The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) has been linked to interpersonal trust. While initial behavioral studies demonstrated a facilitating effect of OXT on trusting behavior, more recently these findings have been challenged. In this chapter we review the literature reporting two approaches that are used to evaluate OXT’s effects: exogenous OXT administration and the investigation of the endogenous OXT system. With respect to trust, we report results from studies investigating trusting behavior, mostly using economic games, and studies looking on the intention to trust other individuals. Overall, clear evidence for a direct trust-promoting effect of OXT as proposed by early studies cannot be found. Instead, there is evidence that the relationship between OXT and trust is modulated by manifold contextual factors that are closely interrelated, e.g., social affiliation, personality traits, gender, mental disorders, and genetic disposition. Furthermore, it could be argued that the effect of OXT on trust is not a specific one but only a subphenomenon of the more general prosocial effect of the neuropeptide.

Future research should aim to conceive models of the OXT–trust connection considering the interactions between genes, brain functioning, and the environment, advancing the knowledge of understanding interpersonal trust.

Climate change impacts on and is impacted by areas such as development, economy, security and energy. The concept of climate security encompasses a number of different phenomena and has increasingly been conceptualized in terms of fragility and resilience. Climate change can threaten people's survival and wellbeing (Barnett 2003: 7) and act as conflict multiplier (Adger and Puhin 2014). It can put pressure on economic, social and political systems as well as development processes. Failure to manage these pressures can increase the instability of states and societies. Climate security policy aims to strengthen the resilience of states and societies. This includes climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts, development and humanitarian aid programs as well as peace-building and conflict prevention (Mabey et al. 2011: 12–16; Rüttinger et al. 2015).

Climate security is closely interrelated with energy security. Burning fossil fuels to produce energy is the leading source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which cause climate change. In turn, climate change affects the security of energy supply (Umbach 2012). Climate change and energy security policies can contradict or reinforce each other. When measures to ensure energy security include a shift toward an increasing share of renewable sources, both policy areas are synergetic. When a move toward more domestic energy generation includes increasing use of fossil fuels, the increase of energy security is detrimental to climate policy goals.

Both the EU and China are large GHG emitters, which makes them major contributors to climate change. In 2013, China emitted 29 percent and the EU 11 percent of total global carbon dioxide emissions. The United States accounted for a 15 percent share (Oliver et al. 2014: 4). China and the EU also share a large degree of energy import dependence. In 2013, the EU imported 53.2 percent of its gross energy consumption (European Commission 2014a; Eurostat 2015) while China's import dependence also is above 50 percent.

Although both the EU and China are fully aware of the threats of climate change to human wellbeing and hold concerns of energy security, their perceptions of and responses to climate and energy security diverge. This fosters both cooperation and persisting divergences at global and bilateral levels.

The following section elaborates EU and Chinese perceptions of climate and energy security, followed by a discussion of the two players’ responses to perceived security concerns over the past two decades.