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Parkinsonism is used to describe a clinical syndrome of bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity and postural instability, and is present in a many sporadic and genetic disorders. The most common cause of parkinsonism is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Typical parkinsonism is characterized by asymmetry, slow progression, and excellent L-Dopa response, whereas atypical parkinsonism is parkinsonism with additional features (oculomotor abnormalities, myoclonus, cerebellar and pyramidal signs, ataxia), faster progression, and poor L-Dopa response. The genetic landscape of parkinsonism may be divided into monogenic variants; oligo- and polygenic forms of (a)typical parkinsonism; and intermediate variants with incomplete penetrance and low frequency. Typical and atypical parkinsonisms are reviewed, presenting and discussing 101 genes and loci associated with parkinsonism, classified based on phenotype into autosomal-dominant typical parkinsonisms, autosomal-recessive (a)typical parkinsonisms, other genetic forms of (a)typical parkinsonisms, and genetic syndromes with features of atypical parkinsonism. Genetic susceptibility and issues related to diagnostic genetic tests are also discussed.
We predict the production yield of a medical radioisotope ${}^{67}$Cu using ${}^{67}$Zn(n, p)${}^{67}$Cu and ${}^{68}$Zn(n, pn)${}^{67}$Cu reactions with fast neutrons provided from laser-driven neutron sources. The neutrons were generated by the p+${}^9\mathrm{Be}$ and d+${}^9$Be reactions with high-energy ions accelerated by laser–plasma interaction. We evaluated the yield to be (3.3 $\pm$ 0.5) $\times$ 10${}^5$ atoms for ${}^{67}$Cu, corresponding to a radioactivity of 1.0 $\pm$ 0.2 Bq, for a Zn foil sample with a single laser shot. Using a simulation with this result, we estimated ${}^{67}$Cu production with a high-frequency laser. The result suggests that it is possible to generate ${}^{67}$Cu with a radioactivity of 270 MBq using a future laser system with a frequency of 10 Hz and 10,000-s radiation in a hospital.
In this study, we experimentally evaluate the ion transportation through a cone guide target, which accelerates ions up to MeV energies via target normal sheath acceleration, and transports them onto the position of imploding fuel in the fast ignition scenario of nuclear fusion. We measured the electric and magnetic fields (EM-fields) induced by return current streaming along the cone wall by proton radiography, and we report that the EM-fields are predominantly induced within a temporal window up to 30 ps after the laser injection. The magnitude of the electric field is maximized around 13 ps, reaching $4.0\times 10^{10} \mathrm {V}\ \mathrm {m}^{-1}$, when the magnetic field is below 200 T. The present scheme provides insights on the EM-fields evaluation in the time region that is difficult to treat with simulations due to the computing resources.
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