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  • Visibility and Apparent Size of Néel-Type Magnetic Skyrmions in Fresnel Defocus Images of Multilayer Films
  • Thibaud Denneulin, Jan Caron, Knut Müller-Caspary, Olivier Boulle, András Kovács, Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski
  • Journal: Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 27 / Issue 6 / December 2021
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 October 2021, pp. 1356-1365
  • Print publication: December 2021
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    Multilayers that comprise thin films of heavy metals and ferromagnets have been shown to host Néel-type magnetic skyrmions at room temperature. Fresnel defocus imaging in Lorentz transmission electron microscopy is a widely used technique for recording magnetic information about skyrmions. However, the visibility of Néel-type skyrmions in Fresnel defocus images is typically low, both because only a small component of their magnetic field contributes to the signal and because of the presence of diffraction contrast from the polycrystalline multilayer structure. Here, we take advantage of the out-of-plane hysteresis in such samples to record background-subtracted Fresnel defocus images. We demonstrate an improvement in magnetic signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution by a factor of 3 for a (Pt/Co/NiFe)×5 multilayer. We also use simulated Fresnel defocus images of Néel-type magnetic skyrmions to understand the influence of defocus on apparent skyrmion size.

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