The Augustinian friary in Cambridge, England, was founded in the 1280s and dissolved in 1538. Investigations in 1908–9 and 2016–19 have revealed much of the friary cloister, with evidence for an initial late thirteenth–mid-fourteenth-century phase, a major phase of construction in the mid–late fourteenth century and some fifteenth-century construction. This paper will primarily consider what can be reconstructed of the claustral buildings, complemented by what is known of the rest of the friary site. The friary will also be contextualised in terms of mendicant beliefs and anti-fraternal criticisms.

Nano-sized cerium oxide particles in the size range of 5 to 500nm have been synthesized for use in chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) applications. The CeO2 particles were prepared using cerium nitrate salts with bases such as ammonium water, ethylamine, or other alkylamine /polyalkylamine compounds. Other additives such as urea can be added to affect crystallization and size growth of the final particles. The particle sizes of the resulting CeO2 particles depend on the initial concentrations of cerium salts, additive concentration, and solution pH. Reaction duration seems to have little effect on CeO2 particle sizes. Temperature effects on size were moderate. These CeO2 particles showed excellent surface quality and desirable polishing rate during CMP tests.