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5 results

  • Chapter Five - The Criminalization of Migration
  • from Part II - Transnational Legal Ordering and Transnational Crimes
  • Edited by Gregory Shaffer, University of California, Irvine, Ely Aaronson, University of Haifa, Israel
  • Book: Transnational Legal Ordering of Criminal Justice
  • Published online: 05 June 2020
  • Print publication: 02 July 2020, pp 154-175
  • View extract

    Summary

    This chapter examines the criminalization of migration through the lens of transnational legal orders (TLOs). By doing so, it seeks to explain dramatic episodes such as the Diciotti refugee incident in Italy, but also provide socio-legal analysis for far-reaching practices such as immigration detention, removal, and refusal of entry, all of which depend on the development of a formalizing legal order and specific regulation such as the EU Returns Directive that transcends national boundaries. It argues that affluent democratic societies of the Global North are in the middle of a major transformation of governance while transnational legal orders are at the center of it.

  • Assessing the Risk of Hospital-Acquired Clostridium Difficile Infection With Proton Pump Inhibitor Use: A Meta-Analysis
  • Vanessa Arriola, Jessica Tischendorf, Jackson Musuuza, Anna Barker, Jeffrey W. Rozelle, Nasia Safdar
  • Journal: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 37 / Issue 12 / December 2016
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 September 2016, pp. 1408-1417
  • Print publication: December 2016
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    BACKGROUND

    Clostridium difficile is the principal infectious cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and accounts for 12% of hospital-acquired infections. Recent literature has shown an increased risk of C. difficile infection (CDI) with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use.

    OBJECTIVE

    To conduct a systematic assessment of the risk of hospital-acquired CDI following exposure to PPI.

    METHODS

    We searched multiple databases for studies examining the relationship between PPI and hospital-acquired CDI. Pooled odds ratios were generated and assessment for heterogeneity performed.

    RESULTS

    We found 23 observational studies involving 186,033 cases that met eligibility criteria. Across studies, 10,307 cases of hospital-acquired CDI were reported. Significant heterogeneity was present; therefore, a random effects model was used. The pooled odds ratio was 1.81 (95% CI, 1.52–2.14), favoring higher risk of CDI with PPI use. Significant heterogeneity was present, likely due to differences in assessment of exposure, study population, and definition of CDI.

    DISCUSSION

    This meta-analysis suggests PPIs significantly increase the risk of hospital-acquired CDI. Given the significant health and economic burden of CDI and the risks of PPI, optimization of PPI use should be included in a multifaceted approach to CDI prevention.

    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1408–1417

  • Explaining the Great American Crime Decline: A Review of Blumstein and Wallman, Goldberger and Rosenfeld, and Zimring
  • Vanessa Barker
  • Journal: Law & Social Inquiry / Volume 35 / Issue 2 / Spring 2010
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 December 2018, pp. 489-516
  • Print publication: Spring 2010
  • View abstract

    This essay reviews three books as they document and explain the 1990s crime decline: Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman, eds., (2006) The Crime Drop in America; Arthur S. Goldberger and Richard Rosenfeld, eds., (2008) Understanding Crime Patterns: Workshop Report; and Franklin E. Zimring (2007), The Great American Crime Decline.

    It presents the empirical detail of the crime decline and examines the most commonly cited explanatory factors: imprisonment, policing, demography, and economic growth. It then suggests alternative lines of research in urban sociology—urban development, youth culture, and immigration—that may better explain the decline as the result of changes in the cultural and social fabric of American society, particularly in cities where the steepest declines occurred.