This paper presents the results of research, which highlights the situation during the pandemic in sectors characterised by low wages and a high turnover of workers. The empirical basis is formed by company case studies in the meat industry, postal services, and mask production in Germany and Austria. This paper discusses the significance of different locations (at and beyond the workplace) and forms (‘exit’ and ‘voice’) of labour unrest in sectors of the economy that are characterised by a predominance of the use of migrant labour. It questions how conflicts over migrant labour have been articulated and possibly changed in the pandemic, and what factors may have contributed not only to an upsurge but also to the containment, regulation, and repression, of labour unrest.

Part of a large male woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was preserved in permafrost in northern Yakutia. It was radiocarbon dated to ca. 18,50014C yr BP (ca. 22,500 cal yr BP). Dung from the lower intestine was subjected to a multiproxy array of microscopic, chemical, and molecular techniques to reconstruct the diet, the season of death, and the paleoenvironment. Pollen and plant macro-remains showed that grasses and sedges were the main food, with considerable amounts of dwarf willow twigs and a variety of herbs and mosses. Analyses of 110-bp fragments of the plastid rbcL gene amplified from DNA and of organic compounds supplemented the microscopic identifications. Fruit-bodies of dung-inhabiting Ascomycete fungi which develop after at least one week of exposure to air were found inside the intestine. Therefore the mammoth had eaten dung. It was probably mammoth dung as no bile acids were detected among the fecal biomarkers analysed. The plant assemblage and the presence of the first spring vessels of terminal tree-rings of dwarf willows indicated that the animal died in early spring. The mammoth lived in extensive cold treeless grassland vegetation interspersed with wetter, more productive meadows. The study demonstrated the paleoecological potential of several biochemical analytical techniques.

Fiduciary obligations form a sub-set of those primary obligations the breach of which constitutes a civil wrong. Only by starting from the obligation of the express trustee can one establish a clear picture of their content. ‘Fiduciary’ is one vehicle for exporting incidents of the express trust by analogy. The trustee's obligation differs from other primary obligations in the degree of altruism which it requires. The trustee must not only take care of the interests of another but must do so disinterestedly. This is the third and highest degree of legally obligatory altruism. The question then arises whether the trustee's obligation mutates when imposed on non-trustees. The core obligation never changes. A sub-problem then emerges: Can negligence be a breach of any one of three different primary duties and hence three different wrongs: breach of contract, tort, and breach of fiduciary duty? The last section of the lecture looks for the best way to dispel that illusion.

Nutrigenomics is the study of how constituents of the diet interact with genes, and their products, to alter phenotype and, conversely, how genes and their products metabolise these constituents into nutrients, antinutrients, and bioactive compounds. Results from molecular and genetic epidemiological studies indicate that dietary unbalance can alter gene–nutrient interactions in ways that increase the risk of developing chronic disease. The interplay of human genetic variation and environmental factors will make identifying causative genes and nutrients a formidable, but not intractable, challenge. We provide specific recommendations for how to best meet this challenge and discuss the need for new methodologies and the use of comprehensive analyses of nutrient–genotype interactions involving large and diverse populations. The objective of the present paper is to stimulate discourse and collaboration among nutrigenomic researchers and stakeholders, a process that will lead to an increase in global health and wellness by reducing health disparities in developed and developing countries.

Legal capital rules have traditionally been among the cornerstones of European Union Company Law. This led to the early promulgation of the Second (“Capital”) Directive concerning the formation and maintenance of a legal capital. The unanimity of the basic decision in favor of legal capital rules became apparent once again as recently as last year in the EU regulation on the European Corporation (SE), that requires a minimum capital of € 120,000 and contains rules governing the raising and maintenance of this capital.

The Council of the European Union recently adopted a modified proposal for an EU Directive on takeovers. As a central feature the new proposal contains a provision imposing on the management of a target company a duty of passivity (Neutralitätspflicht) once a public bid for the shares of the target company has been made. This duty of passivity in the face of a hostile offer has been a key feature of the first proposal for an EU Takeover Directive in 1989 and the amended proposals of 1990, 1996, and 1997. It is a central element of the UK City Code on Takeovers and Mergers that from the beginning served as a model for the drafts of the EU Takeover Directive and can still be detected as such in the current proposal. The rule of passivity also found its way into the laws of many Member States that enacted takeover laws in anticipation of the imminent passing of a Takeover Directive. In Germany, a takeover statute is still missing. However, German corporate law scholars widely support the rule of passivity. Moreover, the rule of passivity is already in place in the non-binding German Takeover Code, a non-government voluntary regulation of takeovers to which about 60-70 % of the stock exchange listed companies in Germany have subjected themselves. Finally, the German government this year presented a draft proposal for a German Takeover Act that also contains a duty of passivity. Thus it seems fair to say that until very recently the rule of passivity has been a widely accepted, integral part of European takeover law.

The Old Hall is full tonight. Those outside who turn and see the line of festal light will not know that the windows are illumined by the brilliance of the company within. This audience is indeed most intimidatingly distinguished. These facts do proper honour to the memory of Francis Mann. He would have welcomed too the happy coincidence, given that Lady Fox is in the chair, that we also have the opportunity to celebrate the appointment of one of this century's greatest judges to the Order of Merit. Three such appointments were announced today. I hope we are allowed to think that Lord Denning has succeeded to the place of Sir Isaiah Berlin, one champion of liberty and human dignity following another.

This paper is concerned with one hundred and ten years of legal history. It is a success story. Yet it has, not an unhappy ending, for the end is in the future, but an unhappy present. Markers put down in 1883 and 1983 define the century. The change in question is the modernization of the literature of common law and hence of all the machinery of its interpretative development. Having been kept in shape first by the forms of action and then by a hardening of the doctrine of precedent, in the late nineteenth century the growing mass of case law urgently required to be more rationally ordered and explained. It began to find in the universities the means of achieving that improvement. Analysis, definition and classification, the familiar tools of the university, were brought to bear for the first time on the raw materials of the common law.

In Spain in 1981, near Seville, there was a spectacular discovery. It allows us to see back to the reign of Domitian, third and last of the Flavian emperors (AD 81–96), and to recreate a vivid picture of the little local senate of Irni meeting in the very shadow of the municipality's newly acquired constitution. Ten bronze tablets, each nearly a metre wide and rather more than half a metre high, were fixed along the wall of its council-chamber, presumably at a level at which letters about half a centimetre high could be clearly read from ground level. Each rectangular tablet carried three columns of writing, each column about fifty lines, each line an average of about ten words. At five hundred words a column and thirty columns, the Statute of Irni— the lex Irnitana—was thus a massive document. The discovery in 1981, by people using metal detectors to search for coins, was of no less than six of the ten tablets. Later excavation discovered a few more fragments. The last tablet bears at its end the date 11th October, AD 91.

Whereas it was before dispersed and hidden, Goff and Jones have brought Restitution together and made it prominent. Lacking the generations of textbooks which have organised other subjects, its case law will for many years attract debate as to how best it should be arranged and how it relates to other categories. Many writers think that the key is to be found in the ideas and language of unjust enrichment. But the lock does not immediately turn. Hedley's paper says that it will not. Indeed he thinks that any hope of an elegant theory, or, which may be the same thing, an integrated and economical classification, is vain, since Restitution is more various, empirical, and endemically muddled than the unjust enrichment camp dares to admit. His paper valuably compels a re-examination of fundamental questions.

In this article we explore, in more detail than was possible for Richardson in his paper published last year, some of the issues raised by the tabula Contrebiensis. Since this discussion is intended to complement Richardson's article, we have not dealt with matters discussed by him upon which we feel that we have nothing fresh to add. We have modified some of the points made by Richardson, and the reader will soon notice that we raise more questions and doubts than we are able to answer or settle, so that the picture which emerges from this article may appear less clear-cut than the picture drawn by Richardson. It is hoped none the less that by drawing attention to the problems which we have encountered we may at least alert other scholars who may be able to solve them.