We study the behaviour of a particle bed immersed in water when a flow generated by an oscillating plate is induced above it. We first consider a rigid plate submerged and oscillated over a particle bed. During upward motion of the plate, a portion of the bed fails, allowing particle displacement, and the bed surface to deform into a heap. We have already determined the flow of the fluid above and within the bed. This work describes the particle motion within the failed region of the bed: when the particles are mobile, they follow the fluid. We depth average the balance of mass and obtain an evolution equation for the displacement of the bed surface. We solve this equation and compare the predictions with the measurements of surface displacement in earlier experiments on rigid square plates. We carry out new experiments to measure the surface displacements under elongated plates. Elongated rigid plates behave similarly to the rigid square ones. Flexible plates produce multiple heaps. We determine that the peaks of these heaps are correlated with the flexural modes of the plates and occur at points along the bed at which the fluid pressure has its extreme values. Different plate flexural modes, resulting in different numbers of heaps, are produced by driving the plate at different frequencies. The particle motion within the bed and heap evolution under a flexible plate can be roughly described by regarding it as two or more rigid plates. We test the predictions of the theory against experiments.

We employ the methods of statistical mechanics to obtain closures for the balance equations of momentum and fluctuation kinetic energy that govern the ballistic motion of grains rebounding at a rigid, bumpy bed that are driven by turbulent or non-turbulent shearing fluids, in the absence of mid-trajectory collisions and fluid velocity fluctuations. We obtain semi-analytical solutions for steady and fully developed saltation over horizontal beds for the vertical profiles of particle concentration and stresses and fluid and particle velocities. These compare favourably with measurements in discrete-element numerical simulations in the wide range of conditions of Earth and other planetary environments. The predictions of the particle horizontal mass flux and its scaling with the amount of particles in the system, the properties of the carrier fluid and the intensity of the shearing also agree with numerical simulations and wind-tunnel experiments.

Background: Currently there are no disease modifying treatment for Synucleinopathies including Parkinson’s disease Dementia (PDD). Carrying a mutation in the GBA gene (beta-glucocerebrosidase/ GCAse) is a leading risk factor for synucleinopathies. Raising activity GCAse lowers α-synuclein levels in cells and animal models. Ambroxol is a pharmacological chaperone for GCAse and can raise GCAse levels. Our goal is to test Ambroxol as a disease-modifying treatment in PDD. Methods: We randomized fifty-five individuals with PDD to Ambroxol 1050mg/day, 525mg/day, or placebo for 52 weeks. Primary outcome measures included safety, Alzheimer’s disease Assessment Scale-cognitive (ADAS-Cog) subscale and the Clinician’s Global Impression of Change (CGIC). Secondary outcomes included pharmacokinetics, cognitive and motor outcomes and and plasma and CSF biomarkers. Results: Ambroxol was well tolerated. There were 7 serious adverse events (SAEs) none deemed related to Ambroxol. GCase activity was increased in white blood cells by ~1.5 fold. There were no differences between groups on primary outcome measures. Patients receiving high dose Ambroxol appeared better on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. GBA carriers appeared to improve on some cognitive tests. pTau 181 was reduced in CSF. Conclusions: Ambroxol was safe and well-tolerated in PDD. Ambroxol may improve biomarkers and cognitive outcomes in GBA1 mutation carrie.rs Ambroxol improved some biomarkerss. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02914366

Twenty European domestic cats were each infected with 15,000 protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis extracted from metacestodes grown in experimentally infected common voles (Microtus arvalis). Sixteen days after infection, ten cats were treated with a broad-spectrum anthelmintic and acaricide comprising praziquantel and milbemycin oxime. Five days later treated and untreated cats were euthanized and the intestine examined for E. multilocularis. Five of ten untreated cats were infected with E. multilocularis with worm burdens ranging from 235 to 1920 worms per cat. No E. multilocularis were recovered from any of the treated cats. This study has demonstrated that this new combination broad spectrum anthelmintic and acaricide for cats is highly efficacious against E. multilocularis and the relevance of this is discussed.

A new mineral species, mikenewite (IMA2022-102), ideally Mn2+(S4+O3)⋅3H2O, has been discovered from the San Judas Chimney, Ojuela mine, Mapimí, Durango, Mexico. It occurs as spheres of platy crystals. Associated minerals include goethite, cryptomelane, adamite and lotharmeyerite. Mikenewite is yellowish in transmitted light, transparent with a white streak and vitreous lustre. It is brittle and has a Mohs hardness of 2½–3. Cleavage is perfect on {101}. The measured and calculated densities are 2.48(5) and 2.467 g/cm3, respectively. Optically, mikenewite is biaxial (+), with α = 1.606(5), β = 1.614(5), γ = 1.627(1) (white light), 2V(meas.) = 69(3)° and 2V(calc.) = 77°. An electron microprobe analysis yielded an empirical formula (based on 6 O apfu) of (Mn0.86Zn0.12Fe0.04Ca0.02)Σ1.04(S0.98O3)⋅3H2O, which can be simplified to (Mn,Zn,Fe)(SO3)⋅3H2O.

Mikenewite is the natural analogue of synthetic α-Mn2+(S4+O3)⋅3H2O, as well as the Mn-analogue of albertiniite, Fe2+(S4+O3)⋅3H2O. It is monoclinic, with space group P21/n and unit-cell parameters a = 6.6390(3), b = 8.8895(4), c = 8.7900(4) Å, β = 96.095(2)°, V = 515.83(4) Å3 and Z = 4. The crystal structure of mikenewite is characterised by each Mn atom coordinated octahedrally by six O atoms, three from different sulfite O atoms and three from H2O molecules. Each S4+O3 group is bonded to three Mn atoms, resulting in a sheet parallel to (101) with the sheet composition of Mn2+(S4+O3)⋅3H2O. Such sheets, stacked along [10$\bar{1}$], are joined together by hydrogen bonds, accounting for the perfect cleavage of the mineral. Mikenewite is dimorphous with orthorhombic Pnma gravegliaite, as albertiniite is with fleisstalite. Its discovery from the Ojuela mine, which is particularly rich in Zn, implies the possibility of finding Zn-bearing sulfites there as well.

A new mineral species, bernardevansite (IMA2022-057), ideally Al2(Se4+O3)3⋅6H2O, has been discovered from the El Dragón mine, Potosí Department, Bolivia. It occurs as aggregates or spheres of radiating bladed crystals on a matrix consisting of Co-bearing krut'aite–penroseite. Associated minerals are Co-bearing krut'aite–penroseite, chalcomenite and ‘clinochalcomenite’. Bernardevansite is colourless in transmitted light, transparent with white streak and vitreous lustre. It is brittle and has a Mohs hardness of 2½–3. Cleavage is not observed. The measured and calculated densities are 2.93(5) and 2.997 g/cm3, respectively. Optically, bernardevansite is biaxial (+), with α = 1.642(5), β = 1.686(5) and γ = 1.74(1) (white light). An electron microprobe analysis yielded an empirical formula (based on 15 O apfu) (Al1.26Fe3+0.82)Σ2.08(Se0.98O3)3⋅6H2O, which can be simplified to (Al,Fe3+)2(SeO3)3⋅6H2O.

Bernardevansite is the Al-analogue of mandarinoite, Fe3+2(SeO3)3⋅6H2O or dimorphous with P$\bar{6}$2c alfredopetrovite. It is monoclinic, with space group P21/c and unit-cell parameters a = 16.5016(5), b = 7.7703(2), c = 9.8524(3) Å, β = 98.258(3)°, V = 1250.21(6) Å3 and Z = 4. The crystal structure of bernardevansite consists of a corner-sharing framework of M3+O6 (M = Al and Fe) octahedra and Se4+O3 trigonal pyramids, leaving large voids occupied by the H2O groups. There are two unique M3+ positions: M1 is octahedrally coordinated by (4O + 2H2O) and M2 by (5O + H2O). The structure refinement indicates that Al preferentially occupies M1 (= 0.692Al + 0.308Fe) over M2 (= 0.516Al + 0.484Fe). The substitution of the majority of Fe in mandarinoite by Al results in a significant reduction in its unit-cell volume from 1313.4 Å3 to 1250.21(6) Å3 for bernardevansite. The discovery of bernardevansite begs the question whether the Fe3+ end-member, Fe3+2(SeO3)3⋅6H2O, has two polymorphs as well, one with P21/c symmetry, as for mandarinoite and the other P$\bar{6}$2c, as for alfredopetrovite.

We consider steady, fully-developed flows of deformable, inelastic grains driven by gravity between identical bumpy walls. Using constitutive relations from extended kinetic theory (EKT) for the erodible bed near the centreline and the collisional flow between the surfaces of the bed and the walls, we calculate the fields of mean velocity, fluctuation velocity and solid volume fraction across the chute. We consider both situations in which the solid volume fraction at and near the centreline is high enough to form a bed and when it is not. We compare results predicted by EKT with recent discrete element simulations results, and obtain very good agreement.

Background: Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) are neurodegenerative disorders with disabling morbidities and premature death. Variable illness trajectories make the timing for initiating neuropalliative care unclear. This scoping review aims to identify milestones relevant to survival and neuropalliative care in PSP and MSA. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in Medline and EMBASE databases to identify publications investigating predictors of survival in PSP and MSA. Titles and abstracts of 2091 articles were independently screened by two reviewers and 22 research studies published after 2010 were included. Results were qualitatively combined to suggest triggers for targeted palliative care throughout the disease trajectory. Results: ‘Milestones’ are well documented, clinically relevant disease points prompting further care. Important milestones include frequent falls, cognitive impairment, severe dysarthria, severe dysphagia, wheelchair dependence, urinary catheterisation, and institutionalization. Early disease milestones include falls and cognitive impairment in PSP, and urinary catherization and falls in MSA. Time from milestone to death is variable. Conclusions: Milestones can be used to follow disease progression and help predict survival. We propose a framework in which milestones are used as triggers for targeted neuropalliative care interventions including the early initiation of a primary palliative care or referral to specialised palliative care services.

We report on the discovery, using numerical simulations, of a segregation pattern in high-speed granular flows, in which size segregation is primarily driven by two-dimensional granular temperature gradients, rather than by gravity. In contrast to slower flows on gentle slopes, in high-speed flows on steep slopes, large particles no longer accumulate in the upper layers of the flow, but are trapped in the interior. The strong temperature gradients that develop between the interior of the flow and the surrounding dilute periphery appear to govern the segregation mechanism. Interestingly, these new segregated flows run at a much faster speed than similar monodisperse flows. This opens up promising perspectives for transporting granular material with enhanced efficiency. Importantly, we show that the kinetic theory for dense, inclined flows of binary mixtures can provide a relevant theoretical framework to explain the segregation patterns observed in the numerical simulations.

Climate warming is occurring most rapidly in the Arctic, which is both a sentinel and a driver of further global change. Ecosystems and human societies are already affected by warming. Permafrost thaws and species are on the move, bringing pathogens and vectors to virgin areas. During a five-year project, the CLINF – a Nordic Center of Excellence, funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers, has worked with the One Health concept, integrating environmental data with human and animal disease data in predictive models and creating maps of dynamic processes affecting the spread of infectious diseases. It is shown that tularemia outbreaks can be predicted even at a regional level with a manageable level of uncertainty. To decrease uncertainty, rapid development of new and harmonised technologies and databases is needed from currently highly heterogeneous data sources. A major source of uncertainty for the future of contaminants and infectious diseases in the Arctic, however, is associated with which paths the majority of the globe chooses to follow in the future. Diplomacy is one of the most powerful tools Arctic nations have to influence these choices of other nations, supported by Arctic science and One Health approaches that recognise the interconnection between people, animals, plants and their shared environment at the local, regional, national and global levels as essential for achieving a sustainable development for both the Arctic and the globe.

As practitioners of a historical science, paleontologists and geoscientists are well versed in the idea that the ability to understand and to anticipate the future relies upon our collective knowledge of the past. Despite this understanding, the fundamental role that the history of paleontology and the geosciences plays in shaping the structure and culture of our disciplines is seldom recognized and therefore not acted upon sufficiently. Here, we present a brief review of the history of paleontology and geology in Western countries, with a particular focus on North America since the 1800s. Western paleontology and geology are intertwined with systematic practices of exclusion, oppression, and erasure that arose from their direct participation in the extraction of geological and biological resources at the expense of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). Our collective failure to acknowledge this history hinders our ability to address these issues meaningfully and systemically in present-day educational, academic, and professional settings. By discussing these issues and suggesting some ways forward, we intend to promote a deeper reflection upon our collective history and a broader conversation surrounding racism, colonialism, and exclusion within our scientific communities. Ultimately, it is necessary to listen to members of the communities most impacted by these issues to create actionable steps forward while holding ourselves accountable for the past.

Patients with single-ventricle CHD undergo a series of palliative surgeries that culminate in the Fontan procedure. While the Fontan procedure allows most patients to survive to adulthood, the Fontan circulation can eventually lead to multiple cardiac complications and multi-organ dysfunction. Care for adolescents and adults with a Fontan circulation has begun to transition from a primarily cardiac-focused model to care models, which are designed to monitor multiple organ systems, and using clues from this screening, identify patients who are at risk for adverse outcomes. The complexity of care required for these patients led our centre to develop a multidisciplinary Fontan Management Programme with the primary goals of earlier detection and treatment of complications through the development of a cohesive network of diverse medical subspecialists with Fontan expertise.

Recurrent outbreaks of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O55:H7 occurred in England between 2014 and 2018. We reviewed the epidemiological evidence to identify potential source(s) and transmission routes of the pathogen, and to assess the on-going risk to public health. Over the 5-year period, there were 43 confirmed and three probable cases of STEC O55:H7. The median age of cases was 4 years old (range 6 months to 69 years old) and over half of all cases were female (28/46, 61%). There were 36/46 (78.3%) symptomatic cases, and over half of all cases developed HUS (25/46, 54%), including two fatal cases. No common food or environmental exposures were identified, although the majority of cases lived in rural or semi-rural environments and reported contact with both wild and domestic animals. This investigation informed policy on the clinical and public health management of HUS caused by STEC other than serotype O157:H7 (non-O157 STEC) in England, including comprehensive testing of all household contacts and household pets and more widespread use of polymerase chain reaction assays for the rapid diagnosis of STEC-HUS.

We consider extensional flows of a dense layer of spheres in a viscous fluid and employ force and torque balances to determine the trajectory of particle pairs that contribute to the stress. In doing this, we use Stokesian dynamics simulations to guide the choice of the near-contacting pairs that follow such a trajectory. We specify the boundary conditions on the representative trajectory, and determine the distribution of particles along it and how the stress depends on the microstructure and strain rate. We test the resulting predictions using the numerical simulations. Also, we show that the relation between the tensors of stress and strain rate involves the second and fourth moments of the particle distribution function.

Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne.) is rapidly spreading in the United States, gaining attention in the last two decades as a serious invasive pest. Recommended control methods include foliar, basal bark, cut stump, and hack-and-squirt application of herbicides, but there are few published studies with replicated data on efficacy. Four readily available herbicidal active ingredients and a combination of two active ingredients were tested for control efficacy against P. calleryana in old-field areas and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) understory. Basal bark applications (triclopyr, triclopyr + aminopyralid), foliar applications (glyphosate, imazapyr), and a soil application (hexazinone) effectively killed P. calleryana with the exception of hexazinone at one site, where rainfall may not have been optimal. Foliar application of glyphosate provided the most consistent control. Our results demonstrate efficacy of registered herbicide formulations for P. calleryana control in two geographic locations and two habitat types. The need for development of integrated pest management programs for P. calleryana is discussed.

We employ kinetic theory, extended to incorporate the influence of velocity correlations, friction and particle stiffness, and a model for rate-independent, elastic components of the stresses at volume fractions larger than a critical value, in an attempt to reproduce the results of discrete-element numerical simulations of steady, fully developed, dissipative, collisional shearing flows over and within inclined, erodible, fragile beds. The flows take place between vertical, frictional sidewalls at different separations with sufficient total particle flux so that differently inclined, erodible beds result. Numerical solutions of the spanwise-averaged differential equations of the theory and the associated boundary conditions are seen to be capable of reproducing profiles of stresses, solid volume fraction, average velocity and the strength of the particle velocity fluctuations, both in the rapid collisional flow above the bed and in the slower creeping flow within the bed. The indication is that extended kinetic theory has the unique ability to faithfully describe steady, inhomogeneous, granular shearing flows, ranging from dilute to extremely dense, using balances of momentum and energy and employing boundary conditions that are associated with the balances, with a small number of physically determined, microscopic parameters.