Small-angle x-ray scattering has been used to investigate the structure of some carbon blacks, some silicas, and an alumina-silica catalyst carrier on length scales from about 5 to 10,000 Å. Equations developed for structural studies of fractal and non-fractal aggregates of primary particles have been employed to analyze the scattering data. From the intensity data, the average diameters of the primary particles could be calculated or estimated. Despite the very different origins of the samples and the fact that the average diameters of the particles varied from about 30 to over 1000 Å, the scattered intensities from the samples had many common features. The data showed that the primary particles had a uniform density and were bounded by smooth or fractal surfaces. On length scales greater than the diameters of the primary particles but not more than a few times larger than the average diameters of the aggregates, some of the aggregates were mass fractals, and others were surface fractals.

The creation in North America of the first overseas diocese of the Church of England was undoubtedly one of the most remarkable and unlikely of the changes in British colonial policy which resulted from the American Revolution. Before the war, the Anglican campaign for the appointment of colonial bishops had been a major reason for the colonial fear of British tyranny; many Americans, particularly Nonconformists, vigorously protested against a scheme which they saw as a bid to recreate a Laudian ecclesiastical tyranny. But the post-war colonial policy envisaged the colonial bishop as a focus of political stability and loyalty. The new prestige and political responsibility accorded by the government to the Church was equally remarkable in view of the government's Erastian suppression of Convocation since 1715 and its politic responsiveness to Dissenting sensibilities. Despite occasional outbreaks of clerical frustration at the Church's inability to act independently, the Church of England had been unable to escape this political domination. This paper will attempt to explain why, given the government's prior hostility to the design, ministries in the 1780s should have decided to extend the church hierarchy to the colonies.