The structure of a lepidolite-2M1 from Biskupice, Czechoslovakia, has been redetermined. Violations of systematic extinctions and of monoclinic equivalences plus the results of a second harmonic generation test indicate that the true symmetry most likely is C1̄. The deviation of the data set from C2/c symmetry, however, proved to be too small to permit a statistically significant refinement in C1̄. Refinement in C2/c symmetry indicated no ordering of tetrahedral cations but ordering of octahedral cations so that M(1) = Li0.93R2+0.06Fe3+0.01 and M(2) = Al0.58Li0.35□0.07. The tetrahedra are elongated to form trigonal pyramids with a rotation angle of 6.2°. The anomalous orientation of the thermal ellipsoid for the F,OH anion plus the large equivalent isotropic B value of 2.58 for F,OH and of 1.74 for the interlayer K cation, whose position is partly restricted in C2/c symmetry, suggest a lower symmetry than C2/c.

The compositions of this sample and of a second lepidolite-2M1 from Western Australia fall outside the stability field of lepidolite-2M1 in the synthetic system. Structural control of the stacking sequence is discounted on the basis of the structural similarity of the lepidolite unit layers. Crystallization parameters are considered more important than composition or the structure of the unit layer in determining the stability and occurrence of different layer-stacking sequences in lepidolite.

There is a paradox in global environmental governance that policymaking must ‘follow the science’ while environmental change is itself characterised by scientific uncertainty. This paper addresses this paradox by embracing that uncertainty. We bring International Relations (IR) into conversation with animal studies to further develop conceptual debates on integrating non-human actors. We focus on avian cultures to understand the nexus between bird crime, flyways, and global environmental governance. We analyse how bird migrations along flyways disrupt mainstream systems of knowledge production that global conventions rely on. Zooming in on bird crime along flyways, we demonstrate that crime relies on offenders’ understanding of avian cultures. We synthesise those findings with an analysis of the Convention on Migratory Species, as the only global convention that integrates animal cultures to develop more effective responses to wildlife crime. Our analysis demonstrates that international conservation overlooks the exploitation of avian culture for criminal activity, rendering policy responses less effective, particularly in contexts of scientific uncertainty. Integrating animal cultures can address scientific uncertainty and promote multispecies learning, creating more effective forms of global environmental governance. Ultimately, this renders the non-human visible and makes it possible to explore the implications for multispecies entanglements in IR.

Our qualitative analysis of interviews with remote Australian healthcare professionals found that they require reliable, local antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data reflecting the geographical diversity of the population they serve. The optimal use of AMR data must consider challenges within this setting, including high staff turnover, limited diagnostic capacity, and antibiotic shortages.

Service and digital transitions create a range of solutions by combining their features and introducing both human and automated agents as intermediaries. The paper classifies non/digital product/service and explores how these transitions change user involvement. A model is proposed to assess the user's role with human (service) and automated (digital) intermediaries. Utilizing user journey phases, the model is applied to four case studies, revealing commonalities in transition occurrences. Evidence suggest a potential adoption in design identifying the key phases per each transitions.

Design hackathons offer a unique research opportunity to study time-pressured collaborative design. At the same time, research on design hackathons faces unique methodological challenges, prompting the exploration of new research approaches. This paper proposes a new data-collection framework that leverages a virtual format of hackathon events and enables a deeper insight into hackathon dynamics. The framework applicability is presented through a case study of the IDEA challenge hackathon, in which different intrusive and non-intrusive data collection approaches were used.

Oral health is a critical component of overall health and well-being, not just the absence of disease. The objective of this review paper is to describe relationships among diet, nutrition and oral and systemic diseases that contribute to multimorbidity. Diet- and nutrient-related risk factors for oral diseases include high intakes of free sugars, low intakes of fruits and vegetables and nutrient-poor diets which are similar to diet- and nutrient-related risk factors for systemic diseases. Oral diseases are chronic diseases. Once the disease process is initiated, it persists throughout the lifespan. Pain and tissue loss from oral disease leads to oral dysfunction which contributes to impaired biting, chewing, oral motility and swallowing. Oral dysfunction makes it difficult to eat nutrient-dense whole grains, fruits and vegetables associated with a healthy diet. Early childhood caries (ECC) associated with frequent intake of free sugars is one of the first manifestations of oral disease. The presence of ECC is our ‘canary in the coal mine’ for diet-related chronic diseases. The dietary sugars causing ECC are not complementary to an Eatwell Guide compliant diet, but rather consistent with a diet high in energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods – typically ultra-processed in nature. This diet generally deteriorates throughout childhood, adolescence and adulthood increasing the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. Recognition of ECC is an opportunity to intervene and disrupt the pathway to multimorbidities. Disruption of this pathway will reduce the risk of multimorbidities and enable individuals to fully engage in society throughout the lifespan.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Distinguishing indolent from aggressive prostate cancer and early identification of men at risk of developing aggressive, metastatic disease is of great importance. We aim to explore the relationship between N-glycan and collagen composition in prostate tumor tissue and the long-term outcome of the disease. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry can be utilized to characterize N-glycan profiles in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Collagen may also be characterized using ECM-targeted collagenase MALDI imaging. These approaches were used to analyze prostatectomy samples with different clinical outcomes. Tissue microarrays containing tissues from 75 non-progressors (no evidence of disease; NED) and 50 metastatic cases (MET) were examined. From a combined list of 90 N-glycans and 500 collagenase peptides, the average AUC intensity value for each glycan and collagen peptide was extracted and assessed as a predictor of metastatic progression. Ancestral informative markers were analyzed and polygenic hazard risk scores were generated for samples as well. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Three N-glycans and three collagen peptides were found to discriminate between NED and MET cases with statistical significance. The best performing N-glycan was Hex6HexNAc6Fuc1 with an AUC of 0.77 (p<0.001). While the best performing collagen peptide was COL1A2 with an AUC of C 0.77 (p<0.001). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Both a collagen peptide and N-glycan were discovered as promising biomarkers to predict metastasis. Future validation studies are needed to confirm biomarker potential and to determine if the addition of these biomarkers can strengthen current genomic classifier’s ability to predict metastatic prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Serious video games are designed for skill-building and are increasingly being used for healthcare interventions with adolescents and young adults (AYAs). The study goal was to identify AYAs’ preferred game features, by demographic groups, to inform the development of a game to improve AYA’s engagement in their congenital heart disease (CHD) care. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Pediatric patients, 12-18 years old, completed surveys at a routine CHD care visit. Participants rated their likelihood of using games to learn CHD management skills (5-point Likert) and preferences for ten game features commonly used, such as: personalization (make your own avatar) and levels (unlock new, advanced stages as you do better). Participants selected one of three response options: 1=would make me less interested in the game, 2=doesn’t matter, 3=would make me more interested in the game. Descriptives and frequencies assessed interest in different game features. Chi-square tests were used to identify potential differences in game feature preferences by gender identity, age group (early/mid-adolescence vs. late adolescence), and race and ethnicity. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of 83 participants who completed surveys, the mean age was 15 years old (12-18; SD=1.73), 55% were male, 79% were Non-Hispanic White, and 70% were interested in video games for gaining CHD management skills. The top-rated game features were: levels (78%; unlock advanced stages), conflict (74%; face challenges), personalization (70%; create avatar), and story (70%; journey-based). The three lowest-ranked features were: time (29%; restricted time to complete challenge), competition (47%; score/play against others), strategy (53%; plan to reach goal). No significant differences in game feature preferences were found by demographic characteristics. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Most AYAs with CHD were interested in games, offering a promising avenue for future healthcare interventions. Given no significantly different preferences by demographics, the game may not require tailoring game features for certain groups. However, additional research with diverse participants is needed to fully inform game development.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This project’s objective is to empower verbally-communicating autistic adults to express their mental health needs to mental health professionals, regardless of their training or experience in autism. By enhancing empowerment in this area, we aim to enhance their self-awareness and confidence in navigating and accessing mental health support. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Following the Toronto Translational Framework (TTF), our approach involves co-designing and testing an intervention directly with the autistic population through three phases. Phase I will review published literature on autism, mental health, and patient empowerment, validate our identified need through informal meetings with stakeholders, and assemble an autistic advisory committee (AAC) of 5-8 members who are able to provide informed conset without assistant, are fluent in English, and 18 years of age or older. Phase II will involve participatory design sessions with our AAC to develop a low-fidelity prototype to address the identified need. Phase III will evaluate our prototype’s effectiveness through a separate series of focus groups, which will consist of members from our target population. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We are anticipating that by the end of our research, we have successfully co-designed an intervention that effectievly empowers autistic adults in their mental health journey through increasing their self-awareness and confidence in navigating and receiving mental health support. At a larger scale, results may include the empowerment of autistic adults to seek and receive mental health care from mental health professionals, regardless of professionals’ prior autism expertise. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: By enhancing self-awareness of their mental healthcare needs and boosting self-reported confidence in communicating with mental health professionals, we aim to take the first step in creating timely, patient-centered solutions, and bridging gaps in the evolving neuro-affirmative healthcare system.

In a study of “rana” soils of central Spain, hydroxy-interlayered 2:1 clay minerals were identified in the upper horizons and high-charge smectite in the lower horizons, with kaolinite the most abundant phyllosilicate. The high-charge smectite showed a basal spacing of 18 Å on Mg-saturation and glycerol solvation and 10 Å on K-saturation and air-drying. It is concentrated in the coarse fractions and appears to be basically a beidellite in the fine-silt fractions and a montmorillonite in the clay fractions. Pre-existing illite was probably transformed into hydroxy-interlayered 2:1 clays in the surface horizons, whereas high-charge smectite formed in the deeper horizons. These minerals, which were apparently not stable in the existing soil conditions, were the first stage in the degradation process of illite. The stable mineral in these soil profiles was kaolinite.

The influence of added sodium and calcium nitrate electrolyte on the particle aggregates in the colloid fraction of natural bentonite and kaolin was studied. Clays were flocculated in distilled water and various electrolyte concentrations. Aggregate size was studied by sedimentation analysis; the mean radius of the aggregates was plotted against the concentrations of Na+ and Ca2+. For bentonite, the mean radii decreased with an increase of Na+ and Ca2+ concentration, reaching a minimum; and further increases in concentration led to an increase of the mean radii of the aggregates. For kaolin, an increase in Na+ and Ca2+ concentration gave rise to an increase in the mean radii of aggregates.

Scanning electron micrographs showed different types of aggregates, depending on the physico-chemical conditions of a sedimentation process. In bentonite and kaolin sediments formed from a distilled water slurry, the dominant aggregate was an edge-face type. The small addition of salts to a bentonite slurry led to the formation of edge-edge-type aggregates; for kaolin edge-face-type aggregates formed, although within the microaggregate face-face associations were observed. The highest concentrations of electrolytes for sediments of both clays led to formation of compact, face-face-type aggregates.