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The great age of Russian philosophy spans the century between 1830 and 1930 - from the famous Slavophile-Westernizer controversy of the 1830s and 1840s, through the 'Silver Age' of Russian culture at the beginning of the twentieth century, to the formation of a Russian 'philosophical emigration' in the wake of the Russian Revolution. This volume is a major history and interpretation of Russian philosophy in this period. Eighteen chapters (plus a substantial introduction and afterword) discuss Russian philosophy's main figures, schools and controversies, while simultaneously pursuing a common central theme: the development of a distinctive Russian tradition of philosophical humanism focused on the defence of human dignity. As this volume shows, the century-long debate over the meaning and grounds of human dignity, freedom and the just society involved thinkers of all backgrounds and positions, transcending easy classification as 'religious' or 'secular'. The debate still resonates strongly today.
This chapter focuses on the essential ananism of Vladimir Sergeevich Solov'ëv's core philosophical concept, Godmanhood, which incorporates human dignity as a constituent and inviolable principle. Solov'ëv's method, proceeding up to the divine from analysis of the human, is brilliantly deployed from the beginning of Lectures on Godmanhood. The conception of human nature that Solov'ëv introduced in Lectures on Godmanhood forms the basic philosophical framework of his subsequent works. Critique of Abstract Principles, written concurrently with Lectures on Godmanhood, is an indispensable exposition of the philosopher's whole system. Solov'ëv dealt with ethics before epistemology and metaphysics because he thought theory should explicate what moral experience immediately discloses about reality. Later, in Justification of the Good, he defended this approach as the "autonomy of morality". Human autonomy, dignity, and perfectibility are the conditions of Godmanhood or the Kingdom of God.