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19 results

Intellectual Property at the Edge
  • Intellectual Property at the Edge
  • The Contested Contours of IP
  • Edited by Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss, Jane C. Ginsburg
  • Published online: 05 May 2014
  • Print publication: 19 June 2014
  • View description
    Intellectual Property at the Edge addresses both newly formed intellectual property rights and those which have lurked on the fringes, unadmitted to the established IP canon. It provides a basis for studying and discussing the history of these emerging rights as well as their relationship to new technological opportunities and to the changing importance of innovation and creative production in the global economy. In addition to addressing the scope of new rights, it also focuses on new limitations to patent, copyright and trademark rights that spring from similar changes. All of these developments are examined comparatively: for each new development, scholars in two jurisdictions analyse the evolving legal norm. In several instances, the first of the paired authors writes from the perspective of the legal system in which the doctrine emerged, and the second addresses its reception in her jurisdiction.
  • 1 - TRIPS and essential medicines: must one size fit all? Making the WTO responsive to the global health crisis
  • Edited by Thomas Pogge, Yale University, Connecticut, Matthew Rimmer, Australian National University, Canberra, Kim Rubenstein, Australian National University, Canberra
  • Book: Incentives for Global Public Health
  • Published online: 04 August 2010
  • Print publication: 24 June 2010, pp 35-55
  • View extract

    Summary

    Introduction

    The establishment of the World Trade Organization (‘WTO’) marked an important new chapter in the administration of patent law, especially regarding inventions in the medical arena. Although intellectual property protection has long been governed by international norms, the principal international instrument on patents – the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property – largely focused on procedural issues. It required each state to accord national treatment to the citizens of other signatories, but it left most details on the scope and the substance of patent rights to the domestic law of each of its members. While many countries provided plenary protection to pharmaceutical products in order to stimulate their discovery, others took the position that medicines were too important to their citizens' welfare to privatize.

    In 1994, that regime was significantly modified. Intellectual property, now conceptualized as a trade issue, became the subject of a new international instrument, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (‘TRIPS Agreement’ or ‘TRIPS’). Under the WTO framework, adherence to TRIPS is not only required of every WTO member, it is also enforceable through the WTO's elaborate Understanding on Dispute Settlement (‘DSU’), an essentially adjudicative mechanism, administered by the Dispute Settlement Board (‘DSB’), complete with an Appellate Body to entertain appeals from Panel decisions and sanctions for non-compliance. Because TRIPS imposes substantive patent law standards, including a requirement that protection be accorded ‘in all fields of technology’, it is no longer possible for a WTO member to exclude medicines from the purview of protection.