highlighting Hayden's continued reliance on long-standing assumptions about feasting and monumental architecture.
While melancholic (according to DSM) or somatic syndrome (according to ICD) has strong historical roots and substantial empirical verification, the concept of atypical features is relatively new and not sufficiently studied. The aim of the current study was to investigate the reliability of these diagnostic subcategories in patients suffering from major depression in Greece. Forty patients (eight males and 32 females) aged 19-60 years (mean 39.3, sd 12.2) suffering from major depression according to DSM-IV criteria were studied. SCAN v.2.0 was used to assess symptomatology. The presence of each criterion according to DSM-IV and ICD-10 was registered. Frequency tables were developed and factor and cluster analysis were performed. The results of the analysis suggest the existence of three syndromes which roughly reflect the melancholic and atypical but also propose a third, which can be considered as an ‘undifferentiated’ syndrome. The DSM demand that the existence of melancholic features be excluded first and then that diagnosis of atypical features be made was confirmed.
This chapter focuses on the transformation of approaches to ethnicity in China’s transition from empire to nation state. That is, how and why these approaches evolved from a maintenance-oriented strategy aimed at pacification and stability in pre-modern times to a transformative strategy aimed at classifying and engineering identities in the socialist era. Historically Confucian universalism provided a neutral and inclusive approach to ethnicity, but it could not accommodate the idea of the nation in modern times. After late Qing and Republican failures at nation building, the CCP accomplished this task through a mix of class universalism and state classification of identities. The new approach served to incorporate minority members as equal citizens in the new modern state by politicizing previously localized identities at the national level. The contradictions therein – promoting political incorporation but also ethnic identities to fit that goal – or centralization and ethnicization, created the first set of institutional dynamics for ethnic strife in contemporary times.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is linked to circadian rhythm disruptions resulting in aberrant motor activity patterns. We aimed to explore whether motor activity alone, as assessed by longitudinal actigraphy, can be used to classify accurately BD patients and healthy controls (HCs) into their respective groups.
Methods
Ninety-day actigraphy records from 25 interepisode BD patients (ie, Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) < 15) and 25 sex- and age-matched HCs were used in order to identify latent actigraphic biomarkers capable of discriminating between BD patients and HCs. Mean values and time variations of a set of standard actigraphy features were analyzed and further validated using the random forest classifier.
Results
Using all actigraphy features, this method correctly assigned 88% (sensitivity = 85%, specificity = 91%) of BD patients and HCs to their respective group. The classification success may be confounded by differences in employment between BD patients and HCs. When motor activity features resistant to the employment status were used (the strongest feature being time variation of intradaily variability, Cohen’s d = 1.33), 79% of the subjects (sensitivity = 76%, specificity = 81%) were correctly classified.
Conclusion
A machine-learning actigraphy-based model was capable of distinguishing between interepisode BD patients and HCs solely on the basis of motor activity. The classification remained valid even when features influenced by employment status were omitted. The findings suggest that temporal variability of actigraphic parameters may provide discriminative power for differentiating between BD patients and HCs while being less affected by employment status.
We examined the item properties of the Two Peas Questionnaire (TPQ) among a sample of same-sex twin pairs from the Washington State Twin Registry. With the exception of the ‘two peas’ item, three of the mistakenness items showed differential item functioning. Results showed that the monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) pairs may differ in their responses on these items, even among those with similar latent traits of similarity and confusability. Upon comparing three classification methods to determine the zygosity of same-sex twins, the overall classification accuracy rate was over 90% using the unit-weighted pair zygosity sum score, providing an efficient and sufficiently accurate zygosity classification. Given the inherent nature of twin-pair similarity, the TPQ is more accurate in the identification of MZ than DZ pairs. We conclude that the TPQ is a generally accurate, but by no means infallible, method of determining zygosity in twins who have not been genotyped.