Perovskite solar cells are promising for realizing high power conversion efficiency (PCE) with low manufacturing costs, but efficient coating methods are needed for commercialization. Here, a gas blowing method was used to fabricate perovskite solar cells and was found to create a smooth perovskite layer and to prevent voids in large-area cells, when organic materials were used as scaffolds for forming the perovskite. A PCE of 13% in a 1 cm2 active area is achieved by tuning the band-gap energy of MAPbX3 via substitution of Br for I ions in X sites. Incorporation of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hole transport layer with a higher work function increased the open circuit voltage of the solar cells. All layers of the cells were fabricated at low temperatures (<140 °C), which makes it possible to incorporate a polymer substrate for producing flexible solar cells and high-throughput fabrication.

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic photovoltaic (OPV) modules with 9.5% (25 cm2) and 8.7% (802 cm2) have been demonstrated. This PCE of the module exceeded our previous world records of 8.5% (25 cm2) and 6.8% (396 cm2) that were listed in the latest Solar Cell Efficiency Tables ver.43 [1]. Both module design and coating/patterning technique were consistently studied for module development. In order to achieve highly efficient modules, we increased the ratio of photo-active area to designated illumination area to 94% without any scribing process and placed insulating layers in order to decrease the leakage current. The meniscus coating method was used for the fabrication of both buffer and photoactive layers. This technique ensures the fabrication of uniform and nanometer order thickness layers with thickness variation less than 3%. Furthermore, the PCE of the OPV under indoor illumination was found to be higher than that of the conventional Si type solar cells. This indicates that OPVs are promising as electrical power supplies for indoor applications. Therefore, we have also developed several prototypes for electronics integrated photovoltaics (EIPV) such as electrical shelf labels and wireless sensors embedded with our OPV modules, which can be operated by indoor lights.