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To investigate factors associated with anaemia in preschool children.
Design:
A home survey was conducted in 2018. Anaemia in children (capillary blood Hb level < 110 g/l) was the outcome, and socio-economic, demographic and health factors of the mother and child were the independent variables. The measure of association was the prevalence ratio, and its 95 % CI was calculated using Poisson’s regression with robust variance and hierarchical selection of independent variables.
Setting:
Afro-descendants communities living in the state of Alagoas, northeast Brazil.
Participants:
Children aged 6–59 months and their mothers (n 428 pairs).
Results:
The prevalence of child anaemia was 38·1 % (95 % CI 33·5, 42·7). The associated factors with child anaemia were male sex, age < 24 months, larger number of residents at home (> 4), relatively taller mothers (highest tertile) and higher z-score of BMI for age, after further adjustment for wealth index, vitamin A supplementation in the past 6 months and clinical visit in the last 30 d.
Conclusions:
The high prevalence of anaemia observed reveals a relevant public health problem amongst children under five from the quilombola communities of Alagoas. Considering the damage caused to health and multiplicity of risk factors associated with anaemia, the adoption of intersectoral strategies that act on modifiable risk factors and increase vigilance concerning those that are not modifiable becomes urgent.
The Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia (COMPASS-ND) cohort study of the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA) is a national initiative to catalyze research on dementia, set up to support the research agendas of CCNA teams. This cross-country longitudinal cohort of 2310 deeply phenotyped subjects with various forms of dementia and mild memory loss or concerns, along with cognitively intact elderly subjects, will test hypotheses generated by these teams.
Methods:
The COMPASS-ND protocol, initial grant proposal for funding, fifth semi-annual CCNA Progress Report submitted to the Canadian Institutes of Health Research December 2017, and other documents supplemented by modifications made and lessons learned after implementation were used by the authors to create the description of the study provided here.
Results:
The CCNA COMPASS-ND cohort includes participants from across Canada with various cognitive conditions associated with or at risk of neurodegenerative diseases. They will undergo a wide range of experimental, clinical, imaging, and genetic investigation to specifically address the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these conditions in the aging population. Data derived from clinical and cognitive assessments, biospecimens, brain imaging, genetics, and brain donations will be used to test hypotheses generated by CCNA research teams and other Canadian researchers. The study is the most comprehensive and ambitious Canadian study of dementia. Initial data posting occurred in 2018, with the full cohort to be accrued by 2020.
Conclusion:
Availability of data from the COMPASS-ND study will provide a major stimulus for dementia research in Canada in the coming years.
Edited by
Priyankar Upadhyaya, UNESCO Professor and Director at Malaviya Centre for Peace Research, Banaras Hindu University, India,Samrat Schmiem Kumar, Research Fellow at the Department of Cultural Studies and Oriental Languages, University of Oslo, Norway
Peace Studies in South Asia as a discipline continues to be dominated by Security Studies where peace is considered as only an outcome of the balance of power between the parties involved in conflicts. Every such outcome for obvious reasons is contingent, because the balance that is achieved may be disturbed or even set aside once any of the parties has its reasons to do so. A party might in such cases think that it gains by being engaged in conflict or even simply allowing it to continue, instead of working for peace. Peace thus conceived as a strategic balance of power is precarious and constantly threatened by the spectre of conflict and war. A large part of the established academia in South Asia continues to be influenced by studies of this genre.
Since the beginning of the new millennium, a new generation of studies conducted mostly in the conflict areas of South Asia – particularly in India – seems to have marked a paradigmatic shift in the understanding of Peace Studies (Samaddar 2004, Das 2005, Banerjee 2008, Singh 2009). Peace, according to this new paradigm, is sought to be understood independently of its opposite, i.e. conflict – not so much as absence or deferral of conflict by obtaining an albeit contingent balance of power, but its preemption and in cases where complete preemption is not possible, at least their resolution – both preemption and resolution in a way that simultaneously establish such universal principles as rights, justice and democracy. The parties involved in the conflict may not necessarily develop a stake in the resolution of conflicts that at the same time also establishes such universal principles.
Elections in large-sized states are universally accepted as the watchword of democracy. A country that does not hold periodic elections and removes its rulers from power through the instrumentality of elections based on universal adult franchise does not qualify as democratic under the present circumstances. The paper argues that the institution of elections – widely held as the lifeblood of democracy under modern conditions whether in India or elsewhere – is produced through what Giorgio Agamben calls ‘a state of exception’ while paradoxically ‘safeguarding’ it. As he puts it:
Far from being a response to a normative lacuna, the state of exception appears as the opening of a fictitious lacuna in the order for the purpose of safeguarding the existence of the norm and its applicability to the normal situation. The lacuna is not within the law (la legge) but concerns its relation to reality, the very possibility of its application.
Viewed in this light, it is a study not so much of elections being the illuminated face of our democracy but of the dark face that is hidden by it. Yet the very suspension of electoral rules and norms makes the conduct of ‘normal’ elections possible, gives credence to them as an institution and thereby strengthens the foundations of our democracy. The term ‘suspension’ is used here in three relatively distinguishable senses of the sovereign state deciding first not to apply the laws, rules and norms that it has otherwise set for itself, second, to apply them in a way that infringes on what Montesquieu calls, the ‘spirit’ of laws and third, that disarticulates the moral community.
Although in common parlance victims of forced displacement are often clubbed together as a single and monolithic category, there are significant variations in the nature and extent of victimhood suffered by them. Thus, the victims of development induced displacement constitute a category separate in many ways from those who have been displaced as a result of say, interethnic conflicts and violence. The first category of victims may have lost their homes or cultivable lands but may continue to subscribe to the same development paradigm and view displacement as one of its necessary costs that one should bear albeit with great pain, in the collective interest of the nation. The same person on the other hand, may look upon ethnic violence as simply macabre and senseless and hence detrimental to the nation and its development. It could as well be the other way round. One who finds ethnic violence as an inevitable and unavoidable means of asserting one's identity is unlikely to discover any virtue in the development of the nation as a vibrant, multicultural entity. The graded nature of victimhood therefore should not escape our notice.
COMMUNICATING RIGHTS CLAIMS
Accordingly, their rights can hardly be of one and the same type. One wonders whether it will ever be possible for us to evolve an agenda of rights common to all of them.
Although forced migration in India is usually divided into two broad types – internal and external, depending on the territorial expanse within which it occurs, we propose to concentrate more on the first type for reasons not beyond our comprehension.
First, while the problem of immigration from across the international borders has been a topic of frequent discussion and responsible for sparking off many a nativist outburst in different parts of India, the issue of internal displacement has assumed alarming proportions especially in recent years, but has hardly received any attention worth its name in popular circles. There is no denying the fact that the issue of internal displacement is yet to acquire the kind of legal standing – whether national or international, that is usually accorded to the external one – particularly of the refugees. Secondly, whereas India's role as a refugee receiving country has been widely acclaimed both within the country as well as abroad, her role in generating refugees has been of marginal significance compared to that of some of her next-door neighbours. This, however, does not leave any room for complacence, and the pressures on the state to adopt certain pre-emptive and corrective measures are now formidable. […] Thirdly, it is difficult, if not impossible in some cases, to make a watertight distinction between these two types for much of what we call, internal displacement is externally induced and has international spillovers at least in the neighbouring regions.
We implement a linear stability analysis for the viscous annular jet surrounded by inviscid motionless gas subject to three-dimensional disturbances, and an analytical dispersion relation is presented. With this relation, we are able to obtain evidence that the axisymmetric mode is the most unstable mode of the system. The evidence for general cases is based on the numerical results obtained by solving the transcendental dispersion relation for a wide range of physical parameters. The results for two special cases, a very thin annular jet and an annular jet with disturbances of very short axial wavelength, are obtained from two rigorous analytical approaches.
This paper examines the streamwise dispersion of passive contaminant molecules released in a time-dependent laminar flow through a tube in the presence of boundary absorption or a catalytic wall reaction, which causes a depletion of contaminant in the flow. A finite-difference implicit scheme has been used to solve the unsteady convective–diffusion equation for all time. Here it is shown how the mixing of the cross-sectionally integrated concentration of contaminant molecules is influenced by the frequency of pressure pulsation and the heterogeneous reaction at the boundary. The behaviour of the dispersion coefficient due to the shear effects of steady, oscillatory, and the combined action of steady and periodic currents have been examined separately. The comparison reveals that for all cases the dispersion coefficient asymptotically reaches a stationary state after a certain time and it decreases with the absorption parameter. The increased wall absorption causes negatively skewed deviations from Gaussianity.
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