OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The purpose of the study was to describe patient characteristics associated with subsequent development of bowel ischemia. Primary outcomes were survival to discharge, 30-day and 1-year survival in patients with LVAD who subsequently develop bowel ischemia. Secondary outcomes included characteristics of patients who survive to discharge after bowel ischemia and those who do not. These included markers of patient condition prior to surgical/endoscopic intervention such as lactate levels, ICU admission, ventilator dependence, vasopressor and renal replacement requirements, as well as presence of sepsis. Of these, we predicted that lactate levels and white blood cell count would be significantly elevated pre- and post-operatively in patients who do not recover from bowel ischemic event. We used Mann-Whitney U Test to examine lactate levels between the two groups as our sample size was <30 and therefore necessitated the use of non-parametric testing. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In this single-center retrospective study, we analyzed all patients who underwent durable, CF-LVAD implantation at Duke University Medical Center (DUMC) between January 2008 and November 2018. Patients were screened using CPT codes for abdominal surgical exploration or ICD codes for intestinal vascular insufficiency. Final cohort was selected with confirmed diagnosis of intestinal ischemia based on surgical exploration or endoscopic intervention. Patient characteristics including pre-LVAD comorbidities, indication for LVAD implant, and clinical picture prior to bowel ischemic event were collected. Specific characteristics related to bowel ischemia were summarized, including diagnostic imaging, time from imaging study to operative intervention, and intraoperative details. Patient outcomes including survival to discharge, 30-day-, and 1-year survival were summarized. Patients were stratified based on survival to discharge status. Continuous variables were reported as median and interquartile range and compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were reported as proportions and compared using Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 754 patients underwent durable, CF-LVAD implant at DUMC, of which 21 subsequently developed intestinal ischemia (incidence 2.8%). The majority were male (81%) and treated as destination therapy (76.2%). Ten patients (50%) survived to discharge (one remains hospitalized). The proportions of patients receiving HeartMate II (60% vs. 50%, p=1.0), HeartMate III (20% vs. 10%, p=1.0), and HeartWare (20% vs. 40%, p=0.6) were not significantly different between patients who survived to discharge and patients who did not. Median time from LVAD implant to diagnosis of bowel ischemia did not vary significantly between the patient groups (11.5 days, IQR 34.75 vs. 16.5 days, IQR 173.8; p=0.40), nor did the median time from diagnosis to surgical intervention (264.5 minutes, IQR 497.8 vs. 323 minutes, IQR 440, p=0.82). In the 48 hours leading to diagnosis and intervention, renal replacement therapy (50% vs. 0%, p=0.033) was more prevalent in patients who did not survive to discharge. Differences in pre- and post-operative lactate levels were not significantly different in patient groups. A similar pattern of diagnostic study preference emerged from both groups, with CT being the most common (76.2%) followed by KUB (42.9%). Upper endoscopy/colonoscopy was performed in 7 patients (33.3%), of which 5 also had operative exploration. A total of 19 patients underwent abdominal exploration (90.5%). Nine had large bowel resection (42.9%) while 14 had small bowel resection (66.7% with average 75cm removed). Overall survival at 1-year was 33%. For those making it to discharge (n=10), one year survival was 60%. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This is the first institutional study to our knowledge to describe intestinal ischemia in patients receiving CF-LVAD therapy. Intestinal ischemia in patients receiving CF-LVAD therapy is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Diagnosis of bowel ischemia should be considered in patients presenting with clinical symptoms of bowel ischemia in addition to requirement of renal replacement therapy. Imaging modalities used were dependent on the clinical situation and were not always necessary prior to intervention. Further investigation is warranted to identify predictors of this morbid complication.

It has not been well established whether dietary folate intake reduces the risk of diabetes development. We aimed to clarify the prospective association between dietary folate intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk among 7333 Korean adults aged 40 years or older who were included in the Multi-Rural Communities Cohort. Dietary folate intake was estimated from all 106 food items listed on a FFQ, not including folate intake from supplements. Two different measurements of dietary folate intake were used: the baseline consumption and the average consumption from baseline until just before the end of follow-up. The association between folate intake and T2D risk was determined through a modified Poisson regression model with a robust error estimator controlling for potential confounders. For 29 745 person years, 319 cases of diabetes were ascertained. In multivariable analyses, dietary folate intake was inversely associated with risk of T2D for women, not for men. For women, the incidence rate ratio of diabetes in the third tertile compared with the first tertile was 0·57 (95 % CI 0·38–0·87, P for trend=0·0085) in the baseline consumption model and 0·64 (95 % CI 0·43–0·95, P for trend=0·0244) in the average consumption model. These inverse associations was found in both normal fasting blood glucose group and impaired fasting glucose group among women. Among non-users of multinutrients and vitamin supplements, the significant inverse association remained. Thus, higher dietary intake of folate is prospectively associated with lower risk of diabetes for women.

We report on the astrometric registration of VLBI images of the SiO and H2O masers in OH 231.8+4.2, the iconic Proto-Planetary Nebula also known as the Calabash nebula, using the KVN and Source/Frequency Phase Referencing. This, for the first time, robustly confirms the alignment of the SiO masers, close to the AGB star, which drives the bi-lobe structure with the water masers in the out-flow.

A new approach is proposed to analyze Bremsstrahlung X-rays that are emitted from laser-produced plasmas (LPP) and are measured by a stack type spectrometer. This new method is based on a spectral tomographic reconstruction concept with the variational principle for optimization, without referring to the electron energy distribution of a plasma. This approach is applied to the analysis of some experimental data obtained at a few major laser facilities to demonstrate the applicability of the method. Slope temperatures of X-rays from LPP are determined with a two-temperature model, showing different spectral characteristics of X-rays depending on laser properties used in the experiments.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of bacteriophage cocktail, probiotics and a combination of these two supplements on performance and gut health of weanling pigs. In Experiment 1, 150 weaned piglets were randomly allotted to three treatments on the basis of BW. The dietary treatments included a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg bacteriophage cocktail. Pigs fed 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg bacteriophage product had greater (P<0.05) average daily gain (ADG), apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter from day 22 to 35, ileal Lactobacillus spp., villus height (duodenum and jejunum), and fewer coliforms (ileum) and Clostridium spp. (ileum). In Experiment 2, 200 weaned piglets were randomly allotted to four treatments. Dietary treatments included basal diet, basal diet supplemented with 3.0 g/kg fermented probiotic product (P), 1.0 g/kg bacteriophage cocktail (B) and combination of 1.0 g/kg bacteriophage cocktail and 3.0 g/kg fermented probiotic product. Pigs fed bacteriophage cocktail diets had greater (P<0.05) overall ADG, gain to feed ratio (G : F), fecal score from day 8 to day 21, and pigs fed bacteriophage cocktail diets had fewer coliforms (ileum) Clostridium spp. (ileum and cecum). Probiotics significantly increased G : F, colonization of Lactobacillus spp. in ileum. At day 35, bacteriophage treatment group showed greater (P<0.05) villus height of the duodenum, but a deeper crypt in duodenum. The present results indicate that the bacteriophage cocktail had a potential to enhance the performance and gut health of weanling pigs, however their combination with probiotics did not show an interaction.

We introduce a sensing element, “Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP),” which created by “Molecular Imprinted Technique.” However, the sensitivity of MIP’s based bio-sensors limits for practical applications due to the low sensitivity. To achieve a high sensitivity of MIP’s based sensors, the synthesis of “high affinity receptor or binding sites,” such as “monoclonal particles” is a key objective. In previous studies, affinity distribution plots indicated that “high affinity binding sites” were obtained when the number of binding sites per particle decreased. It means that smaller particles are expected to have higher affinity binding sites compared to larger particles. The result motivated us to produce small-sized MIP’s particles for the achievement of higher sensitivity. Microfluidic Synthesis has taken a great attention to synthesize small particles. However, the microfluidic synthesis gave us a difficulty, especially collections of MIP’s particles from the surface of PDMS-based microchannels due to a sticking problem. Thus, we employed a new approach, which can collect MIP’s particles without any sticking problem from the surface of the reactor. It is a photopatterned MIP’s system generated on the glass surface. We prepared a photomask with micro-sized patterns and then fabricate MIP’s particles on a glass surface by photopolymerization. Uniform MIP’s patterns were printed on the glass surface. The interface between the glass surface and the MIP’s pattern was observed by SEM. Micro-sized MIP’s particles were collected from the glass surface by scratching off the photocured MIP’s patterns.

Increase of fat cells (FCs) in adipose tissue is attributed to proliferation of preadipocytes or immature adipocytes in the early stage, as well as adipogenic differentiation in the later stage of adipose development. Although both events are involved in the FC increase, they are contrary to each other, because the former requires cell cycle activity, whereas the latter requires cell cycle withdrawal. Therefore, appropriate regulation of cell cycle inhibition is critical to adipogenesis. In order to explore the important cell cycle inhibitors and study their expression in adipogenesis, we adopted a strategy combining the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database available on the NCBI website and the results of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) data in porcine adipose tissue. Three cell cycle inhibitors – cyclin G2 (CCNG2), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C (CDKN2C) and peripheral myelin protein (PMP22) – were selected for study because they are relatively highly expressed in adipose tissue compared with muscle, heart, lung, liver and kidney in humans and mice based on two GEO DataSets (GDS596 and GDS3142). In the latter analysis, they were found to be more highly expressed in differentiating/ed preadipocytes than in undifferentiated preadipocytes in human and mice as shown respectively by GDS2366 and GDS2743. In addition, GDS2659 also suggested increasing expression of the three cell cycle inhibitors during differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Further study with qPCR in Landrace pigs did not confirm the high expression of these genes in adipose tissue compared with other tissues in market-age pigs, but confirmed higher expression of these genes in FCs than in the stromal vascular fraction, as well as increasing expression of these genes during in vitro adipogenic differentiation and in vivo development of adipose tissue. Moreover, the relatively high expression of CCNG2 in adipose tissue of market-age pigs and increasing expression during development of adipose tissue was also confirmed at the protein level by western blot analysis. Based on the analysis of the GEO DataSets and results of qPCR and Western blotting we conclude that all three cell cycle inhibitors may inhibit adipocyte proliferation, but promote adipocyte differentiation and hold a differentiated state by inducing and maintaining cell cycle inhibition. Therefore, their expression in adipose tissue is positively correlated with age and mature FC number. By regulating the expression of these genes, we may be able to control FC number, and, thus, reduce excessive fat tissue in animals and humans.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is now recognized as a common cause of foodborne outbreaks. This study aimed to describe the first ETEC O169 outbreak identified in Korea. In this outbreak, we identified 1642 cases from seven schools. Retrospective cohort studies were performed in two schools; and case-control studies were conducted in five schools. In two schools, radish kimchi was associated with illness; and in five other schools, radish or cabbage kimchi was found to have a higher risk among food items. Adjusted relative risk of kimchi was 5·87–7·21 in schools that underwent cohort studies; and adjusted odds ratio was 4·52–12·37 in schools that underwent case-control studies. ETEC O169 was isolated from 230 affected students, and was indistinguishable from the isolates detected from the kimchi product distributed by company X, a food company that produced and distributed kimchi to all seven schools. In this outbreak, we found that the risk of a kimchi-borne outbreak of ETEC O169 infection is present in Korea. We recommend continued monitoring regarding food safety in Korea, and strengthening surveillance regarding ETEC O169 infection through implementation of active laboratory surveillance to confirm its infection.

Second generation antipsychotic (SGA) drugs are effective treatments for psychosis. Common side-effects of SGAs include metabolic dysregulation and risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Metabolic side-effects, including glucose intolerance, can be accurately modelled in rodents. The benefits of interventions used for treating metabolic side-effects of SGAs are mostly unknown. In a 9 wk longitudinal study, female rats were given daily olanzapine (10 mg/kg s.c.) or vehicle. Animals were either sedentary or allowed 1 or 3 h daily access to a running wheel, with total wheel revolutions electronically quantified to reflect exercise intensity. Glucose tolerance tests were performed once weekly to measure glycemic control. Drug levels were measured at week 4. At week 9, abdominal fat and skeletal muscle levels of Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) were measured. Exercise intensity progressively increased over time in all groups given access to running wheels; however, rats treated with olanzapine consistently exercised less than those given the vehicle. Olanzapine caused acute and persistent glucose intolerance throughout the study, which was markedly, though incompletely, ameliorated by exercise. Exercise did not affect glycemic regulation in vehicle-treated rats. Olanzapine-treated rats showed greater central adiposity. Levels of GLUT4 in skeletal muscle were higher in both groups of exercising than in sedentary rats, and GLUT4 values were negatively correlated with glucose intolerance. Routine exercise reduced olanzapine-induced glucose intolerance and increased skeletal muscle levels of GLUT 4, the insulin-responsive transporter that mediates glucose uptake into cells. The current animal model is suitable for evaluating physiological pathways involved with glucose intolerance.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the muscle fiber characteristics of the pectoralis major muscle, and its relation to growth performance in the random bred control (RBC) and heavy weight (HW) Japanese quail lines at 42 days of age. The HW line had greater body (232.0 v. 100.2 g, P < 0.001) and pectoralis major muscle (19.0 v. 6.2 g, P < 0.001) weights than the RBC line. Color differences were observed between the superficial and deep regions of the pectoralis major muscle, with the superficial region showing a higher value of lightness than the deep region of the RBC or HW lines (P < 0.001). The percentage of the superficial region in the pectoralis major muscle was higher in the HW line compared with the RBC line (46.2% v. 38.0%, P = 0.017). There were no significant differences in the total fiber number in the superficial and deep regions between the two quail lines (P = 0.718). The HW quail line showed a larger mean fiber cross-sectional area (CSA; 375.5 v. 176.6 μm2, P < 0.001) and type IIA fiber CSA (243.7 v. 131.9 μm2, P < 0.001) than the RBC quail line. The HW line also had greater CSA percentage (60.2% v. 34.2%, P < 0.001) and number percentage (41.6% v. 14.2%, P < 0.001) of type IIB fibers, although there were no significant differences in type IIB fiber CSA between the RBC and HW lines (P = 0.219). Therefore, greater body and muscle weights of the HW line are caused by differences in muscle fiber characteristics, especially the proportion of type IIB fiber and the CSA of type IIA fiber, compared with the RBC line. The results of this study suggest that muscle fiber hypertrophy has more impact on body and muscle weights of the different quail lines than muscle fiber hyperplasia.

The Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory (UFFO), which will be launched onboard the Lomonosov spacecraft, contains two crucial instruments: UFFO Burst Alert & Trigger Telescope (UBAT) for detection and localization of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) and the fast-response Slewing Mirror Telescope (SMT) designed for the observation of the prompt optical/UV counterparts. Here we discuss the in-space calibrations of the UBAT detector and SMT telescope. After the launch, the observations of the standard X-ray sources such as pulsar in Crab nebula will provide data for necessary calibrations of UBAT. Several standard stars will be used for the photometric calibration of SMT. The celestial X-ray sources, e.g. X-ray binaries with bright optical sources in their close angular vicinity will serve for the cross-calibration of UBAT and SMT.

We investigated particle acceleration and shock structure associated with an unmagnetized relativistic jet propagating into an unmagnetized plasma. Strong magnetic fields generated in the trailing shock contribute to the electrons transverse deflection and acceleration. We have calculated, self-consistently, the radiation from electrons accelerated in these turbulent magnetic fields. We found that the synthetic spectra depend on the bulk Lorentz factor of the jet, its temperature and strength of the generated magnetic fields. We have also investigated accelerated electrons in strong magnetic fields generated by kinetic shear (Kelvin-Helmholtz) instabilities. The calculated properties of the emerging radiation will guide our understanding of the complex time evolution and/or spectral structure in gamma-ray bursts, relativistic jets in general, and supernova remnants.

The Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory (UFFO) Pathfinder for Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) consists of two telescopes. The UFFO Burst Alert & Trigger Telescope (UBAT) handles the detection and localization of GRBs, and the Slewing Mirror Telescope (SMT) conducts the measurement of the UV/optical afterglow. UBAT is equipped with an X-ray detector, analog and digital signal readout electronics that detects X-rays from GRBs and determines the location. SMT is equipped with a stepping motor and the associated electronics to rotate the slewing mirror targeting the GRBs identified by UBAT. First the slewing mirror points to a GRB, then SMT obtains the optical image of the GRB using the intensified CCD and its readout electronics. The UFFO Data Acquisition system (UDAQ) is responsible for the overall function and operation of the observatory and the communication with the satellite main processor. In this paper we present the design and implementation of the electronics of UBAT and SMT as well as the architecture and implementation of UDAQ.

The UFFO (Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory) is a GRB detector on board the Lomonosov satellite, to be launched in 2013. The GRB trigger is provided by an X-ray detector, called UBAT (UFFO Burst Alarm & Trigger Telescope), which detects X-rays from the GRB and then triggers to determine the direction of the GRB and then alerts the Slewing Mirror Telescope (SMT) to turn in the direction of the GRB and record the optical photon fluxes. This report details the calibration of the two components: the MAPMTs and the YSO crystals and simulations of the UBAT. The results shows that this design can observe a GRB within a field of view of ±35° and can trigger in a time scale as short as 0.2 – 1.0 s after the appearance of a GRB X-ray spike.