In a recent issue of this Journal – Vol. IX, No. 4, December 1972 – Rodolfo Salcedo explores the question of causal sequences in the modernisation process. His article illustrates three serious weaknesses in current research into this problem: (i) the inadequate conception of modernisation as a dependent variable, (ii) the choice of theoretically significant independent variables in discussing paths to modernisation, and (iii) the neglect of political participation as a relevant factor.