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Since the end of the Cold War the United States and other major powers have wielded their air forces against much weaker state and non-state actors. In this age of primacy, air wars have been contests between unequals and characterized by asymmetries of power, interest, and technology. This volume examines ten contemporary wars where air power played a major and at times decisive role. Its chapters explore the evolving use of unmanned aircraft against global terrorist organizations as well as more conventional air conflicts in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Yemen, Syria, and against ISIS. Air superiority could be assumed in this unique and brief period where the international system was largely absent great power competition. However, the reliable and unchallenged employment of a spectrum of manned and unmanned technologies permitted in the age of primacy may not prove effective in future conflicts.
The history of agricultural terraces remains poorly understood due to problems in dating their construction and use. This has hampered broader research on their significance, limiting knowledge of past agricultural practices and the long-term investment choices of rural communities. The authors apply OSL profiling and dating to the sediments associated with agricultural terraces across the Mediterranean region to date their construction and use. Results from five widely dispersed case studies reveal that although many terraces were used in the first millennium AD, the most intensive episodes of terrace-building occurred during the later Middle Ages (c. AD 1100–1600). This innovative approach provides the first large-scale evidence for both the longevity and medieval intensification of Mediterranean terraces.
In response to advancing clinical practice guidelines regarding concussion management, service members, like athletes, complete a baseline assessment prior to participating in high-risk activities. While several studies have established test stability in athletes, no investigation to date has examined the stability of baseline assessment scores in military cadets. The objective of this study was to assess the test–retest reliability of a baseline concussion test battery in cadets at U.S. Service Academies.
Methods:
All cadets participating in the Concussion Assessment, Research, and Education (CARE) Consortium investigation completed a standard baseline battery that included memory, balance, symptom, and neurocognitive assessments. Annual baseline testing was completed during the first 3 years of the study. A two-way mixed-model analysis of variance (intraclass correlation coefficent (ICC)3,1) and Kappa statistics were used to assess the stability of the metrics at 1-year and 2-year time intervals.
Results:
ICC values for the 1-year test interval ranged from 0.28 to 0.67 and from 0.15 to 0.57 for the 2-year interval. Kappa values ranged from 0.16 to 0.21 for the 1-year interval and from 0.29 to 0.31 for the 2-year test interval. Across all measures, the observed effects were small, ranging from 0.01 to 0.44.
Conclusions:
This investigation noted less than optimal reliability for the most common concussion baseline assessments. While none of the assessments met or exceeded the accepted clinical threshold, the effect sizes were relatively small suggesting an overlap in performance from year-to-year. As such, baseline assessments beyond the initial evaluation in cadets are not essential but could aid concussion diagnosis.
Anyone who believes that exponential growth can go on forever in a finite world is either a madman or an economist. (Kenneth Boulding, 1973)
[There are] no great limits to growth because there are no limits on the human capacity for intelligence, imagination and wonder. (US President Ronald Reagan, 1983)
Introduction
Inclusive growth is better than non-inclusive growth. Social investment is better than anti-social investment. We are not lacking in examples of either of these less desirable beasts. But neither inclusive growth nor social investment necessarily questions the goal of growth itself. Indeed a leitmotif of social investment has been that social policy can be ‘good for growth’; while the inclusive growth framework makes growth the sine qua non of human development (World Economic Forum, 2017). Neither approach confronts what is the single most critical question faced by economics on a finite planet. What can prosperity possibly look like in a world of environmental and social limits (Jackson, 2017)?
This question of limits is often left out of social policy discussions. There are reasons for this omission. In a world free of limits, exponential economic growth could continue indefinitely; it is then always possible (in theory) to make the poor better off without in any way denting the expectations of the rich to be better off themselves. Social justice can be approached safely, as it were, behind the canopy of an expanding cornucopia. Introducing limits overturns this convenient fiction. Indeed, as the United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development shows, the links between sustainability and social justice are so deep that we have to develop a more integrated approach. It is worth noting that a strong and growing body of social policy scholarship is now developing these links (Gough, 2016; Dryzek, 2008). But as these authors indicate, the future conversation depends very much on how we understand the environmental perspective and in particular the limits to growth.
Our aim in this chapter is to show how critical the question of limits is for our thinking about social justice and the roles of social policy. We accomplish this by revisiting the book Limits to Growth first published in 1972 by the ‘Club of Rome’ a group of about 30 leading thinkers who were particularly concerned about the potential impacts of exponentially increasing consumption in a finite world (Club of Rome, 2017).
Stormwater catch basins form part of artificial drainage systems in urban areas and can provide larval habitat for mosquito vector species of West Nile virus (WNv), such as Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae). We evaluated the impact of management techniques and targeted applications of larvicide on larval populations of this potential WNv mosquito vector species in catch basins from the Lower Mainland of Vancouver and on Vancouver Island of British Columbia, Canada. A mixed effects logistic regression model described the relationship between larval presence and larvicide treatment while controlling for other parameters. Parameter estimates showed that larvicide treatment reduced the odds of larvae presence by a factor of ∼7.23. The model also revealed relationships between larval presence and water temperature and adjacent land use but larvicide treatment consistently reduced the presence of larvae regardless of these other factors. This knowledge can now be used to prioritise and target control efforts to most efficiently reduce WNv mosquito vector populations, and most effectively reduce the risk of WNv transmission to humans. A similar research strategy could be applied to emerging threats from other potential mosquito vectors of disease around the world, to help lower the incidence of mosquito-borne disease.
Using a Center for Disease Control light trap Culiseta particeps (Adams) (Diptera: Culicidae) was collected on four occasions during the spring and summer of 2011. In addition, on 15 April 2011 a pupa was collected from a semi-permanent pool, reared to the adult stage and identified as C. particeps. The collection and identification of these mosquitoes marks the first time C. particeps has been reported in Canada. As there have been specimens identified in both the southwest coast of Alaska, United States of America and northwestern Washington State, United States of America, it is unsurprising that British Columbia, Canada is part of the natural habitat range of C. particeps.